2

3

REASONS FOR

EUROPEAN EXPANSION

MOREWEALTH

SPREADCHRISTIANITY

MORE TERRITORY

EXPANDTRADE

EXPLORE THE WORLD

Columbus’s Arrival

• 1492• Landed on an island in the Carribean.• Thought he was in India• Called the people Indios• Claimed the island he Landed on and named itSan Salvador-Died thinking he had foundIndia 4

His impact on natives:

• Enslaved them• Disease (mumps, measles, chicken pox,

small pox, typhus)• His presence led to the downfall of many

tribes

5

Columbus’s Impact on Africans?

• Loss of native work force led to settlers bringing in Africans to help

• Led to slavery and 10 millions slaves being brought over.

• Civil War

6

His Impact on Europeans?

• Started mass migrations• Started Columbian Exchange

– Transfer of goods between Europe and the Americas

7

8

EUROPE RECEIVED

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

AMERICAS RECEIVED

FOOD CORN, WHITE POTATOES,

PUMPKINS, TOMATOES, CACAO, STRAWBERRIES, QUININE,

TOBACCO

FOODSUGAR, WHEAT, RICE, CITRUS

FRUITS, TEA, COFFEE, BANANAS, OKRA, BARLEY,

OATS, WINE GRAPES

ANIMALSTURKEYS, GUINEA PIGS,

RATTLESNAKES, BUFFALO, RACCOONS

ANIMALSHORSES, CHICKENS, PIGS,

COWS, GOATS, SHEEP, RATS, OXEN

DISEASESSYPHILIS

DISEASESSMALLPOX, MEASLES,

INFLUENZA

RELIGIONCHRISTIANITY

WEAPONS AND TOOLSGUNS AND IRON TOOLS

9

SPAIN LED THE EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION OF THE AMERICAS

HERNAN CORTES CONQUERED THE AZTECS OF MEXICO

FRANCISCO PIZARRO CONQUERED THE INCAS OF PERU

THE QUEST FOR RICHES DROVE THE SPANISH TO ENSLAVE THE NATIVE POPULATION TO MINE FOR GOLD AND SILVER, WHILE A DESIRE TO CONVERT NATIVES TO CATHOLICISM LED TO THE BUILDING OF MISSIONS

Why were Spanish unstoppable?

• Guns• Germs (killed as many as 90% of people)• Steel• Horses• Had only 508 men, 16 horses, and 10

cannons• How then were they able to take Mexico?

10

11

THE FIRST ENGLISH ARRIVED IN THE “NEW WORLD” AND ESTABLISHED A COLONY

Jamestown 16071st permanent settlement in U.S.

Captain John Smith and Pocohontas

John Smith’s Mistakes

• Built town on a swamp• No women• No food• Bad water• Unlike Spanish there policy was total

defeat of natives• How was it saved?

12

13

ECONOMIC, RELIGIOUS, SOCIAL AND POLITICAL FACTORS

TOBACCO PLAYED A TREMENDOUS ROLE IN THE SUCCESS OF THE COLONY AS IT YIELDED HUGE PROFITS WHEN SOLD IN EUROPE

LAND WAS USED AS AN INCENTIVE TO ATTRACT SETTLERSRELIGIOUS STRIFE BETWEEN CATHOLICS AND PROTESTANTS

LED TO MASS MIGRATIONS OF BOTH GROUPS TO DIFFERENT COLONIES

ECONOMIC CONDITIONS FOR THE AVERAGE ENGLISHMAN BECAME EVEN TOUGHER WITH THE INFUSION OF NEW RICHES INTO THE EUROPEAN ECONOMY BY THE SPANISH

HOW DID THE ENGLISH COLONIES BECOME SO successful?

14

The First!!!!!!!!!!THE PILGRIMS, RELIGIOUS SEPARATISTS FROM THE CHURCH OF

ENGLAND, SAILED ON THE MAYFLOWER AND LANDED AT PLYMOUTH ROCK IN MASSACHUSETTS IN 1620

ThanksgivingUnderstand why they left Europe?

Wanted to break away from the Church of England

15

THE PURITANS ARRIVED SHORTLY AFTER THE MORE RADICAL PILGRIMS. THEY WANTED TO “PURIFY” THE

CHURCH OF ENGLAND (RATHER THAN SEPARATE LIKE THE PILGRIMS) TO REMOVE ALL TRACES OF CATHOLICISM. THEY PLANNED TO ESTABLISH CHURCHES IN THE “NEW WORLD”

*knew they could be punished severely for thisWith the help of Puritans the New England Colonies were

formed: Mass, New Hampshire, Conn, Rhode Island

Took 125 years to found 13 colonies

• They existed primarily to benefit England• A lot of materials were exported to Europe

from the Colonies.

16

Homework!

• Do the Unit map on the 13 colonies and vocab words 1-14 next time.

17

18

•CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION•PROTESTS ESCALATED•FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS•THE WAR BEGAN

Slide 3

19

CAUSES OF AMERICAN

INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT

MERCANTILISM

ENLIGHTENMENT IDEAS

RESTRICTIVE LAWS

PASSEDBY BRITISH

GREAT AWAKENING

POPULATION EXPLOSION AND

EXPERIENCESOF COLONIAL

SELF-RULE

FRENCH ANDINDIAN WAR

20

1. MERCANTILISMBASED ON THE BELIEF THAT THERE WAS A LIMITED

AMOUNT OF WEALTH IN THE WORLD AND THE WAY TO GET THE MOST GOLD AND SILVER WAS TO HEAVILY REGULATE MANUFACTURING, TRADE, AND PRODUCTION WITHIN A COUNTRY AND ITS COLONIES.GREAT BRITAIN, FOR EXAMPLE, WOULD PURCHASE RAW

MATERIALS FROM THE NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES AT A LOW PRICE DETERMINED BY THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT. THEN THE COLONIES WERE REQUIRED TO PURCHASE THE FINISHED GOODS MANUFACTURED IN BRITAIN AT HIGH PRICES ALSO SET BY THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT. THE NORTH AMERICAN COLONIES WERE ONLY ALLOWED TO TRADE WITHIN THE BRITISH EMPIRE. Gov sets pricesTHIS SYSTEM LED TO BITTERNESS ON THE PART OF THE

COLONISTS WHO HAD VERY LITTLE INPUT IN THEIR ECONOMIC POLICIES.

21

2. THE ENLIGHTENMENT INFLUENCED THE COLONISTS

JOHN LOCKE ARGUED THAT PEOPLE POSSESSED NATURAL RIGHTS SUCH AS LIFE, LIBERTY, AND PROPERTY. HE BELIEVED THE PURPOSE OF GOVERNMENT WAS TO PROTECT THOSE RIGHTS.

Believed that a social contract existed between people and gov.

People gave consent to be governed, in return people had right to overturn gov.

COLONIAL LEADERS BELIEVED THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT VIOLATED THESE IDEALS AND DISCUSSED STRATEGIES TO OVERCOME THE OPPRESSION OF KING GEORGE III

LOCKE

22

3. THE GREAT AWAKENINGRELIGIOUS MOVEMENT THROUGHOUT THE

COLONIES IN THE EARLY 1700s. IT WAS BASED ON REVIVALISM WHICH STRESSED INDIVIDUAL RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE RATHER THAN NEEDING CHURCH LEADERS TO CONNECT WITH GOD.

Challenged the authority of established churches.New churches popping up everywhere

23

4. POPULATION EXPLOSION AND COLONIAL SELF-RULE

THE COLONIAL POPULATION INCREASED AT AN EXTREMELY FAST PACE AFTER 1700NEW ARRIVALS MADE UP OF: INDENTURED

SERVANTS FROM EUROPE, SLAVES FROM AFRICA, AND BIRTHS FROM COLONISTSCLEAN DRINKING WATER, PLENTY OF FOOD,

AND GOOD CLIMATE WERE MAJOR CONTRIBUTING FACTORS TO THE SPIKE IN BIRTHS BETWEEN 1680-1776 Happy people = more peopleDid not want to be run by a gov. across the

ocean.

24

5. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR 1754-1763FOR OVER 100 YEARS THE FRENCH AND BRITISH HAD

STRUGGLED FOR CONTROL OF NORTH AMERICA WHICH HAD RESULTED IN THREE EARLIER WARS

BOTH FRANCE AND ENGLAND WANTED TO EXPAND THEIR TERRITORY WEST OF THE APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS INTO THE OHIO VALLEY

French built a fort on British landThe British tried to evict them but failed.A 22 yr old G. Washington led a militia to evict them

but failed. Was crushedHe went in again with 1500 soldiers and were

ambushed by French and Indians.2 horses shot out from him and 4 bullet holes through his clothes

FRENCH POWDER

HORN WITH

RIVERS ENGRAVED

ON IT

25

THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR FUELED THE DESIRE FOR INDEPENDENCE

COLONISTS UNIFIED FOR THE FIRST TIME BEHIND THE BRITISH TO DEFEAT THE FRENCH. THIS LED TO A SENSE OF PRIDE AND UNITY NOT EXPERIENCED PRIOR TO THE CONFLICT.

A new General led the way William Pitt.Started winning victories therefore the natives joined

the British because they wanted to be on the winning side.

War ends in 1763 with a British victory (what would of happened if the British would have lost?)

Terms of treaty: Britain claims all lands East of Miss. And Canada. And took Florida from Spain. France lost everything. Look at map on Pg 38

What did the natives do?

• British were not as kind to the natives• Pontiac the great Ottowa leader realized

they were bad and attempted to fight back.• British offered blankets with small pox and

this destroyed them.• To avoid further conflict the British ordered

all colonists to not cross the Appalachians.Proclamation of 1763

So how does the French and Indian war help lead to the Revolution? 26

6. Taxes

27

THE BRITISH IMPOSED MANY TAXES ON THE COLONISTS TO PAY FOR THE WAR EFFORT WITHOUT ANY COLONIAL INPUT OR REPRESENTATION IN PARLIAMENT.

THE BRITISH RESTRICTED FURTHER WESTERN SETTLEMENT WITH THE PROCLAMATION LINE OF 1763. THE COLONISTS FELT ENTITLED TO THE LANDS GAINED DURING THE WAR THEY HAD HELPED WIN.

28

GREAT BRITAIN PASSED MANY RESTRICTIVE LAWS THAT SPARKED PROTEST ON THE PART

OF THE COLONISTS SUGAR ACT OF 1764 WHICH ACTUALLY LOWERED THE TAX ON

SUGAR BUT TIGHTENED ENFORCEMENT OF THE LAW AND CRACKED DOWN ON SMUGGLING

STAMP ACT OF 1765 WHICH TAXED ALL PRINTED MATERIALS FROM NEWSPAPERS TO COLLEGE DIPLOMAS

TOWNSEND ACTS OF 1767 TAXED imported GOODS from britain AND CREATED A CUSTOMS BOARD TO DESTROY SMUGGLING

TEA ACT 1773 TAX TO PROTECT THE MONOPOLISTIC EAST INDIA TEA COMPANY

INTOLERABLE/COERCIVE ACTS 1774 WERE DESIGNED TO PUNISH COLONISTS FOR BOSTON TEA PARTY AND MAKE THEM SUBMIT TO THE WILL OF THE BRITISH KING (quartering act)

29

PROTESTS OVER THE NEW TAXES LED TO THE CREATION OF GROUPS SUCH AS

THE SONS OF LIBERTY WHO WERE

WILLING TO USE VIOLENCE IF

NECESSARY TO CONVINCE THE

BRITISH GOVERNMENT TO REPEAL THE LAWS

MADE WITHOUT REPRESENTATION THE TAX COLLECTOR TARRED,

FEATHERED, AND FORCED TO DRINK STEAMING HOT TEA

What events led to the start of the war?

30

31

BOSTON MASSACRE

1770THE BRITISH SENT

TROOPS TO BOSTON IN AN ATTEMPT TO RESTORE ORDER,

HOWEVER A CLASH BETWEEN SOLDIERS AND TOWNSPEOPLE

RESULTED IN 5 COLONISTS’ DEATHS. THE TROOPS WERE

BASICALLY ACQUITTED IN A TRIAL, WHICH

FUELED THE ANGER OF THE COLONISTS.

ENGRAVING OF THE

EVENT BY PAUL REVERE

32

BOSTON TEA PARTY 1773THE MOST FAMOUS OF MANY PROTESTS AGAINST THE TEA ACT

OF 1773, A TAX DESIGNED TO PROTECT THE BRITISH TEA MONOPOLY. ABOUT 50 MEMBERS OF THE SONS OF LIBERTY

ORGANIZATION DRESSED UP AS MOHAWK INDIANS AND DUMPED THOUSANDS OF POUNDS OF TEA FROM 3 SHIPS INTO

THE BOSTON HARBOR.

33

FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA

1774 FIFTY SIX MEN FROM TWELVE COLONIES. MET TO DISCUSS

THE INTOLERABLE ACTS PASSED BY PARLIAMENT TO

PUNISH THE COLONISTS FOR THE BOSTON TEA PARTY. THEY DRAFTED THE DECLARATION OF RIGHTS AND GRIEVANCES TO BE SENT TO KING GEORGE.

Stated that if British used force against the colonies. The

Colonies should fight back..

34

BRITISH TROOPS WERE SENT TO ARREST SAMUEL ADAMS AND JOHN HANCOCK IN

LEXINGTON. COLONISTS WERE WAITING WITH WEAPONS AND FIGHTING BROKE OUT, WHICH

STARTED THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION IN LEXINGTON AND CONCORD IN APRIL OF 1775.

JOHN HANCOCK

SAMUEL ADAMS

IN LEXINGTON 8 COLONISTS WERE KILLED. IN CONCORD 73 BRITISH TROOPS WERE KILLED AND 93 COLONISTS WERE

KILLED.

35

IN RESPONSE TO THE BLOODSHED THE SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS WAS CALLED IN PHILADELPHIA IN MAY 1775. THEY SENT

A PETITION TO THE KING THAT BLAMED PARLIAMENT FOR THE PROBLEMS IN THE COLONIES AND ASKED HIM FOR RESOLUTION. THE CONGRESS RAISED AN ARMY OF 20,000 MEN AND ELECTED GEORGE WASHINGTON AS THE COMMANDER IN CHIEF OF THE

MILITARY.

36

THOMAS PAINE AND COMMON SENSE

WIDELY READ PAMPHLET PUBLISHED IN JANUARY

OF 1776 THAT

OUTLINED THE

REASONS TO SEPARATE

FROM GREAT BRITAIN

37

THE CONGRESS MET AGAIN IN JUNE

1776 AND COMMISSIONED

THOMAS JEFFERSON TO

DRAFT A DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. THE DOCUMENT

HAD THREE PARTS: THE PURPOSE OF A GOVERNMENT, 27

REASONS FOR SEPARATION, AND

THE OFFICIAL DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.

38

56 MEN SIGNED THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE OVER SEVERAL MONTHS, WITH

THE ADOPTION ON JULY 4, 1776

The War Begins

• With the Declaration, the colonists were asking for war.– Colonists had to choose a side.

• Loyalists-those still loyal to Britain and opposed Independence.

– Most thought British would win, and wanted to avoid punishment

– Some Africans because British promised Freedom to those who fought.

– Natives also supported• Patriots-supporters of Independence

39

40

COLONISTS BRITISHSTRENGTHS STRENGTHS

STRONG MILITARY LEADERS LARGE NUMBER OF TROOPS

FOREIGN AID PROFESSIONAL ARMYMORAL ADVANTAGE WEALTHY

AGRICULTURALLY SELF-SUFFICIENT

ABILITY TO HIRE MORE TROOPS

LARGE AREA fighting on home ground

WEAKNESSES WEAKNESSESDISORGANIZED,untrained,

Weak navy3,000 MILES AWAY: DIFFICULT TO GET

SUPPLIES, ORDERS

LACK OF UNITY WEAK GENERALSECONOMIC PROBLEMS FRANCE WANTED REVENGE

BOTH SIDES HAD STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES

41

BATTLE OF SARATOGAWASHINGTON CROSSED THE

DELAWARE RIVER

THE WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE LASTED UNTIL 1783 WITH MANY PIVOTAL

MOMENTS FOR EACH SIDE

The War

• U.S. Led by Washington, – Idolized, acted like soldier, lived with them– Suffered a lot of early defeats.– Saratoga, Valley Forge

42

Life during war

• Problems with paying soldiers. • Solution for getting more money.

– Just make it– Problem?

• Women’s roles

43

44

THE COLONISTS, WITH THE HELP OF THE FRENCH, FINALLY DEFEATED THE BRITISH AT

THE BATTLE OF YORKTOWN 1781

The End

• British Surrender at Yorktown– Were completely surrounded

• Treaty of Paris 1783– Colonies were now independent– Controlled everything to Miss. River.

45

A new Gov.

• The citizens of U.S. Had to create a new gov.– Many favored a republic

• Were citizens rule through elected rep– Many wanted democracy

• Gov. directly by people

46

47

IN 1777 THE ARTICLES OF

CONFEDERATION WERE WRITTEN BY

THE SECOND CONTINENTAL

CONGRESS AS THE FIRST

INDEPENDENT GOVERNMENT IN

THE UNITED STATES OF

AMERICA. IT WAS OFFICIALLY

ADOPTED IN 1781.

Laws

• Each state had only one vote• Powers divided between state and nat.

gov.• Nat. government had power to declare

war, make peace, sign treaties– Could borrow money, set standard for money

48

49

THE ARTICLES REFLECTED THE FEAR OF A STRONG EXECUTIVE BRANCH AND LACKED THE ABILITY TO

FUNCTION IN SEVERAL IMPORTANT AREAS

WEAKNESSES OF THE ARTICLES

OF CONFEDERATION

NO POWER TO TAX

COULD NOT ENFORCE

LAWS

COULD NOT REGULATE

TRADE

COULD NOTBE CHANGED

WITHOUT CONSENT OF ALL

13 STATES

NO DIRECTPOWER OVER

CITIZENS

50Slide 3

51

55 DELEGATES MET IN PHILADELPHIA IN SEPTEMBER 1787 AND DECIDED TO DRAFT A

NEW CONSTITUTION RATHER THAN REVISE THE ARTICLES

GEORGE WASHINGTON WAS CHOSEN

AS THE PRESIDENT OF

THE CONVENTION

SOME OF THE DELEGATES FROM VARIOUS STATES

52

DIFFERENT FACTIONS AT THE CONVENTIONFACTIONS ARE GROUPS OF PEOPLE UNITED BY A COMMON BELIEF, LIKE AN INTEREST GROUPSMALL STATES VERSUS LARGE STATESSLAVE HOLDERS VERSUS ANTISLAVERY ADVOCATESSTRONG CENTRAL GOVERNMENT VERSUS WEAK

53

DEBATE OVER REPRESENTATION IN CONGRESS

VIRGINIA PLAN• LARGE STATE

•FAVORED NUMBER OF

REPRESENTATIVES ALLOTTED BASED ON POPULATION

NEW JERSEY PLAN

• SMALL STATE• EQUAL NUMBER

OF REPRESENTATIVES FOR EACH STATE

54

THE GREAT COMPROMISETHE DELEGATES AGREED ON TWO HOUSES IN CONGRESS,

THE SENATE AND THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.

THE SENATE WOULD HAVE EQUAL REPRESENTATION,

MEANING EVERY STATE WAS ALLOTTED 2 SENATORS.

THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES WOULD BE BASED ON POPULATION AND

THEREFORE THE NUMBER WOULD VARY FROM STATE TO

STATE.

55

SLAVERY: Do You count a slave as part of population?

DSOUTHERN DELEGATES INSISTED THAT SLAVES SHOULD COUNT AS PART OF A STATE’S POPULATIONTHIS WOULD HAVE GIVEN THEM THE ADVANTAGE IN CONGRESS AS THEIR POPULATION WOULD HAVE BEEN GREATER AS A REGION NORTHERN DELEGATES DISAGREED AND REFUSED TO COUNT SLAVES AS PART OF THE STATE’S POPULATION FOR PURPOSES OF REPRESENTATION

56

THREE-FIFTHS COMPROMISE, SLAVE TRADE, AND FUGITIVE SLAVES

THE SOUTHERN STATES WERE ALLOWED TO COUNT SLAVES AS

3/5 OF A PERSON FOR REPRESENTATION PURPOSES IN

THE HOUSE. SLAVES WERE ALSO COUNTED TO DETERMINE

THE AMOUNT OF FEDERAL TAXES OWED BY EACH OF THE

SOUTHERN STATES. THE SLAVE TRADE WAS

ALLOWED TO CONTINUE UNTIL 1808, HOWEVER ALL OF THE NEW STATE CONSTITUTIONS EXCEPT GEORGIA’S BANNED

OVERSEAS SLAVE TRADE.

ARTICLE I Section 9. The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to

admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand

eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such

Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person.

ARTICLE IV SECTION 2 No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under

the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or

Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be

delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be

due.

ARTICLE I SECTION 2 Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned

among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be

determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those

bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three

fifths of all other Persons.

CLAUSE ON ESCAPED SLAVES

57

A FORM OF GOVERNMENT WHERE POWER IS SHARED BETWEEN DIFFERENT LEVELS OF

GOVERNMENT. IN THE UNITED STATES THIS TRANSLATES TO A FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IN WASHINGTON D.C.,

STATE GOVERNMENTS, AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS. IN THE U.S. THE FEDERAL

GOVERNMENT IS MORE POWERFUL THAN THE STATE GOVERNMENTS, ALSO KNOWN AS

NATIONAL SUPREMACY.

THE DELEGATES AGREED THE BEST FORM OF GOVERNMENT WOULD BE FEDERALISM

58

•ENFORCES THE LAWS•HEADED BY THE PRESIDENT

•MAKES THE LAWS•CONGRESS DIVIDED INTO TWO HOUSES: SENATE AND HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

•INTERPRETS THE LAWS•SUPREME COURT HIGHEST COURT

THE DELEGATES AGREED ON SEPARATION OF POWERS

59

DEBATE OVER RATIFICATION

FEDERALISTSSupporters of constitution

ADVOCATED A STRONG CENTRAL GOVERNMENTNATIONAL SUPREMACY

IN FAVOR OF RATIFICATION

BILL OF RIGHTS UNNECESSARY SINCE GOVERNMENT HAD LIMITED POWERS

ANTIFEDERALISTSIN FAVOR OF STRONG STATE GOVERNMENTS

STATE SUPREMACYAGAINST RATIFICATION

BILL OF RIGHTS ESSENTIAL TO

GUARANTEE CITIZEN’S RIGHTS

60

IN ORDER TO RATIFY THE CONSTITUTION TWO-THIRDS OF THE STATES, NINE, HAD TO APPROVE IT. THE PROCESS

BEGAN IN DECEMBER OF 1787 WITH STATE CONVENTIONS SOME OF WHICH WERE HEATED DEBATES AND OTHERS

WERE UNANIMOUSLY IN FAVOR.

STATE DATE VOTE IN CONVENTIONDELAWARE DECEMBER 7, 1787 UNANIMOUS

PENNSYLVANIA DECEMBER 12, 1787 46 TO 23NEW JERSEY DECEMBER 18, 1787 UNANIMOUS

GEORGIA JANUARY 2, 1788 UNANIMOUSCONNECTICUT JANUARY 9, 1788 128 TO 40

MASSACHUSETTS FEBRUARY 7, 1788 187 TO 168MARYLAND APRIL 28, 1788 63 TO 11

SOUTH CAROLINA MAY 23, 1788 149 TO 73NEW HAMPSHIRE JUNE 21, 1788 57 TO 46

VIRGINIA JUNE 26, 1788 89 TO 79NEW YORK JULY 26, 1788 30 TO 27

NORTH CAROLINA NOVEMBER 21, 1789 195 TO 77RHODE ISLAND MAY 29, 1790 34 TO 32

61

THE BILL OF RIGHTSIN THE BATTLEGROUND

STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS THERE WAS MUCH SKEPTICISM

ABOUT THE CONSTITUTION. ANTI-FEDERALISTS LOBBIED

HARD AT THE CONVENTION TO REQUIRE

A BILL OF RIGHTS BE ADDED IN ORDER TO

GUARANTEE RATIFICATION. THIS

STARTED A MOMENTUM WHICH LED TO THE

EVENTUAL ADDITION OF THE BILL OF RIGHTS, WRITTEN IN 1789 BY

MADISON AND RATIFIED BY THE STATES OVER THE

NEXT TWO YEARS.

Turn to page 96

• Read through the “Bill of Rights”, find one that affects you the most.– For the one that affects you the most write 1

page explaining why It is so important to you. Explain why and how different your life would be w/o it.

– What one should be changed and why?– Also if you could write your own amendment

what would it be.• Should be at least a page in length.• Be serious 62

63

JOHN ADAMS, PRESIDENT 1796-1800

FEDERALISTSIGNED INTO LAW ALIEN ACT WHICH GAVE HIM THE POWER TO DEPORT ALIENS OR “DISLOYAL” FOREIGN-BORN RESIDENTS DURING THE WAR BETWEEN EUROPEAN POWERSSIGNED INTO LAW THE SEDITION ACT WHICH MADE IT A CRIME TO “WRITE, PRINT, UTTER, OR PUBLISH…ANY FALSE, SCANDALOUS, AND MALICIOUS WRITING” ABOUT THE PRESIDENT OR THE GOVERNMENTSERVED ONE TERM

64

JEFFERSONIAN DEMOCRACY: THOMAS JEFFERSON 1801-1809

ELECTION OF 1800 SPURRED THE 12TH AMENDMENT WHICH REQUIRED SEPARATE BALLOTS FOR PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENTLOUISIANA PURCHASE

Jeffersons theory of Government

• Called Jeffersonian Democracy– People should control gov. – Tried to reduce gov to cut costs

• Smaller military• Eliminating internal taxes

65

66

THE LOUISIANA TERRITORYINCLUDED PARTS OF LOUISIANA, ARKANSAS, MISSOURI,

IOWA, MINNESOTA, NORTH DAKOTA, SOUTH DAKOTA, NEBRASKA, KANSAS, OKLAHOMA, COLORADO, WYOMING,

TEXAS, NEW MEXICO, AND MONTANA

The Purchase 1803• Napoleon sold for 15

Million• To reduce his war

debt• 524,800,000 acres

(640 acres in a square mile)= .03 cents an acre

• 820,000 sq. miles = $18.29 (approx.) per sq. mile

67

68

EXPLORING THE NEW LANDSPRESIDENT JEFFERSON SENT MERIWETHER LEWIS AND WILLIAM CLARK ON A JOURNEY OF DISCOVERY TO MAP AND INVESTIGATE

ON THE NEW WESTERN LANDS

CONFIDENTIAL LETTER FROM PRESIDENT JEFFERSON TO LEWIS AND CLARK ON THE

PURPOSE OF THEIR EXPLORATORY JOURNEY

MAP THEY TOOK WITH THEM

69

MAP OF LEWIS AND CLARK’S JOURNEY OF EXPLORATION

70

WHAT DID LEWIS AND CLARK ACCOMPLISH?THE EXPEDITION’S MAIN GOAL WAS TO FIND AN ALL-WATER ROUTE ACROSS THE CONTINENT. EVEN THOUGH THE WATER ROUTE WAS NEVER FOUND IT HAD A MAJOR IMPACT ON THE

FUTURE COURSE OF U.S. HISTORY. THE GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION RETURNED SHOWED THE GREAT POTENTIAL OF THE CONTINENT AND SET THE STAGE FOR INCREASED EXPLORATION,

TRADE, SETTLEMENT AND ANNEXATION.

71

WILLIAM ASHLEY, A ST. LOUIS TRADER, PLACED AN ADVERTISEMENT IN THE ST. LOUIS GAZETTE (1822) ASKING FOR "ONE HUNDRED ENTERPRISING YOUNG MEN" TO JOIN HIM IN A TRAPPING AND TRADING VENTURE IN THE TRANS-MISSISSIPPI

WEST. THIS SIGNALED THE BEGINNING OF THE "MOUNTAIN MAN ERA." ($200 IN 2003 DOLLARS WOULD BE WORTH $2637.00)

72

THEY WERE FUR TRAPPERS WHO VENTURED INTO THE RUGGED, UNCIVILIZED ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION OF NORTH AMERICA IN SEARCH OF

BEAVER AND OTHER FUR BEARING ANIMALS. AFTER THE BEAVER WERE NEARLY EXTERMINATED AND THE FUR HAT WENT OUT OF STYLE MANY

REMAINED IN THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS AND GREAT PLAINS. THEY BECAME EXPLORERS, GUIDES AND EVEN GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS.

WHO WERE THE MOUNTAIN MEN AND WHAT DID THEY DO?

THE MOUNTAIN MEN BECAME NATIONAL HEROES. THERE WAS

GREAT INTEREST IN THEIR ADVENTURES AND EXPLOITS.

Fur Trappers in this area• Jim Bridger• Peter Skeen Ogden• Jeremiah “Liver

Eating” Johnson

• Marriage• Rendevoux• Indians• Life span

73

74

JAMES MONROE, PRESIDENT 1817-1825

MOVED INTO THE NEWLY RESTORED WHITE HOUSE THAT HAD BEEN BURNED BY THE BRITISH IN THE WAR OF 1812OBTAINED FLORIDA FROM SPAIN NEGOTIATED A BOUNDARY LINE WITH CANADA (49th parallel)THE MONROE DOCTRINE

The Monroe Doctrine

• When Napoleon was defeated, Portugal and Spain wanted their land back. Russia was also staking claim.

• U.S. was being surrounded• Doctrine states:

– All European Powers shall not create new colonies or try to overthrow existing ones. To do so would be an act of war

75

The Missouri Compromise

• American politics was continuing to split nation.

• 1818 settlers in Missouri wanted to be admitted as a state in Union.– Issue was to decide if it should be a slave

state or not.– Only be allowed in if Maine could enter as a

free state– WHY?

76

77

JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY: ANDREW JACKSON 1829-1837

WAR HERO FROM THE WAR OF 1812At age of 13 fought in Revolutionary War. (OLD HICKORY)No college educationSlave holderSought to give the common people a chance to participate in gov.Spoils System-new administrations hire their own supporters

Giving jobs to friends and whoever gives you most money

78

NATIVE AMERICAN REMOVAL, 1830sTHE INDIAN REMOVAL ACT WAS PASSED MAY 1830 AFTER HEATED

AND BITTER ARGUMENTS IN

CONGRESS. THIS LAW MOVED MOST OF THE NATIONS OF TRIBES IN THE EASTERN PORTION OF THE UNITED STATES

INTO “INDIAN COUNTRY”, WHICH

TODAY IS OKLAHOMA. THE MOST TRAGIC

REMOVAL INVOLVED THE CHEROKEE WHO TRIED TO FIGHT IT IN COURT, HOWEVER THEY WERE FORCED THE DEPART

THEIR LAND. THOUSANDS DIED ON THE LONG JOURNEY

FROM WEATHER, STARVATION, AND

ILLNESS. THAT JOURNEY IS REMEMBERED AS THE

TRAIL OF TEARS.

Manifest Destiny

• U.S. was ordained to expand to the Pacific and into Mexican and Native American Territory.

• Reasons people moved:– Abundance of free and cheap land.– Personal economic problems

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MANIFEST DESTINY WAS THE BELIEF THAT THE U.S. HAD A GOD GIVEN MISSION TO SPREAD ITS CIVILIZATION BY CONQUEST TO THE ENTIRE WESTERN HEMISPHERE

NO MATTER WHO IT HARMED.

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REASONS FOR MANIFEST DESTINY

BELIEF THAT THE DEMOCRACY MUST CONTINUE TO GROW IN ORDER TO SURVIVE AND A DESIRE TO EXPAND THE BENEFITS OF AMERICANS

SOUTHERNERS WERE ANXIOUS TO ACQUIRE NEW LANDS FOR ADDITIONAL SLAVE STATES

A NEED TO DEVELOP NEW MARKETS MADE THE ACQUISITION OF THE PACIFIC PORTS A PRIORITY

FEAR THAT GREAT BRITAIN WOULD TRY AND BLOCK AMERICAN ANNEXATION OF TEXAS AND MIGHT EXPAND HER OWN HOLDINGS IN NORTH AMERICA