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Two Kinds
• “c”olonialism (Guns, Germs, and Steel):– Migration of people into new areas where
they replace indigenous populations
• “C”olonialism– Historical era (1492-1960) when
European states conquered and/or dominated the rest of the world
Important Questions
• How has “race” been shaped by both kinds of colonialism?
• How have ideas of race/ethnicity changed over time?
• What relationships are there between nationalism, race and ethnicity?
Imperialism
• Earliest states (Egypt, Incas, Greeks, Romans)
• Expansion to create empires:– Economic gain– Spreading religion– International prestige
Prehistoric Imperialism?
• Why do sophisticated technologies and food production appear in New Guinea but not Australia?
Why is China so Chinese?
• Two distinct language families: – Northern Chinese (Sino-Tibetan):
Mandarin, Cantonese and their relatives
– Southern Chinese:• Miao-Yao (Hmong)• Tai-Kadai (Thai, Lao)• Austroasiatic (Vietnamese, Cambodian)
Austronesia
• Austronesian language family: (Malay, Indonesian) spreads from Easter Island to Hawaii to Madagascar
• Agricultural, ocean-going culture originating in SE Asia
colonialism and Colonialism
• Physiological and Cultural differences
• Religious differences• Encoded in formal government
bureaucracy.
Colonialism
• Two Phases:– I. Age of Exploration (1492 – 1825)
• Dominant Powers: Spain, Portugal, Holland
• Goals: Mercantilism
– II. 1825 – 1960s• Dominant Powers: England, France,
Germany, Italy, Belgium• Goals: Land grab, prestige, resources
Colonialism
• Ideology– Social evolution (teleology)– Modernization (progress, technology)– Race– Class – “White Man’s Burden” intervention
philosophy
Colonialism
• Two Types• Settled:
– Located only in temperate climates– N. America, Argentina, S. Africa, E.
Australia– Places to send excess population
(convicts and religious extremists)
Colonialism
• Two Types:• Extractive:
– Majority of Colonies– Extracting natural resources for profit– Agricultural products for export
• Labor intensive agriculture (plantations)• “Breakfast and dessert economy”
Colonialism
• Economic Power– “Carrot”: consumer goods (cotton
clothing, tobacco, alcohol)– “Stick”: taxation
• Enforcement: Census, ID Cards, Birth Certificates, Administrators
Colonialism
• Ideological Power– Hegemony (ideological domination)– Education, Missionization– Indirect rule through local elites– Racial politics
End of Colonialism
• Post WWII-1960s• Too expensive for colonial powers • Restructured international political
and economic system– Created monetary institutions like
World Bank and IMF– Marshall Plan (Europe)– “Neocolonialism”