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WHO IS THE AMERICAN OF THE COLONIAL PERIOD?
AN OVERVIEW
CHARACTERISTICS OF COLONISTS
• INDIVIDUALISTIC
• SELF SUFFICIENT
• OPTIMISTIC
• RUGGED
• MATERIALISTIC
• RELIGIOUS
• BELIEVED IN EQUALITY
PEOPLE VIEWED THEMSELVES AS EUROPEAN COLONISTS
• IDEA OF “AMERICAN” STILL BEING FORMED
• HOW DO WE KNOW WHAT THEY BELIEVED?
• USE OF PRIMARY SOURCES
HECTOR ST JOHN DE CREVOUCEUR
• LIVED ON PA.-NY BORDER
• WROTE “LETTERS FROM AN AMERICAN FARMER”
• DESCRIBED OUTLOOK OF COLONISTS PRIOR TO AMERICAN REVOLUTION
FRONTIER THESIS
• FREDERICK JACKSON TURNER
• AMERICANS WERE DEFINED BY THE FRONTIER
• CONTROVERSIAL TODAY
• WHAT ARE THE HOLES IN THE THEORY?
GERM THEORY
• AMERICAN INSTITUTIONS SPREAD FROM BRITAIN
• BICAMERAL LEGISLATURE
• AMERICAN LAW
• VOTING QUALIFICATIONS
WHAT DID THE COLONISTS FIND IN THE NEW WORLD?
• INDIANS
• THE FRONTIER
AMERICAN INDIANS
• ARRIVED 12,000-14,000 YEARS AGO
• NAMED BY CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS
• ARE THEY REALLY “NATIVE” AMERICANS?
COLONIAL INTERPRETATIONS OF THE AMERICAN INDIAN
• DEVIL THEORY – INDIAN IS EVIL
• NOBLE SAVAGE THEORY – INDIAN IS INNOCENT. THEY ARE BEGINNING CIVILIZATION ANEW.
AMERICAN INDIAN DEMOGRAPHICS
• HISTORIANS DISAGREE ON POPULATION
• 3 TO 10 MILLION IN NORTH AMERICA
• 500,000 ON EAST COAST
• 40 TO 60 MILLION IN NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA COMBINED
AMERICAN INDIAN DEMOGRAPHICS
• OVER 25O TRIBES
• 5 PRIMARY LINGUISTIC GROUPS
• ALGONQUIN
• IROQUOIS
• MUSKOHEGAN
• SIOUX
• PUEBLO
ALGONQUIAN S
• MAINE TO CAROLINAS
• POLITICALLY DECENTRALIZED
• HOSPITABLE TO EUROPEANS
• SUSCEPTIBLE TO DISEASE
IROQUOIS
• UPSTATE PA AND NY
• POLITICALLY ORGANIZED
• MATRILINEAL
• LEAGUE OF THE IROQUOIS
CHARACTERISTICS OF AMERICAN INDIANS
• VARIED BASED ON REGION AND CLIMATE
• HUNTER/GATHERER
• NOMADIC
• COMMUNAL APPROACH TO LAND
• SOME AGRICULTURE
• SUSCEPTIBLE TO DISEASE
EUROPEAN RESPONSES TO INDIANS
• FRENCH – TRADE WITH INDIANS
• SPANISH – ENSLAVE AND CONVERT
• ENGLISH – GET RID OF THEM
THE FRONTIER
• WHERE CIVILIZATION MEETS THE WILDERNESS
• ENGLISH COLONIES
• FRENCH COLONIES
• SPANISH COLONIES
WHY DID ENGLAND SUCCEED?
• AGRICULTURAL FOUNDATION
• HANDLING OF INDIANS
• CAME FOR MORE THAN MONEY
• RESOURCES (NAVY)
• POLITICAL ACCIDENT
• SALUTARY NEGLECT
POLITICAL ACCIDENT
• 1603-1763
• KING AND PARLIAMENT POWER STRUGGLE
• COLONIES DEVELOPED POLITICALLY
• BRITAIN OPPOSES THIS BUT IS UNABLE TO CONTROL IT
SALUTARY NEGLECT
• MERCANTILISM – BRITISH ECONOMIC THEORY BASED ON FAVORABLE BALANCE OF TRADE
• COLONIES PROVIDE RAW MATERIALS AND PURCHASE FINISHED PRODUCTS
• BRITISH LAWS NOT ENFORCED
SALUTARY NEGLECT
• OLIVER CROMWELL – DEMANDED ENFORCEMENT
• NAVIGATION ACTS – RESTRICT COLONIAL TRADE
• ENFORCEMENT OF NAVIGATION ACTS DECLINES
• COLONIES DEVELOP ECONOMICALLY
SOCIAL ORIGINS OF COLONISTS
• WHO CAME?
• MIDDLE CLASS
• ARTISANS
• THOSE WITH LIMITED ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY
• SPECULATORS
SOCIAL ORIGINS OF COLONISTS
• WHY MOVE?
• ENCLOSURE MOVEMENT
• RISING PRICES
• POPULATION GROWTH
• RELIGIOUS UNREST
INDENTURED SERVANTS
• WRITTEN CONTRACT
• UP TO SEVEN YEARS OF SERVITUDE
• NO STIGMA ATTACHED
• DEBTORS AND CRIMINALS
HANLIN’S THEORY
• SOMETHING TO THINK ABOUT
• BLACKS IN THE COLONIES
• INDENTURED SERVANTS?
• RACISM?
• HOW DO WE KNOW?
ROANOKE ISLAND
• FIRST ATTEMPT AT A COLONY
• 1585 BY SIR WALTER RALEIGH
• IT FAILED
JAMESTOWN
• 1607• FIRST SUCCESSFUL ENGLISH SETTLEMENT• CHARTER GRANTED TO VIRGINIA
COMPANY, A JOINT STOCK COMPANY• PURPOSE WAS TO FIND GOLD• 900 INITIAL SETTLERS. 6O SURVIVORS
JAMESTOWN
• INDIAN POLICY – “TAKE GREAT PAINS NOT TO OFFEND THEM”
• VOYAGE – 4 MONTHS
• WHO WERE THE LEADERS?
• 1/3 WERE GENTLEMEN
• NO WOMEN
JAMESTOWN
• JOHN SMITH
• DEALT HARSHLY WITH SUSQUEHANNA INDIANS
• FORCED GENTLEMEN TO WORK
• STARVING TIME
• SMITH’S DEPARTURE
YES, THERE WAS A POCHAHANTAS
• DAUGHTER OF CHIEF POWHATAN
• MET JOHN SMITH
• KIDNAPPED IN 1613
• CONVERTS TO CHRISTIANITY IN 1614
• MARRIES JOHN ROLFE IN 1615
• VISITS ENGLAND IN 1616
• DIES SOON AFTER
MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY
• 1629
• MASSACHUSETTS BAY COMPANY
• JOHN WINTHROP – LEADER
• COMPANY AND COLONY ARE THE SAME
MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY
• ADVENTURERS – THOSE WHO INVEST
• PLANTERS – THOSE WHO GO
• CAMBRIDGE AGREEMENT – MAKES THEM ONE AND THE SAME
• MASSACHUSETTS BAY IS UNIQUE
MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY
• CITY ON A HILL
• GREAT MIGRATION
• POLITICAL ACCIDENT AGAIN!
• COLONY EXISTS UNTIL 1684
PURITANS
• BELIEVED IN PURITY OF CHURCH
• GOOD SOCIAL CONDUCT IS A RESULT OF SALVATION, NOT A CAUSE
• COVENANT THEOLOGY
• COVENANT OF WORKS
• COVENANT OF GRACE
PURITANS
• ALL RELATIONSHIPS ARE DEFINED BY GOD
• BELIEF IN MODERATE CONDUCT
• SOCIAL ORDER – ALL HAVE THEIR PLACE
PURITANS
• CHILDREN
• WORSHIP
• WORK
• LOVE
• VIOLATORS
PURITANS
• VISIBLE SAINTS
• CONVERSION EXPERIENCE
• ROLE OF LINEAGE AND ECONOMICS
• CIVIL MEN
• A THEOCRACY?
• HALFWAY COVENANT
QUAKERS
• WILLIAM PENN
• GEORGE FOX – QUAKER FOUNDER
• DIVINE REVELATION
• SPARK OF GOD
• NO MINISTRY
• PLAIN DRESS AND HOUSING
QUAKERS
• CHARLES II GAVE PENN COLONY TO COVER DEBTS
• THREE OBJECTIVES
• ENLARGE THE EMPIRE
• MAKE MERCANTILISM WORK
• CIVILIZE THE INDIANS
QUAKERS
• PROPRIETARY COLONY
• LIMITS IN CHARTER
• LIBERAL GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE
• CONCEPT OF EQUALITY