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ADAM MICKIEWICZ UNIVERSITY IN POZNAŃ Faculty of English
Collocation analysis as a means of measuring
the grammaticalization of aspectual prefixes in Polish
Małgorzata Fabiszak, AMU Poznań and University of Vienna Iwona Kokorniak, AMU Poznań
Rafał L. Górski, IJP PAN Kraków
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Presentation outline
1. Theoretical preliminaries • Aspect in Polish • Grammaticalization
2. Data source: the National Corpus of the Polish Language NKJP
3. Case studies: • Mental verb: myśleć ‘to think’ • Change of state verbs: rosnąć ‘to grow’, grzać ‘to
heat’ • Verbs of damage: łamać ‘break’
4. Questions, problems, conclusions
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Aspect - 1
Can express • change of state, • end, limit, boundary • temporal extent. They are sufficient to distinguish four main
classes, namely, state, process, protracted event and momentaneous event (Filip 2011)
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Aspect - 2
1a. Vesuvius erupted three times TELIC 1b. John slept (*) three times last night. ATELIC 2a. Vesuvius erupted (*) a lot). TELIC 2b. John slept a lot last night. ATELIC
(Filip 2011: 723)
Aspect is incorporated across the sentence, even the subject must be compatible with verb aspect and adverbials
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Aspect in Polish (from a cognitive perspective)
• Specifies the temporal structre of a situation (Radden and Dirven 2007: 171-174)
• Perfective in Polish: temporally bounded • Imperfective in Polish: temporally unbounded
(Kochańska 2007: 156-157) • Perfectivizing prefixes: po-, na-, wy-, ob-, do- • Imperfectivizing suffixes: -a, -y/iwa, -wa
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Grammaticalization
• A type of language change, where the form-meanings pairings undergo a change (Traugott 2011:11)
• Static perspective: focus on the synchronic product of the grammaticalization process
• Mechanisms of grammaticalisation (Heine 2003: 579): – Semantic bleaching (heavy > light prefixes) – Loss of morphosyntactic properties (adverbs>
prepositions > prefixes) – Phonetic reduction – Context generalization (collocational similarity with the
unprefixed verb)
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Tests for the degree of grammaticalisation
• Secondary imperfectivisation (Karcevski 1927):
• myślał (IMPERF1) – pomyślał (PERF) ‐ *pomyśliwał (IMPERF2)
• myślał (IMPERF1) – wymyślił (PERF) – wymyślał (IMPERF2)
• Number of verb types a given prefix takes (Łaziński 2011: 233):
• z‐ (780), za‐ (366), o‐ (280), wy‐ (231), po‐ (197), u‐ (171), na‐ (61), prze‐ (30), roz‐ (21)
• Double prefix combinations (Łaziński 2011), eg. po-wy-myślał
• po‐ (13), na‐ (12), z‐ (6), other prefixes 1‐4
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Canonical Event Model
• Participants: Agent and Patient • Setting: Adverbs
Langacker, 1999: 24-25)
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MCS: Measure of collocational similarity
• M = Number of shared collocates / Number of all collocates of the prefixed verb
• The closer the ratio of shared complements between the un-prefixed and prefixed verb is to 1, the higher the degree of the grammaticalisation of the prefix.
• Degree of semantic bleaching is correlated with the context generalization understood as the number of shared collocates representing subject (Agent), complement (Patient), adverbs (setting)
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the National Corpus of the Polish Language NKJP
• Balanced subsection: 240, 000, 000 • 90% written 10% spoken (but...)
– 50% of the corpus– press, – 30% books, – 10% the Internet and other – 10% spoken (parliamentary debates, TV shows,
private conversations
• Balanced: none of the text types constitutes more than 50% of the corpus (Górski – Łaziński 2012: 30)
• PELCRA search engine (Pęzik 2012) • POLIQARP (Górski 2012)
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Research Plan
*myśleć *grzać *rosnąć *łamać Subject + + + in
progress
Complement (Acc)
+ + X in progress
Complement (Dat)
X ----- X +
Adverb + + + +
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Mental verb: myśleć ‘to think’ MCS: Acc Complements
Verb Verb freq
No of collocates with a freq > 5
No of shared collocates
Ratio of shared collocates
myśleć 10,009 179 179 179/179=1 po-myśleć 30,115 56 28 28/56=0.5 prze-myśleć 7,597 52 11 11/52=0.21* wy-myślić 11,423 53 5 5/53=0.09* wy-ślać IMPERF2
2,995 36 3 3/38=0.08*
robić 112,224 37 37 37/37=1 z-robić 123,633 39 18 18/39=0.48
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Change of state verb: rosnąć ‘to grow’ MCS: Subjects
Verb Verb freq No of collocates
No of shared collocates
Ratio of shared collocates
rosnąć 30703 308 308 1.00 w-zrosnąć 17658 158 97 0.61 wy-rosnąć 4575 109 41 0.38* u-rosnąć 1726 27 16 0.59 po-rosnąć 1372 45 19 0.42 prze-rosnąć
978 29 11 0.38
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Change of state verb: grzać ‘to heat’ MCS: Subjects and Adverbs
• MCS Subjects: o-grzewać > roz-grzewać > roz-grzać
• MCS Adverbs: nagrzać > rozgrzewać > ogrzać > rozgrzać > ogrzewać > nagrzewać
Verbs MCS: Subjects MCS: Adverbs grzać 84 83 o-grzać 4/9=0.444=0.44 20/45=0.444=0.44 roz-grzać 3/45=0.066=0.07 24/61=0.393=0.39 na-grzać 2/3=0.666=0.67 17/32=0.531=0.53 o-grzewać 10/54=0.185=0.18 28/73=0.383=0.38 roz-grzewać 5/43=0.116=0.12 18/39=0.461=0.46 na-grzewać 2/3= 0.666=0.67 10/29=0.344=0.34
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Mental verb myśleć ‘to think’: MCS Combined
• MCS Subject: prze- > wy- > po- • MCS Objects: po- > prze- > wy- • MCS Adverbs: wy- > prze- > po-
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Questions, Problems, Conclusions
• Method: – How to calculate Proper Names? If at all? – Introduce the cut-of threshold or not?
• Abstraction – Conflicting results of Subject, Object, Adverb MCS – Combined MCS levels out the significant differences
• Conclusion: The assessment of the degree of grammaticalization of aspectual prefixes at the Universal level (Zlatev, plenary) can differ from the assessment at Situated level, where the degree of grammaticalization crucially depends on the interaction of aspect, Subect, Complement and Adverb
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Małgorzata Fabiszak, Adam Mickiewicz University
and University of Vienna [email protected]
Iwona Kokorniak, Adam Mickiewicz University [email protected]
Rafał L. Górski IJP PAN Kraków
