College Freshman English Lesson

8/12/2019 College Freshman English Lesson

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LESSON I

ADJECTIVES

An adjective is a word that modifies a noun or pronoun. It usually answers one of these

questions: What kind of?, Which?, and ow many?!. A, anand the,the most common

adjectives, are also called articles.

What kind of day did you have yesterday? Was it good, bad, happy, sad, busy, quiet,

lively, successful, long, lonely, surprising or lucky? "o answer the question, you#ll needdescriptive words like those italici$ed. "hey are all adjectives.

I. Kinds of Adjectives

%. A descriptive adjectivedescri&es the noun or pronoun it modifies. It names

a quality or condition of the thin' it modifies.

e.'.a lonely soldier a bluedress a broken'lass

(. A proper adjectiveis a descriptive adjective that comes from proper names.

e.g.Chinesecheckers Australian&eef Frenchkiss

). A demonstrative adjectivespecifies or calls attention to the noun or pronoun

it modifies.

Thisand thatare sin'ular adjectives and descri&e sin'ular nouns. Theseand

thoseare plural adjectives and descri&e plural nouns.

This and these usually refer to somethin' near. That and those refer to

somethin' farther away.

e.'.This computer is a 'ift from my parents. *sin'ular+Thosedo's &ark durin' the ni'ht. *plural+

. A possessive adjectivedenotes ownership as it modifies a noun or pronoun.

e.'.theircar herhouse my mistake

hishands our school yourparents

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-. An indefinite adjectiveindicates &roadly the noun or pronoun it modifies

e.'.allpeople anyperson eachone

most people many&ooks nomoney

some companies severalothers

"he articlesaand anare indefinite adjectives. se a&efore words that start

with a consonant. se an&efore words that start with a vowel *a, e, i, o, u+ orwith words that sound as if they start with a vowel *e.'. hour+.

e.'.anen'ineer awoman anapple

anhour a fair student

/. An interrogative adjectiveasks a question as it modifies a noun of pronoun.

e.'.Whose&ook 'ot lost?Whattime is it?

Whichone will you take?

II.. Comparison of Adjectives

0ou use adjectives to compare two or more persons, places or thin's. "o do this,

you use different forms or de'rees, dependin' upon how many thin's you are

comparin'.

DE!EE

Positive (basic form) Comparative Superlative

1akes no comparison compares two compares three or more

!"les#

%. 2omparison. 1ost adjectives have three forms or de'rees: positive,comparative and superlative.

e.'. 3ositive: 4or passen'er transportation, intercity &uses are quitesafe.

2omparative: In some years railroad passen'er trains have &eensafer.

5uperlative: In other years re'ularly scheduled airlines have &een

the safest of all.

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(. 67, 65". 1ost adjectives of one sylla&le and some adjectives of twosylla&les are compared &y addin' er and estto the positive or &asic

form.

e.'. &rave, &raver, &ravest

). 1876, 185". If addin' er or est to a two9sylla&le adjective makes aclumsy word, the comparative and the superlative are formed &y puttin'

moreand most*or less and least+ &efore the positive or &asic form.

e.'. helpless more helpless most helplessloyal more loyal most loyal

. "766 or 1876 50A;65. Adjectives of three or more sylla&lesare compared &y puttin' more or most *or less and least+ &efore the

positive or &asic forms.

e.'. industrious more industrious most industrious

vi'orous more vi'orous most vi'orous

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e.'. Wron' B 5usanne is more lovelier than 2arla.

2orrect 9 5usanne is lovelier than 2arla.

C. "I5, "A", "656, "856. This and That are sin'ular and modify

sin'ular nouns. Theseand Those are plural and modify plural nouns.

e.'. "his pair of shoes is ideal for jo''in'.

"hat hammer has a split handle.

C. "I5 676, "A" "676. o not use this here and that there tomodify a noun.

%D. "61, "856. =ever use them as a su&ject of a ver&. =ever use those

to modify a noun.

%(. A, A=. se a&efore consonant sounds and an&efore vowel sounds.

e.'. a hospital, an academy

%). 26A7=655 or 613A5I5. 7epeat a, anor the&efore each item in aseries for clearness or emphasis.

e.'. 8n the &each I found a scallop shell and a horseshoe cra&.

%. I44676=" 8;E62"5. When two or more adjectives modify a noun,

repeat the article if different o&jects are meant.

e.'. Eudith has a &lue and a red shirt.

III. Comparing and Contrasting

When you descri&e somethin', you may compare it with somethin' else.5ometimes you eFplain how the two thin's are alike or you contrast the two

thin's or eFplain how they are different.

7emem&er these points when you write para'raphs or comparison and contrast.

%. 1ake each similarity or difference a separate point.

(. Add eFamples to make the point valid.

). se eFpressions likesimilarly, like, ho!ever, butand on the other handtomake your meanin' clear.


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IG. Se$"ence of Adjectives

Adjectives in a series follow a definite sequence accordin' to their meanin's.;elow are ta&les showin' this sequence.

%& 'ord Order of Adjectives (efore a No"n

Adjectives come &etween a determiner and the noun that they modify.

3redeterminers and determiners are not included in the ta&le &elow.

Althou'h a lon' strin' of modifiers is possi&le, you will rarely use morethan four or five &efore one noun. 0ou can put additional modifiers in a

prepositional phrase after a noun. 0ou can put very immediately &efore

adjectives that can &e compared *'rada&le adjectives+, and you can put

enoughimmediately after them.

Si)e*

S+ape*

Condition No"n

eneral Age& ,odifier

Description Temperat"re -see

Opinion Color Origin (elo./ T0pe No"n

fine small, maple writin'round

fresh new white paint

famous old 6n'lish country house

eFpensive new private schooltall, thin &asket&all player

'ood home cookin'

lar'e, juicy 1conald#s ham9&ur'er

ra''ed,

worn9out red 'olf shirt

hot, steamy summer dayinterestin' new 2anadian historical novel

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(. 'ord Order of No"n ,odifier. 0ou can use nouns to modify othernouns. A noun can chan'e the meanin' of the noun that follows it. If you

use more than one noun as a modifier, put the nouns that modify in the

order shown:

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

,aterial Operation 1o.er 1lace2

1"rpose No"n

steel typin' ta&leautomatic electric &lanket


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E6E!CISE %& ADJECTIVES 5core HHHHHHH

%. 5elect three o&jects in the classroom. 4or each, list one or more vivid, descriptive

adjectives. se the three nouns and their modifiers in sentences.HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH



HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH


HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

(. 8&serve a restaurant at meal time. What can you see? hear? taste? smell? Eot

down as many details as you can for each sense. "hen 'roup the details in two

lists.

A. etails a&out what you do not like in the restaurant.









;. etails a&out what you like in the restaurant.








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). "hink of somethin' you can descri&e in detail B a person, place, o&jective,anythin' that interests you. 2hoose a point of view or an attitude toward your

su&ject. escri&e what overall impressions you want to create in your

description. "hen list five or siF details that support your point of view andpurpose. 5hare it with your classmate.

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH


HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH



. Write a topic at the center of this paper. 2ircle it and form other circles around it,write the difference parts of the thin' you are descri&in'. In each of these circles,

write words to descri&e each part.



















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-. "ry writin' a sentence usin' the words listed &elow. 5elect a su&ject from2olumn A, a ver& from 2olumn ;, and one or more adjectives from 2olumn 2.

2reate a 'ood, sound sentence usin' the words you have chosen alon' with any

other needed to make a 'ood sentence. 1ake your sentence ima'inative.2ompare your sentences with those of your classmates.

A ; 2

&icycle crouched clever

camper flew ferocious

crow hiked happylawyer played industrious

sin'er phoned lively

pianist rested skinny

sin'er rolled skilledwinner shouted talented

youn'sters spoke waryfarmer toiled weary




















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E6E!CISE 7& CO,1A!ISON O8 ADJECTIVES 5core HHHHHHHH

As you read the followin' story, underline the correct word eFpression.

CO88EETI,E

"i'er is pro&a&ly the %*homeliest, most homeliest+ cat in ;a'uio 2ity. 8f course

he is just (*an, a+ ordinary, everyday alley cat. 1y Aunt 1iranda and my ncle 6dwin

found him in )*a, an+ alley &ehind their apartment house early last "hursday evenin'.

"i'er#s ri&s were almost comin' throu'h his skin and *&oth, the &oth+ of his ears have

&een torn in a fi'ht. It took my aunt less than -*a half, half+ a minute, however, to fall in

love with him.

/*"hat, "here+ cat needs a nourishin' meal and a 'ood home, 6dwin,! she told

my uncle.

ncle 6dwin shook his head and said *"hat, "hose+ kind of cat often cannot

adjust to life in the home.!

We#ll find out,! said my aunt, as soon as we 'et him home and put some

antiseptic in @*them, those+ cuts and scratches.!

C*A half, alf+ an hour later, clean and well fed, "i'er felt much %D*&etter,

more &etter+. e made friends with my little cousin ;rando, and soon %%*&oth, the &oth+

of them were lyin' in front of the fireplace. "i'er was so contented he &e'an to make the

%(*loudest, most loudest+ purrin' noises that ;rando had ever heard.

7i'ht away ;rando 'ra&&ed the cat and carried him over to %)*a, an+ armchair

on the other side of the room. Why, ;rando,! said my aunt, 0ou shouldn#t handle

%*a, an+ animal so rou'hly.!

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I had to 'et "i'er away from the fire, mother,! ;rando eFplained. e was

&e'innin' to &oil like your tin kettle.!

E6E!CISE 3& CO,1A!IN AND CONT!ASTIN 5core HHHHHH

A. 7ead the followin' para'raph.

In =orse myths, twelve 'ods and twenty9four 'oddesses lived in Aspard. 8nly

five


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HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH


HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH. ist three of the differences.

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH


HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH



2. 1atch


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E6E!CISE 9& 1OSITION O8 ,ODI8IE!S 5core HHHHHHHHHH

In each pair of test sentences, encircle the letter of the sentence with the &etter word

order.

%. a. "he &atter who hit a home run was praised &y the coach.

&. "he &atter was praised &y the coach who hit a home run.

(. a.. 4or five days I ate almost nothin'.&. 4or five days I almost ate nothin'

). a. e 'ot hold of the 5enator and spoke to him privately in the study last ni'ht.

&. ast ni'ht he 'ot hold of the 5enator and spoke to him privately in the study.

. a. 1ost 4ilipino students eFtremely are lucky to &e in colle'e.&. 1ost 4ilipino students are eFtremely lucky to &e in colle'e.

-. a. 5ome parents complain that their children eat &adly at &reakfast time.&. 5ome parents complain that their children eat at &reakfast &adly.

/. a. "hree &eautiful youn' 'irls modeled the desi'ner#s summer collection.

&. ;eautiful three youn' 'irls modeled the desi'ner#s summer collection.

. a. "hey watched often the 5cottish 2ham&er 8rchestra at the 7oss "heatre.

&. "hey often watched the 5cottish 2ham&er 8rchestra at the 7oss "heatre.

@. a. Eane only has &een studyin' &allet for five years.

&. Eane has &een studyin' &allet for only five years.

C. a. 1el was so thirsty that he ordered a hu'e ice9cold man'o shake.

&. 1el was so thirsty that he ordered a hu'e man'o ice9cold shake.

%D. a. "he people can vote wisely knowin' what the candidates# plans are.

&. Knowin' what the candidates# plans are, wise votin' can &e done &y the people.

%%. a. All of us cooked in the kitchenette the food which we &ou'ht at a local 'rocer.

&. All of us cooked the food on the kitchenette which we &ou'ht at a local 'rocer.

%(. a. Eosephine, the hired help, comes to work after &reakfast on the laundry.

&. Eosephine, the hired help, comes after &reakfast to work on the laundry.

%)


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%). a. "he sudden eFplosion shocked the little 'irl so much that she didn#t know towhom to turn.

&. "he sudden eFplosion shocked the little 'irl so much that she didn#t know whom

to turn to.

%. a. "he students were attentively tryin' to listen.

&. "he students were tryin' to listen attentively.

%-. a. 7ock structures result from chemical weatherin' and spectacular erosion.

&. 5pectacular rock structures result from chemical weatherin' and erosion.

%/. a. "he children sat quietly in the shadow of the rock.

&. "he children sat in the shadow of the rock quietly.

%. a. "hank you for remindin' me a&out the trip. I had for'otten almost a&out it.&. "hank you for remindin' me a&out the trip. I had almost for'otten a&out it.

%@. a. It is quite difficult to write an essay.

&. It is difficult to quite write an essay.

%C. a. 1ar'aret married a darin', eFtremely 'ood9lookin', youn' Air 4orce pilot.

&. 1ar'aret married a darin', youn', eFtremely 'ood9lookin' Air 4orce pilot.

(D. a. esley read quietly in the 3eriodicals i&rary all mornin'.&. esley read quietly all mornin' in the 3eriodicals i&rary.

%


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LESSON III

8O!EIN 'O!DS AND 15!ASES

6n'lish is the lin'ua franca. owever, while the lan'ua'e has &ecome the universallan'ua'e or the world#s most popular ton'ue, it has not remained pure alon' its clim& to

world fame and acceptance. It has enriched its voca&ulary via adoption of forei'n words.

;elow is a list of some of the most common forei'n words used with 6n'lish meanin's.

%. fraulein 9 youn' lady, miss

(. au revoir 9 'ood&ye

). GoF 3opuli GoF ei 9 the voice of the people is the voice of


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E6E!CISE :& 8O!EIN 'O!DS AND 15!ASES 5core HHHHHH

3ractice readin' the followin' forei'n terms. ook up their meanin's in the dictionary."ell whether the followin' connote a positive, ne'ative or neutral meanin' and use them

in sentences.

%. 4la'rante delicto HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

(. confrere HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

). enfant terri&le HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

. persona 'rata HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

-. mena'e a trois HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

/. &eau HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

. 'ratis et amore HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

@. modus operandi HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

C. femme fatale HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

%D. dolce vita HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

%%. elan HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

%(. tour de force HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

%). raison d#etre HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

%. dilettante HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

%-. incommunicado HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

%/. pariah HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

%. &ete noir HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

%@. nirvana

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

%C. nom de plume HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

(D. aplom&

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

%/


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E6E!CISE ;& SCIENTI8IC2TEC5NICAL TE!,S 5core HHHHHHHH


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DESC!I1TION2DESC!I


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E6E!CISE =& DESC!I6mi+

8K I want to talk a&out Ireland5pecifically I want to talk a&out the famine!A&out the fact that there never really was one

"here was no famine!

5ee Irish people were only allowed to eat potatoesAll of the other food

meat, fish, ve'eta&les

were shipped out of the country under armed 'uardto 6n'land while the Irish people starved

And then in the middle of all this

"hey 'ave us money not to teach our children Irish

And so we lost our historyAnd this is what I think is still hurtin' me.

5ee we#re like a child that#s &een &atteredas to drive itself out of its head &ecause

it#s fri'htened

still feels all the painful feelin's&ut they lose contact with the memory

%C


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And this leads to massive self9destruction

A288I51 7< AI2"I8=

All desperate attempts at runnin'and in the worst form

&ecomes actual killin'.

And if there ever is 'onna &e healin'

"here has to &e remem&erin'

and then 'rievin'so that there can &e for'ivin'

"here has to &e knowled'e and understandin'

An American army re'ulation5ays you mustn#t kill more than %DL of a nation

M2os to do so causes permanent psycholo'ical

dama'e!

It#s not permanent &ut they don#t know thatAnyway durin' the supposed famine!

We lost a lot more than %DL of our nationthrou'h deaths or>and or on step of emi'ratin'

&ut what finally &roke us was not starvation

&ut its use in the controllin' of our educationschools 'o on a&out ;lack !

on and on a&out the terri&le famine!

&ut what they don#t say is in truth

there really never was one.

5o let#s take a look shall we

the hi'hest statistics of child a&use in the ;;2and we say we#re a 2hristian country

&ut we#ve lost contact with our history

5ee we used to worship


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"here has to &e remem&erin'

and the 'rievin'

so that there can &e 'rievin'there has to &e knowled'e and understandin'.

irections: Answer the followin' questions. ;e ready to react on your classmates#answers. 5hare your reactions orally.

%. Why is the son' entitled 4amine!?(. Why did the son'writer say that there was never really a famine?

). "o whom is the son' addressed? Why?

. ow did the son'writer descri&e the Irish?

-. What are some of the harsh realities>social pro&lems mentioned in the son'?/. What feelin's are evoked &y the son'?

. What does the son'writer su''est to solve these pro&lems?

@. What does the refrain of the son' imply?

2. 5on's usually tell stories. "hese stories make the listener feel various emotions.


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LESSON III

VE!


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the 'roup is meant as unit, the ver& is sin'ularJ when individuals are

referred to, the ver& is plural.

e.'. "he crowd is unruly. *actin' collectively B sin'ular ver&+

"he crowd have different opinions. *actin' individually B plural

ver&+

-. A num&er of terms of amount and measure have collective a'reement.

"he sin'ular is the more common.

e.'. "wenty9five years is a lon' time to wait.

/. When the amount of money refers to separate units, the very is plural.

e.'. 4ifty %DD9peso &ills were &urned.

. In a sentence, a sin'ular su&ject always requires a sin'ular ver& despitelon' intervenin' phrases or clauses containin' plural nouns.

e.'. 5i'mund, accompanied &y his friends, is leavin' for 6urope.

@. "wo sin'ular su&jects joined &y either>or or neither>nor take a sin'ularver&.

e.'. 6ither anie or 5ally is cleanin' the la&oratory.

C. If two su&jects, one sin'ular and one plural, are connected &y either>or or

neither>nor, the very a'rees with the nearer su&ject.

e.'. =either the teacher nor the students are swimmin'.

%D. "he pronoun you always takes a plural ver&.

e.'. 0ou are included in the list.

%%. If a sentence &e'ins with here or there, the ver& a'rees with the su&jectwhich follows it.

e.'. "here are several e''s in the &oF.

%(. When any of the followin' indefinite pronouns is the su&ject, the ver& is

sin'ular: every&ody, each no none, one, no&ody, another any&ody, every,everythin', nothin', anyone either, neither everyone, some&ody, someone.

e.'. 6veryone is a suspect.

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%). "he indefinite pronouns several, few, &oth, many, others are always plural.

e.'. 5everal or'anisms are contained in the &ottle.

%. "he indefinite pronouns some, all, none are sin'ular or plural accordin' to

the meanin' of the sentence. When they refer to a mass taken as a whole,they are sin'ular . When they refer to more than one item, they are plural.

e.'. 5ome of the creamer is scattered on the ta&le. *mass 9 sin'ular+5ome are waitin' outside. *more than one B plural+

1ost of the vehicles are tinted. *plural+

"he most I can do is su&mit this paper ahead of time. *sin'ular+

%-. When the word num&er is preceded &y a!, it takes a plural ver&. When it

is preceded &y the!, it takes a sin'ular ver&.

e.'. A num&er of employees are workin' on the project."he num&er of eruptions is increasin'.

%/. "he followin' words are always plural: trousers, pliers, pants, scissors,

ton's, shears. When the word pair is used, however, the ver& is sin'ular.

e.'. A pair of pants is &urned.

3ants are for men and women.

%. 2ertain nouns, thou'h plural in form, are sin'ular in meanin' andtherefore take sin'ular ver&s: ethics, physics, news, mumps, measles,

economics, summons.

e.'. 3hysics is the hardest su&ject.

%@. When fractions are used, the ver& a'rees with the o&ject of the ofphrase!.

e.'. 8ne fourth of the population is starvin'.

8ne half of the 'irls are enrolled in music.

%C. "he name of the country is always re'arded as sin'ular while names of

mountain ran'es are plural.

e.'. "he ;ahamas is full of tourist spots.

"he 2ordilleras are reco'ni$ed now.

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(D. "itles of movies, &ooks, articles, plays, etc. are re'arded as sin'ular even

thou'h words in the title may &e plural.

e.'. A "ale of "wo 2ities! is my favorite novel.

(%. Adjectives used as nouns are considered plural.

e.'. "he rich have 'lamorous lives.

VE!< TENSES

In 'rammar, tense is a distinctive form of ver&, which indicates the time of its action or

assertion. "here are siF tense: "hree simple tense and three compound or perfect tenses.

"he three simple tenses are: present, past and future. "he perfect tenses are: present

perfect, past perfect and future perfect. In addition to the siF tenses, there are pro'ressivetenses. "hese are: present pro'ressive, past pro'ressive and future pro'ressive.

1E!IOD O8 TI,E

HHHHHHH>HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH>HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH>HHHHHHHHHHHH 1AST 1!ESENT 8@T@!E

I. Simple Tense

a. 1resent Tense. It indicates an action occurrin' in the present timeJ iteFpresses ha&itual actionJ and, it eFpresses an idea that is 'enerallyaccepted as true.

e.'. "he ri'ht lun' is somewhat &i''er than the left. *a 'eneral idea+1edicines are &ou'ht in the dru'store. *ha&itual action+

1anny loves her. *an action occurrin' in the present time+

&. 1ast Tense. It indicates an action completed at some definite time in the

past.

e.'. "he doctor operated my 'randfather last year.

c. 8"t"re Tense. It indicates an action that will occur in the future.

e.'. r. ia$ will 'ive you a prescription.

(-


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II. 1erfect Tenses

a. 1resent 1erfect Tense. "his is formed &y addin' the ver&s has!*sin'ular+ or have! *plural+ to the past participle form of the ver&.

Indicates an action completed at some indefinite time in the past.

e.'. I have su&mitted my project.

Indicates an action &e'un in the past and continuin' into the present.

e.'. 1r. 7eyes has called his son once a week for years.

Distinction (et.een simple past tense and present perfect tense&

5imple 3ast "ense 3resent 3erfect "ense

I &ou'ht a &ook yesterday. I have &ou'ht a &ook for yn.*time is definitely stated+ *time is not stated+

We lived in avao two years a'o. We have lived in avao for tenyears.

*action is definitely in the past+ *action continues into the present+

&. 1ast 1erfect TenseB denotes an action that has occurred in the past prior

to some other action. "his is formed &y addin' the ver& had! to the past

participle form of the ver&.

e.'. "he nurse had injected the vial &efore the doctor arrived.

1AST 1E!8ECT TENSE

1oment8f

5peakin'

3ast

ActionHHHH>HHHHHHHHHH>HHHHHHH>HHHHHHHHHHH>HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH>HHHHHHHHHHHHHH

3ast Another 4uture 3ast Action

=ote: "he first action uses the past perfect tense *had! plus the pastparticiple+ while the second action uses the simple past tense.

(/


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c. 4uture 3erfect "ense B denotes an action that occurs in the future prior to

some other action. "his is formed &y addin' the ver& will have! to thepast participle form of the ver&.

e.'. "he a'riculturist is afraid the man'oes will have spoiled when theyarrive in 5in'apore.

=ote. "he prior action uses the simple present tense of the ver&.

III. 1rogressive TensesB indicates an on'oin' action.

a. 1resent 1rogressiveB denotes an action that is continued at the time thestatement is made.

e.'. An'er is 'rowin' inside her.

&. 1ast 1rogressiveB denotes an action 'oin' on in the past, e.'. two actions

simultaneously 'oin' on in the past, one action 'oin' on in the pastdurin' which another action takes placeJ and, repeated action in the past.

e.'. Insect &ites were always distur&in' my concentration.

c. 4uture 3ro'ressive. enotes a continuous action that may &e done at

some future time.

e.'. Eose will &e eFperiencin' partial hearin' disa&ility &ecause of the

nature of his work.

(


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E6E!CISE B& VE!< Score

Accurately supply the missin' words &y choosin' the correct words from the list

provided &elow.

ELLO' 8EVE!

0ellow fever, which sometimes *%+HHHHHHHHH symptoms similar to those of

malaria is *(+HHHHHHHHH &y a mosquito. ;ut yellow fever *)+HHHHHHHHH a virus disease

*+HHHHHHHHH &y the Aedes mosquito. It also can &e *-+HHHHHHHHHH &y the animals,

while the malaria or'anism that */+HHHHHHHHHH human is not transmitted &etween

humans and lower animals. ike malaria, yellow fever *+HHHHHHHHHH in past years

spread deeply into =orth America with cases reported alon' the


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E6E!CISE & S@


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E6E!CISE %F& SI,1LE TENSES Score

A. In each of the followin' sentences 'ive the correct form of the ver& inparentheses. 6Fplain why the form you used is correct.

%. A sense HHHHHH*&e+ a nerve pathway.

(. 8ne of which HHHHHHH*respond+ in a certain way to a certain condition affectin'

our &odies.

). Its other end HHHHHHH*reach+ to a part of our &rain that HHHHHHH*inform+ our

conscious mind of what has happened or is happenin'.

. =erve impulses to the &rain HHHHHHH*&e+ stimulated &y li'ht waves, from which

the &rain HHHHHHHH*form+ visual ima'es.

-. "he nose also HHHHHH*have+ never impulses to the &rain which HHHHH*&e+stimulated &y air&orne chemical su&stances.

/. In the %thcentury, em&ryolo'ical studies HHHHHH*&e+ conducted &y 5wammerdam

*on inverte&rates+ and 1alpi'hi *on chicks+.

. It HHHHHH*&e+ not until the %Cth century that his science 'ained considera&le

momentum.

@. 4. 1. ;alfour HHHHHHH*pu&lish+ a (9volume "reatise of 2omparative6m&royolo'y in %@@D.

C. Anatomical studies today HHHHHH*&e+ characteri$ed &y their interdisciplinarynature.

%D. omolo'y HHHHHHHHH*study+ the concept of anatomical structures in terms oftheir em&ryolo'y and evolutionary ori'in.

;. 2hoose a partner and then tell somethin' a&out him in ten sentences usin' thepresent tense of ver&s.

2. 5hare your most em&arrassin' moment with your partner usin' the simple past

tense of ver&s.

)D


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. An itinerary is a travel plan showin' the dates, time, fli'hts and hotel for an entire

trip. ;elow is an itinerary of r. Eude 5antos for his trip to the nited 5tates ofAmerica to attend an international convention. Interpret it &y writin' an essay

usin' the simple future tense of ver&s.

T!I1 ITINE!A! O8 D!& J@DE SANTOSAu'ust %D9(D, (DDH

ate eparture Arrival 4li'ht =o. etails>7emarks

Au'. %D C:DD a.m *1la+. %%:DD a.m. 37((C otel Interconon'Kon' "el. /)99CC

Au'. %D %:DD p.m *K+ %%:DD p.m. =W%% "he 7it$ otel=ew 0ork "el. *D@+ ()9//@

Au'. %%9%/


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Write a para'raph tellin' what you have &een doin' to improve>maintain 'ood

'rades. 0ou may eFpand the followin' sentence.

Knowin' that 'ood 'rades are essential to success, I have &een doin' my &est to

improve my study ha&its.

;. "he past perfect tense eFpresses an action that has occurred in the past prior to

some other action. Write a para'raph tellin' what thin's you had done &efore'oin' to &ed last ni'ht. 1ake your own topic sentence.

2. sin' the future perfect tense form of the su''ested ver&s, complete the sentences

&elow.

%. When I reach the a'e of twenty9one, *&ecome+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

(. "his day neFt year my &rother *complete+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH


). "omorrow mornin' the interns *do+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH


)(


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. ;y ei'ht toni'ht, the 'uest *arrive+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH


-. When she comes home this noon, she *see+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH


/. At the end of the semester, the students *learn+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH


. ;efore I think of marryin', I *help+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH


@. "omorrow mornin' at lunch &reak, we *write+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH


C. When my youn'er sister comes home, I *eat+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH


%D. ;efore i$a returns the visit, she *sleep+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH


%%. ;y this time tomorrow, everyone *finish+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH


%(. "here days from now the &oat *reach+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH


%). After siF years the 3resident *accomplished+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH


%. ;y the time the rain stops the street *flood+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH


%-. ;y Wednesday neFt week the car *sold+ HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH


E6E!CISE %7& 1!O!ESSIVE TENSES Score

nderline the pro'ressive ver& form and write what tense it is *present pro'ressive, pastpro'ressive, or future pro'ressive+.

%. As the doctor was eFplainin' the muscles disease, the

students shouted suddenly. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

(. e is evaluatin' the patients with motor weakness. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

))


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). 5ir 2harles ;ell was descri&in' the ;ell 3alsy as a

paralysis of the facial nerve when the president came. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

. "he scientist will &e eFplainin' his research durin'

the convention. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

-. What are you doin' with the stethoscope? HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

/. In a minute or two all those firecrackers will &e

eFplodin'. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

. ookworm9infected individuals are eFperiencin'

inflammatory itch in the area where the larvae enters. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

@. "he &a&y was continuin' to 'row, addin' fat cells

and fillin' out. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

C. 3ersons with rheumatoid arthritis will &e eFperiencin'

hi'h fever and intense inflammation of the joints. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

%D. "he 'all&ladder sur'ical patient was eFpectin' a

modified diet. HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

LESSON IV

DISTIN@IS5IN 8ACT 8!O, O1INION

4act 9 anythin' that actually happens in time or space9 statement certainly and strictly true

8pinion 9 &elief or jud'ment9 estimation or appraisal

6Fample:

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T5E ACADE, A'A!DS

4acts:

%. "he Academy Awards started in %C(C.

(. Katherine ep&urn has the most num&er of actin' awards. 5he won 8scars for

1ornin'


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6Famples of two9word adver&: somewhere, everywhere, downstairs

II. @ses

A. An adver& may occasionally modify a noun or a noun equivalent.

e.'. "he a&ove sentences are correct.

;. An adver& modifies a ver&.

e.'. "he earthquake came uneFpectedly.

2. An adver& modifies a ver&.

e.'. "he music sounds hauntin'ly sweet.

. An adver& modifies another adver&.

e.'. "he father of the champion was indeed very proud.

III. Kinds of Adver(s

A. Adver&s of time *When?+

today shortly yesterday soon

neFt year afterward fortni'ht presentlytomorrow already once &efore

;. Adver&s of 3lace *Where?+

here away there nowhere

everywhere around anywhere acrossin front &ack alon' &ehind

2. Adver&s of 1anner *ow?+

scholarly socially inadvertently anyhow

simultaneously late tactfully to'ether

. Adver&s of 4requency

daily &iennially weekly centennially

monthly never annually always

often seldom hardly ever sometimes

)/


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6. Adver&s of 7eason

in order to due to &ecause of

4. Adver&s of 2omparison

more &etter most &est


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e.'. "he construction of under'round cities is a very modern concept

of metropolitan eFpansion.

"he speaker was late due to unavoida&le circumstances.eni is more intelli'ent than 7ose *who is intelli'ent+.

5he is &etter heard than seen.

owever, in sentences showin' comparison in which transitive ver&s are used, the

two adver&s more and &etter, come after the direct o&ject.

e.'. 1other loves 2hin' more than she does Ein'le.

u$ handles people &etter than Gilma.

G. 1osition and Se$"ence of Adver(s

In the normal order, the adver&s come at the end of the sentence in the followin'

sequence: *%+ adver& of manner, *(+ adver& of place, *)+ adver& of time

e.'. e delivered the lecture this mornin' eFcellently at the conference.

*wron'+e delivered the lecture eFcellently at the conference this mornin'.

*correct+

"he adver& of frequency is placed &efore the ver&, eFcept the ver& &e.

e.'. ;ooks often seem authoritative, yet are sometimes erroneous.

"he adver& of time is often preposed, i.e., put at the &e'innin' of the sentence.

e.'. "his mornin', he delivered the lecture eFcellently at the conference.

"he initial position makes the adver& of time refer directly to the time of the main

ver&. A final position could make the reference of the adver& of time am&i'uous.

e.'. e Klerk initiated reconciliation moves with 1andela, when still the

prime minister of 5outh Africa. *wron'+

When still the prime minister of 5outh Africa, e Klerk initiated

reconciliation moves with 1andela. *correct+

When an adver& eFpressin' a ne'ation or near9ne'ation is preposed, the sentence

uses the interro'ative word order, i.e., the ver& or auFiliary ver& which takes tense

is preposed to the su&ject.

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e.'. "he audience has never heard such harmonies &efore.

=ever has the audience heard such harmonies &efore."he paper offers no clear definition anywhere.

=owhere does the paper offer any clear definition.

E6E!CISE %3& DISTIN@IS5IN 8ACT AND O1INION Score

"eFt: "he 1oon *5ource: Astro Analysis+

"he 1oon is the 6arth#s satellite. It is ()@,DDD miles away and is the only planetin the solar system that revolves around the 6arth. "he 1oon is a&out a quarter of si$e of

the 6arth, havin' a diameter of just over (DDD miles. It or&its the 6arth in ( days,

hours and ) minutes. "his is also the time it takes to rotate on its aFis, so the same faceis always kept toward us.

)C


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"he 1oon has no protective atmosphere. 4or eons of time, it has &een eFposed to

every kind of cosmic influence, includin' solar radiation. Its surface is pockmarked from

innumera&le collisions with solid particles of all si$es.

All moonli'ht is a reflection of sunli'ht. ;ut the 1oon is a poor reflector and

'ives &ack only percent of the li'ht it receives.

8n the 6arth we see the 1oon chan'es from crescent shape to full and &ack a'ain

in (C P days. 4rom out of space, we would see that a&out half the moon is always lit up&y the 5un and half is always in darkness, eFcept durin' an eclipse. When the 1oon is in

a direct line &etween us and the 5un, we see only the dark side. When the 1oon is on the

other side of its or&it so that the 6arth is in line &etween it and the 5un, we see the

1oon#s fully illuminated side and can watch it as a full 1oon from sunset to the neFtsunrise. All the other sta'es *called phases of the 1oon+ are in &etween. When the 1oon

is a quarter of the way around its or&it, we still see half of its surface, &ut half of this half

is dark and half is illuminated, 'ivin' us a quarter 1oon.

Althou'h the 1oon is 6arth#s satellite, the 5un#s pull on it is far 'reater. "he 5un

is the common center of 'ravity for &oth &odies. "he 6arth91oon system is, in effect, adou&le planet.

"he influence of the 1oon *with the sun+ causes the tides. As the 6arth rotatesand the moon revolves, most places receive alternatin' hi'h and low tides. When the 5un

and 1oon &oth pull in line at new and full moon, the tides are hi'her. When they pull at

ri'ht an'les and partly counteract one another, the tides are lower. "ide timeta&les can &e

prepared years ahead on the &asis of the 1oon#s predicted movement. "he tidal ran'e is) to %D feet, &ut in narrow &ays, tides may rise to -D feet.

A. ;ased on the selection, determine if the sentence states a fact or an opinion.

HHHHH %. "he moon has no protective atmosphere.

HHHHH (. "he moon is ()@,DDD miles away and it is the only planet in thesolar system that evolves around the 6arth.

HHHHH ). "he moon influences people#s moods and feelin's.

HHHHHH. 8n the 6arth we see the moon chan'es from the crescent shape to full and

&ack a'ain in (C P days.HHHH -. 3eople &orn with the moon prominent in their horoscopes will &e

emotionally unsettled.

HHHH /. 4rom out in space, we would see that a&out half of the moon is always letup &y the sun and half is always in darkness eFcept durin' an eclipse.

HHHH . "he moon si'nifies the past. It rules all life9'ivin' and life9sustainin'

liquids.HHHH @. As the earth rotates and the moon revolves, most places receive alternatin'

hi'h and low tides.

HHHH C. When the moon is a quarter of the way around its or&it, we still see half

of its surface &ut half of this is dark and half is illuminated 'ivin' us a

D


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quarter moon.

HHHH %D. 7epresentin' the wei'ht of the past, the moon acts like a &rake on the

pro'ressive sun and re'ulates our evolution toward cosmic consciousness.

;.


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Q0ou can easily distin'uish a solid from a liquid or a 'as &ecause a solid has a

fiFed si$e and shape. If you place a lump of coal on a ta&le, it shows no tendency

to chan'e its si$e or shape, and for this reason you do not need to put a solid in acontainer to hold it in place.

A liquid on the other hand, has a fiFed si$e &ut not a fiFed shape. "he liquid,water, requires a container to hold it in place &ut it readily chan'es shape when it

is poured from one vessel of a particular shape to another vessel of a different

shape. "he si$e or volume of the water does not chan'e durin' this operation.6ven if water in a &owl is completely a&sor&ed in a spon'e, its volume remains

eFactly the same althou'h its shape &ecomes quite complicated.

A 'as, for eFample air, differs from &oth a solid and a liquid &ecause it easily

chan'es &oth in si$e and shape. 0ou can show this &y takin' the stopper off a

perfume &ottle. What happens? "he perfume vapor spreads to all parts of the

room as soon as the stopper is removed. It is clear that the shape of the 'aschan'es, and at the same time its volume increases enormously.

Write the adver&s found in the para'raph and opposite them write the word the

adver& modifies.

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH



HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH





;. iscuss the rousin' climaF of an action or science fiction movie. ;e sure to useappropriate adver&s.

LESSON V

SENTENCE

A sentence is a 'roup of related words that eFpresses a complete thou'ht. It alwayscontains a su&ject and a predicate. A su&ject is the part of a sentence that tells who or

(


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what is &ein' discussed. A simple su&ject is the main noun or pronoun in the complete

su&ject. A predicate is the part of a sentence that tells somethin' a&out the complete

su&ject. A simple predicate is the main ver& which eFpresses action or state of &ein'.

Kinds of Sentences According to 1"rpose

A& To state a fact& A sentence that states a fact is called a declarative sentence. A

declarative sentence is followed &y a period.

e.'. ydrochloric acid is a corrosive su&stance.

;. To as a $"estion. A sentence that asks a question is called an interro'ativesentence. An interro'ative sentence is followed &y a question mark.

e.'. What is the importance of water in our environment?

2. To iss"e a command or mae a co"rteo"s re$"est. "his kind of sentence is

called an imperative sentence. It is also followed &y a period. sually, you! isunderstood as the su&ject of an imperative sentence.

e.'. 3lease donate &lood to the 7ed 2ross.

. "o eFpress a stron' emotion. "his sentence is called an eFclamatory sentence and

is followed &y an eFclamation point.

e.'. ave a nice dayR

E6E!CISE %:& SENTENCES 5core HHHHHHHHH

A. 2lassify each of the followin' sentences as declarative *+, interro'ative*In+, imperative *Im+, or eFclamatory *6+. Write your answer on the

&lanks provided at the ri'ht. 3rovide correct punctuation at the end of

each sentence.

)


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%. 5tomach pain may also &e of psychosomatic ori'in HHHH

(. "o maintain the proper &alance &etween foods consumed

and ener'y used in work and play, a teena'er must

re'ulate his caloric intake HHHH

). ow 'reat


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HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

). A movie I saw HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH


. 2auses of malnutrition HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH


-. "he skeleton and the muscles HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH


/. "ooth decay HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

.


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4our pounds of hi'hly efficient chemical9processin' tissues, the

liver is the lar'est solid or'an in the &ody. 0ou can locate it &y placin'

your left hand over you ri'ht, lowermost ri&sJ your hand then just a&out

covers the area of the liver. 1ore than any other or'an, the liver ena&les

our &odies to &enefit from the food we eat. Without it, di'estion would &e

impossi&le, and the conversion of food into livin' cells and ener'y

practically noneFistent. Insofar as they affect our &ody#s handlin' of food

B all the many processes that 'o &y the collective name of nutrition B the

liver#s function can &e rou'hly divided into those that &reak down food

molecules and those that &uild up or reconstitute these nutrients into aform that the &ody can use or store efficiently.

%. 1ore than any other or'an HHHH

(. "he liver ena&les our &odies to &enefit from the food we eat HHHH

). Insofar as they affect our &ody#s handlin' of food HHHH

. "he liver#s function can &e rou'hly divided HHHH

-. "hat &reak down food molecules HHHH

/. Without it HHHH

. "he liver is the lar'est solid or'an in the &ody HHHH

@. i'estion would &e impossi&le HHHH

C. "he conversion of food into livin' cells HHHH

%D. and over your ri'ht, lowermost ri&s HHHH

5ource: 1edical and ealth 6ncyclopedia

LESSON VI

E88ECTIVE DICTION

"he word is the smallest unit of messa'es. 0ou should 'ive attention to each

word you choose to &e sure it is the most effective one. "his means choosin' the

/


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words that your receiver and reader will understand and that will 'et from the

reader the reaction you want. "here are siF +/+ principles to consider in word

selection, namely: *%+ choose understanda&le words, *(+ use concrete wordsJ *)+prefer stron' wordsJ *+ emphasi$e positive wordsJ *-+ avoid overused wordsJ and

*/+ avoid o&solete words.

E6E!CISE %=& CO!!ECT @SAE 5core HHHHHH

A. 5u&stitute &etter words for the less understanda&le words and for the

technical words *jar'on+ at left.

Less @nderstanda(le ,ore @nderstanda(le

%. a&dicate HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH (. pro'nosticate HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

). eFonerate HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH . 'erminate HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

-. altercation HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH /. de&ilitated HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

. contempti&le HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

@. eFpectorate HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH C. equity HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

%D. de facto HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

;. Write a simple one9word su&stitute for each phrase and use it in a

sentence.

%. within the realm of possi&ility HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH(. make the acquaintance of HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

). eFcept in very few instances HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

. with reference to HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH -. in close proFimity to HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

/. come to an end HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

. in the first place HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH @. durin' the time that HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

C. inasmuch as HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

%D. in order to HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

2. Write a more effective su&stitute for the o&solete weak and a&stract wordsand phrases.

8&solete words and phrases 1ore effective

%. contents duly noted HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

(. perusal HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH ). favor us with a reply HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH


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. trustin' to hear from you HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

-. as stated a&ove HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

/. enclosed herewith HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH . kindly advise HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

@. per HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

C. acknowled'in' yours of HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH %D. &e' to state HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

Weak 5tron'

%%. passed away HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

%(. refrain HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

%). unsuccessful HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH %. noisy HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

%-. decline HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

A&stract 2oncrete

%/. often HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH %. loyal HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

%@. jewelry

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH%C. afternoon HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

(D. holiday

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

5ource: 2ommunication Arts %: 5"I>"83

E6E!CISE %B& @SAE 5core HHHHHHHH

I. We&ster#s =ew 5tudent ictionary la&els the words &elow as slan' words.

If they are so la&eled in the dictionary you are usin', write the slan'

definition and one of the other definitions of that word.

@


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%. chick a youn' woman

a new9hatched chicken

(. daffy HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

). dame HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH


. di' HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH


-. rod HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH


II. 4irst write the meanin' or modern synonym for each word that youreco'ni$e without consultin' a dictionary. "hen, usin' a dictionary, write

the definition of the other words.

%. perchance HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

(. thee HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

). ma$y HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

. sire HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

-. fair HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

/. spoke HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

. &emocked HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

@. sword HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

C. methou'h HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

%D. withal HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

E6E!CISE %& SNON,S2ANTON,S 5core HHHHHHHHH

I. 4orm a 'roup of three. 5tudy the differences in meanin' amon' the

'roups of synonyms &elow, then use in a sentence reflectin' the

difference.

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%. ancient venera&le old9fashioned

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH


(. ar'ue discuss de&ate





). omit discard shed




. 'am&le venture ha$ard





-. occurrence event episode





III. efine each of the words in the 'roups &elow. "hen after each 'roup,

write a sentence usin' each word.

ro"p %

man9a&out9town HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

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HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

man ape HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

man9eatin' HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

manfully HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

man9made HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH


manhandle HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH


mantrap HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH


ro"p II

moon&eam HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH


moon &lindness HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH


moonli'ht HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH


moonshine HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH


moonstone HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

LESSON VIII

1!ONO@NS

1rono"ns are used in place of nouns. 3ronouns 'ive variety to your writin'&ecause you do not repeat the same noun over and over. "here are seven types of

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pronouns, namely: personal, relative, interro'ative, demonstrative, refleFive,

intensive, impersonal, distri&utive and reciprocal. 6ach type of pronoun performs

a different function in a sentence.

A. Kinds of 1rono"ns

%. 3ersonal 3ronouns are su&stitutes for nouns that refer to specific persons

or thin's. "he personal pronouns are: I, you, he, she, we, us, they, one, it.

e.'. 5he wants to come alon' with us.

(. !elative 1rono"ns connect a 'roup of words containin' a su&ject and a

ver& to a noun or pronoun. "he personal pronouns are: who, whom,whose, which, whoever and that.

e.'. 6mma, who is my &oss, can communicate well.

). Interrogative 1rono"nsare used in askin' questions. "he interro'ative

pronouns are: who, whose, whom, whoever, which, what and whatever.

e.'. Who stole the compact discs?

. Indefinite 1rono"ns do not specify a particular person or thin'. "hey are

used to make 'eneral statements a&out individuals or thin's. "he

indefinite pronouns are: all, another, any&ody, anyone, anythin', &oth,

each one, either every&ody, everyone, everythin', few, little, many, more,much, neither, no&ody, no one, nothin', oneself, other, others, several

some, some&ody, someone, somethin', and such.

e.'. I 'ave him nothin' for his hard work.

-. Demonstrative 1rono"nsare used to indicate specific persons, places orthin's. "he demonstrative pronouns are: this, that, these and those.

e.'. "his is an attractive desk.

/. !efleGive 1rono"ns reflect the action of the ver& &ack to a noun orpronoun in the sentence. "he refleFive pronouns are: myself, yourself,

themselves.

e.'. I cut myself while shavin'.

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=& Intensive 1rono"nsare used for emphasis to stren'then the su&ject. It is

placed usually after its antecedent. "he intensive pronouns are: himself,myself, yourself and itself.

e.'. e himself was as strai'ht as a saint.

;. Cases of 1rono"ns

3ronouns chan'e their form when they perform different functions and

appear in different parts of a sentence. "he different forms are called

cases. "he three types of cases are: nominative, possessive and o&jective.

%. Nominative caseis used when the pronoun functions as:

a. t+e s"(ject of a sentence

e.'. 5he went to see a movie.

We enjoyed our vacation.

&. t+e s"(ject of an implied ver( H after >t+an? and >as?

e.'. 1y landlady like cats &etter than she. *implied ver&

did+

c. t+e predicate complement

e.'. It was she who stole the instruments.

"he only one left is he.

3ronouns in the nominative case are: I, you, he, she, it, we, we and

they.

(. 1ossessive caseis used when the pronoun#s functions are:

a. to s+o. possession or o.ners+ip

e.'. 8ur profession is no&le.

Is this &ook mine?

&. to modif0 a ger"nd -ver( form .it+ >ing?/

e.'. is o&jectin' to the rules caused the discussion.

*modify the 'erund ob"ecting+

I will appreciate your takin' care of my son.*modify the 'erund taking+

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3ronouns in the possessive case are: my, mine, your, yours, his,hers, its our, ours, their, theirs.

). O(jective case is used when the pronoun functions as:

a. direct o(ject of t+e ver(

e.'. "ina carried him to the hospital. *o&ject of the ver&carried+

&. indirect o(ject

e.'. "he music 'ave her a headache. *indirect o&ject of

the ver&gave+

c. o(ject of an infinitive

e.'. 5onia wanted to show us her report. *o&ject ofinfinitive to sho!+

d& o(ject of a preposition

e.'. "he messen'er said the packa'e is for her. *o&ject

of the prepositionfor+

e& s"(ject of an infinitive

e.'. 2arol wants me to help or'ani$e the &a$aar.*su&ject of infinitive to help+

f. o&ject of an implied ver& B after than! and as!

e.'. 1y teacher always like =ora more than me. *o&jectof implied very like+

2. !"les of Agreement (et.een 1rono"ns and Antecedents

%. A pronoun should a'ree with its antecedent in person, num&er and'ender.

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e.'. 7ene is 'oin' to 2e&u, where he can surf as much as he

wants. *"he noun 7ene is in the third person, so the pronoun in the

third person.+

(. An indefinite pronoun used as an antecedent takes a pronoun in the

third person.

e.'. Anyone who wants a hi'h 'rade has to study his lessons

dili'ently. *"he antecedent, anyone, is an indefinite pronoun, so apronoun in the third person is used B his.+

). "he indefinite pronouns each, anyone, one, either, neither,

some&ody, someone, any&ody, everyone, every&ody, no&ody, kind,sort, are sin'ular, and a pronoun referrin' to any of these words

should &e sin'ular.

e.'. 5omeone left his pen on my ta&le.6ach of the 'uests has his ticket.

. se a sin'ular pronoun with two or more sin'ular antecedents

joined &y or, nor, either9or, neither9nor.

e.'. =either 5ally nor Amy wants to spend her money.

-. se a plural pronoun if any of a compound antecedent joined &y

or, nor, either9or, neither9nor is plural

e.'. 6ither 2hita or her friends &rin' their record player.

/. If the antecedent is a collective noun, the pronoun is either sin'ular

or plural, dependin' on its use.

e.'. "he committee is meetin' neFt week to reach its decision.

*committee is treated as a whole unit, so it s sin'ular.+

"he committee mem&ers are meetin' to reach theirdecision. *plural+

E6E!CISE 7F& 1!ONO@NS 5core HHHHHHH

5upply the correct pronoun on the num&ered &lank.

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!O


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%. 1yrna and *I>me+ play cards on weekends. HHHHHHHHH

(. 4ather and *he>him+ took a trip to the province. HHHHHHHHH

). Eohn and *the>them+ will &e here early. HHHHHHHHH

. oes *she>her+ know you are here? HHHHHHHHH

-. 0ou and *I>me+ will finish the eFperiment. HHHHHHHHH

/. "he winner was *he>him+. HHHHHHHHH

. It was *she>her+ at the door. HHHHHHHHH

@. "he &oys on the field were *they>them+. HHHHHHHHH

C. Was it *he>him+? =o, it was *I>me+. HHHHHHHHH

%D. "he man in the uniform is *he>him+. HHHHHHHHH

%%. *8ur>ours+ houses look alike. HHHHHHHHH

%(. "his &ook is not *my>mine+. HHHHHHHHH

%). I appreciate *you>your+ takin' care of my dau'hter. HHHHHHHHH

%. I just reali$ed how *my>mine+ re'ular eFercise

has kept me fit. HHHHHHHHH

%-. et us use up *your>yours+ medicine first. HHHHHHHHH

%/. ave invited *I>me+. HHHHHHHHH

%. "he 7omans conquered *they>them+. HHHHHHHHH

%@. If we offer *she>her+ money she will accept it. HHHHHHHHH

%C. Aunt aisy sat &eside *she>her+. HHHHHHHHH

(D. "he winner was *him>he+. HHHHHHHHH

;. With a partner, rewrite the followin' dialo'ue to correct the errors in the use of

pronouns.

Eohn : ave you#re finished writin' your term paper?

;riF : =o, me haven#t yet. 1ine notes aren#t or'ani$ed. ook their not

even complete.

Eohn : 1y aren#t either. 2ould you lend mine some of you#re reference

materials? Ana claims that yours references are more up9to9date

than her.

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;riF : 5he must &e kiddin'R 1e used teFt&ooks which are five years

&ehind. 4or this reason, 3rofessor "an advised I to read journals.

5he said that their more up9to9date.

Eohn : 0ours topic is a&outAidsisn#t he? I came across an article a&out

Aidsthe other day. Its in the =ewsweek.

;riF : oes the li&rarian allow me &rin' the =ewsweek out for FeroFin'?

Eohn : Why don#t they ask them? ;etter still, request the li&rarian to let

you &orrow them for overni'ht use.

;riF : I#ll do that. "hanks for you.

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
















LESSON I6

SE@ENCIN O8 EVENTS

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What do you think will happen if a film editor made a mistake in 'ettin' all the

scenes of a motion picture miFed up? 8r a pre9school teacher tellin' her class

that 5now White had first &een kissed &y the prince &efore she at the apple?"hese information will surely confuse the people watchin' the movie and the

children listenin' to their teacher.

Any material must not only &e full and interestin', it must also &e unified. "hat is

why arran'in' materials which have &een collected is very important. 6ven

eFcellent su&stance will lose much of its effectiveness if it is incorrectly andillo'ically arran'ed. Always remem&er to keep related parts to'ether and to keep

one phase of the thou'ht &efore &e'innin' another.

E6E!CISE 77& SE@ENCIN O8 EVENTS 5core HHHHH

A. 7esearch on how soap is made. With the aid of the dia'ram on the neFt

pa'e, num&er the events followin' the sequence &ased on to what you

have researched on.

ow 5oap Is 1ade

HHHH A 'iven portion of fat is in the tank a&out CD minutes and is at least CC

percent converted to fatty acid when it reaches the eFit at the top of the

tank.

HHHH eated fats are continuously fed in near the &ottom of the tank and hotwater enters near the top.

HHHH "his reaction takes place in a stainless steel tank, a&out /- feet in hei'ht.

HHHH A miFture of fat s and oils is first hydroly$ed &y super heated water in thepresence of $inc oFide catalyst to 'ive the or'anic acid and 'lycerol.

HHHH 5odium hydroFide solution, or a miFture of sodium and potassium

hydroFide, is then pumped into the purified fatty acids, neutrali$in' themand formin' soap.

HHHH "he fatty acids are purified &y distillation at very low pressure.

HHHH 3ure 'lycerol is then o&tained &y evaporation of this solution at low

pressure.HHHH "he fatty acid product flows out of the top of the tank and a concentrated

aqucous solution of 'lycerol is drawn at the &ottom.

;. iscuss how the process called titration! is performed.



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HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH








2.


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A MODULE

IN

PREPOSITIONS

/(


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/)

376385I"I8=5

KI=5 84 376385I"I8=5376385I"I8=A

II815

ACCO!DIN

TO

,EANIN

ACCO!DIN TO

8O!,

Location

Direction

Time

1rocess

1ossession

ApproGimation

Attri("tion

!elation

Simple

Compo"nd

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OVERVIEW

ear 5tudent,

o you have this common pro&lem of pausin' while writin' an essay

&ecause of your difficulty in usin' the word in or on when the o&ject of the

preposition is a date? 8r at or in when the o&ject of the preposition refers to

an address or location?

If your answers to these two questions are yes then this module is

especially desi'ned for you. 8f the ei'ht parts of speech, the preposition

is considered mysterious &ecause of its diversity in meanin's.

"he answer to the mystery lies in you, reader. 5tudy the words

carefully and understand their meanin's and uses. Answer the eFercises

honestly and patiently reread>redo them if necessary. o not proceed to the

neFt lesson if you have not mastered the previous one.

6njoy this module and eFperience the satisfaction of unlockin' the

mystery &y yourself.

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5o. To @se T+is ,od"le

"his module functions as a self9learnin' kit. It eFplains lessons the

same way a teacher or &ook does.

As you may notice in the unit map, the topic of this lesson,

prepositions, is found in esson II of your teFt&ook, 2olle'e 4reshman

6n'lish ;ook I. owever, this lesson is presented to you in a modular

form to 'ive you an opportunity to study more closely this topic and to 'ive

you opportunity to assess yourself as you answer the practice and self9 tests.

"he followin' are the thin's you must remem&er as you use this

module.

%. 6Fercise utmost care of this module &y openin' its pa'es carefully.

(. 5tart answerin' the preliminary test first &efore doin' anythin' else.

). o not fold the pa'e corners. Instead use a &ookmark.

. Keep the pa'es clean and do not write unnecessary marks on the

pa'es.

-. "ake ample time in answerin' the eFercises. 0our honest answers are

vital to your learnin'.

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Terminal O(jectives

After readin' this module, you are eFpected of the followin'

outcomes.

%. 2orrectly use common types of prepositions accordin' to their

meanin's.

(. 3roperly place prepositions in sentences.

). nderstand the chan'es in meanin's of prepositions when these

are com&ined with other words.

. se prepositional idioms in oral and written eFercises.

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Content O"tline

I. 2orrectly use common types of prepositions accordin' to their

meanin's.

%. 3repositions of location

(. 6Famples of prepositions of space and movements

). 3repositions of direction

. 6Famples of prepositions of direction

-. 3repositions of time

/. 6Famples of prepositions of time. 3repositions of process

@. 6Famples of prepositions of process

C. 3reposition of possession

%D. 6Famples of preposition of possession

%%. 3repositions of approFimation

%(. 6Fample of prepositions of approFimation

%). 3reposition of attri&ution

%. 6Famples of preposition of attri&ution

%-. 3reposition of relation

%/. 6Famples of preposition of relation

II. 3repositional Idioms. 2orrectly use phrases with com&ined

prepositions and other words.

%. 2om&ination of ver&s and prepositions

(. 6Famples of phrases with com&ined ver&s and prepositions

). 2om&ination of nouns and prepositions. 6Famples of phrases with com&ined nouns and prepositions

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PRELIMINARY TEST

irections: Identify the option that correctly fills in the &lank. 2ircle the letter of your

answer.

%. "he church &ells could &e seen HHH Thi'her thanU the trees.

a. a&ove &. over

(. "hey took shelter HHH T&eneathU the driveway#s canopy.

a. under &. &elow). All the students were ordered to remain HHH Tinside specific &ounds or limitsU the

premises of the school until after the convocation was over.

a. a&out &. within. When Een arrived at the party, she took the &oF of chocolates HHH Tfrom withinU

her &a' to 'ive to the &irthday 'irl.

a. out of &. off -. ;ernie had a &ruise just HHH Tlower in position thanU his left eye.

a. &elow &. around

/. I asked my friend a&out who was comin' HHH Talon' a street towards the speakerU

the road, &ecause I did not have my 'lasses on.a. near &. up

. 4or almost a kilometer, we had to crawl HHH Tat the &ack ofU a slow9movin' car.

a. &ehind &. after @. "he 'irl sat HHH Tseparated fromV the others.

a. off of &. apart from

C. It is difficult to swim HHH Tin the opposite directionU the current.

a. a'ainst &. across%D. When the policemen came, the suspect ran to the car which was standin' HHH Tat

the outer side ofU the house.a. out &. outside

%%. "he do' trotted HHH Tnear toU its master.

a. &y &. near&y

%(. I will meet you HHH TlocationU the &us station.a. on &. at

%). 6velyn declared that she would never 'o HHH TwithinU that shop a'ain &ecause of

the way she was treated.a. inside &. to

%. A tall, rather thin man stood HHH Tin front ofU the &uildin'.a. across &. &efore%-. "he cat knocked the flower pot HHH Tfrom its current locationU the stand.

a. apart from &. off

%/. 7enationali$ation of the 3hilippine Airlines is &asically swimmin' HHH the tide of

privati$ation.a. a'ainst &. for

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%. 4ares are not the main o&stacle HHH the rapid 'rowth of tourism in the country.

a. of &. to

%@. I hope this article never sees print &ecause of will &e overtaken HHH events.

a. &y &. on

%C. 6Fercise 'urus now say that for most people, &risk walkin' is prefera&le HHHjo''in'.

a. than &. to

(D. If you are always very conscious HHH what people think or say a&out you, youmi'ht &ecome a nervous wreck.

a. a&out &. of

(%. "he youn' officer was assi'ned HHH a 6uropean mission after only two years at

the home officea. to &. at

((. "he con'ressmen#s countryside development fund! does not seem to &e different

HHH the old pork &arrel.

a. from &. to(). 5ome imported products are actually inferior HHH similar ones locally produced.

a. from &. to(. "he new "hai restaurant was ele'antly furnished HHH reproductions of the art

Documents

College Freshman English Lesson