College Echoes 2014

7/22/2019 College Echoes 2014

1/27

Q M @ @ D K M Q T @ D K M Q M I C C P I E

N IQ @ N @ C C @ A T Z W B H @ X X D B C

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H M I W D Q T

XIQPWAIT

9 7 I Z W D E

7:91


2/27

H B E E @ K @ @ H M B @ X 8Z`rìt trdstdtdi, p`rìct bsbr`s. Z`rìt adigbeus, qudvds ictdgurshmdus itqu` drrdsbr`s2

Qriadtdbc ds a`cà is tm` tricsldssdbc bf hustbls br gèd`fs

frbl k`c`ritdbc tb k`c`ritdbc. Dt dcu`ch`s tm` wiy w`

spìn, ar`ss ica g`miv` tmrbukmbut bur edv`s. Qriadtdbc hic

g` hbccà tb i sliee krbup bf p`bpe`, edn` i fildey, br g`

upmèa gy ic `ctdr` citdbc, edn` Gurcs Cdkmt dc Xhbteica.

Bc` bf Qm` Nit` N`ccày Heugs licait`s ds tb upmbea tm`

triadtdbcs bf tm` Pcdv`rsdty ica tbwc bf Xt Icar`ws. Bc` bf

tm`s` triadtdbcs ds tm` iccuie pikìct tmrbukm tm` tbwc. Qmds

triadtdbc wis g`kuc dc tm` ft``ctm h`ctury gy tm` cd`h` bf

Oil`s N`ccày, Gdsmbp bf Xt Icar`ws> gy Nit` N`ccày

m`rsèf. Xm` wbuea vdsdt m`r uche` it Xt Icar`ws `v`ry yìr,

ica wis sb gèbvà gy stua`cts ica r`sda`cts iedn` tmit m`r

irrdvie wis kr``tà wdtm i krìt hè`gritdbc ica i prbh`ssdbc

tmrbukm tm` tbwc. @v`c ift`r m`r a` itm tm` pikìct g`hil`

ic iccuie hè`gritdbc, uctde dt wis giccà dc 9==9 g`hius`

dt wis tmbukmt tb g` tbb riuhbus ica adsruptdv`. Qm` Nit`

N`ccày Heug wis fbucaà dc 9476, ica r`vdvà tm`

triadtdbc bf tm` iccuie prbh`ssdbc tmrbukm tm` tbwc, is wèe

is wbrndck tb rids` lbc`y fbr ebhie hmirdtd`s ica dlprbv`

rèitdbcs g`tw``c tm` tbwc ica tm` Pcdv`rsdty.

[mde` triadtdbc hic g` i kbba tmdck dc mèpdck us tb

r`l`lg`r ica upmbea tm` vieu`s bf tm` pist, dt hic iesb g`

ic bgstruhtdbc tb prbkr`ss. Qriadtdbcieey, wbl`c w`r` cbt

ieebwà tb g` l`lg`rs bf Qm` Nit` N`ccày Heug. [` lust

isn mbw suhm i triadtdbc g`c`tà tm` Heug, br dca`à

icybc` es`. Qmds hmickà dc 7:97 ica tm` Heug cbw ihh`pts

uca`rkriauit`s bf `dtm`r k`ca`r. [` hic ebbn fbrwira tb

tm` hbctrdgutdbcs bf dts c`w f`lie` l`lg`rs> hbctrdgutdbcs

wmdhm w`r`, fbr licy yìrs, cbt p`rldttà g`hius` bf tm`

Heugs iee-lie` triadtdbc.

Dt ds tm`r`fbr` dlpbrtict tb xildc` bur triadtdbcs ica tb isnwm`tm`r br cbt tm`y s`rv` icy purpbs` tbaiy. Dc licy his`s,

triadtdbcs miv` g``c `stigedsmà fbr i rìsbc> tmdcks ir`

iewiys abc` i h`rtidc wiy g`hius` tmit ds tm` g`st wiy tb ab

tm`l. Licy ichd`ct hdvdedsitdbcs mia i krìt brie triadtdbc,

wm`r`gy mdstbrd`s ica stbrd`s wbuea g` eìrcà ica pissà

abwc frbl k`c`ritdbc tb k`c`ritdbc gy g`dck p`rfbrlà

ica spbn`c iebua. Qm`s` stbrd`s p`rsdstà fbr mucaràs

br tmbusicas bf yìrs wdtmbut g`dck wrdtt`c abwc, is tm`

liobrdty bf tm` pbpueitdbc hbuea cbt rìa br wrdt`. Mbw`v`r,

FBW@[BWA.


3/27


4/27

H B E E @ K @ @ H M B @ X6 H B E E @ K @ @ H M B @ X ;

HBCQ@CQX

Fbr`wbra / 8

Qm` Nit` N`ccày Heug / 0

Zr`sda`cts [èhbl` / ;

@adtbrdie / 4

Ba` tb tm` Eiay Nitmirdc` N`ccày / 96

Xmbbtdck fbr tm` Xdev`r Irrbw / 9;

Wbut` bf tm` Zrbh`ssdbc / 7:

Qm` Zrbh`ssdbc/ 79

Arilitds Z`rsbci`/ 76

Qm` Hmirdtd`s / 86

Heug Zictbldl` 7:91? Kr``h`, Qm` Lusdhie / 8=

Qm` W`stbritdbc bf Irhmgdsmbp Oil`s Xmirps Hirrdik` /1:

G`fbr` tm` Zrbh`ssdbc / 17

Qm` Aiy bf tm` Zrbh`ssdbc / 18

Hburik` tb Miv` Xbl` Fuc / 10

Qm` Edbcs Wilpict, [m`r`2 ica tm` [irarbg` / 1;

Qm` Lirvèebus L`rhmdstbc / 1=

Eiad`s ica K`cte`l`c, dt ds wdtm tm` utlbst peìsur` tmit D wè-

hbl` ybu iee tb tm` 7:91 Nit` N`ccày Zrbh`ssdbc. Fbr licy bf

ybu tbaiys Zrbh`ssdbc wdee g` gut bc` bf i culg`r tmit ybu miv`

s``c. Qm`r` ir` btm`rs, mbw`v`r, wmb wdee cbt y`t miv` wdtc`ssà

i Nit` N`ccày Xprdck Zrbh`ssdbc, ica tb wmbl tm` `v`cts bf

tbaiy wdee s``l ic `hh`ctrdh cbvèty. Dc i s`cs`, tm` Zrbh`ssdbc

ds igbut oust tmit? tm` bea ica tm` c`w tbk`tm`r. Ift`r i abur

ica arìry wdct`r w` wèhbl` tm` iav`ct bf sprdck gy mbcburdck

tmbs` wmb miv` kbc` g`fbr` us tmbs` wmb miv` lia` i eist-

dck dlpiht bc tmds wbca`rfue tbwc ica dts pr`stdkdbus Pcdv`rsdty.

Qm` Zrbh`ssdbc ds sdluetic`busey i hè`gritdbc bf tm` pist ica

bf tm` futur`> ucdqu` tb Xt Icar`ws, ica pirtdhueirey p`rtdc`ct

tmds yìr.

Bc Xituraiy 8:tm Cbv`lg`r 7:98 tm` Pcdv`rsdty bf Xt Ic-

ar`ws hbcheuaà dts 6::tm Iccdv`rsiry hè`gritdbcs. Qm` Li-

aris Hbee`k` Zdp` Gica eà i piria` frbl Mbey Qrdcdty tb Xt

Xievitbrs Yuiaricke`, ica it tm` h`ctr` bf tmds piria` wis Xt

Icar`w mdlsèf. Qm`r` hbuea cbt miv` g``c i lbr` ipprbprdit`

hbcheusdbc tb tm` iccdv`rsiry bf bur Pcdv`rsdtys fbucaitdbc tmic

i prbh`ssdbc. It dts m`dkmt Xt Icar`ws wis tm` fburtm-gdkk`st

pdekrdlik` a`stdcitdbc dc @urbp`, ittrihtdck bv`r i quirt`r bf i

ldeedbc trivèe`rs ìhm yìr. Qm` tmr`` lidc str``ts w`r` sp`hd-

hieey eida but tb eìa pdekrdls tb ica frbl Xt Icar`ws Hitmàrie

i str``t peic tmit `v`ctuieey grbukmt tm` wìetm ica adstdch-

tdbc c`àà fbr tm` fbucaitdbc bf i Pcdv`rsdty. Fbr tm` pist 6::

yìrs, tm`r`fbr`, w` bw` i krìt aìe tb tmds tbwcs prbh`ssdbcie

m`rdtik`. Qm` v`ry sil` Xt Icar`w tmit hbcheuaà tm` 6::tm

Iccdv`rsiry smiee eìa tm` 7:91 Nit` N`ccày Zrbh`ssdbc. 6::

yìrs ir` cbw g`mdca us, ica dt ds wdtm krìt mbcbur ica prda` tmit

w` hirry tmit pist fbrwira tbaiy.

Qm`r` ir` i krìt licy p`bpe` wmb lin` tm` Nit` N`ccày Zrb-

h`ssdbc pbssdge` `v`ry yìr, ica tm`y iee a`s`rv` tmicns ica r`h-

bkcdtdbc. Fdrstey, dt wbuea g` ic bv`rsdkmt w`r` D cbt tb l`ctdbc

tm` dcu`ch` bf Xdr Oil`s Drvdc` bc tm` Zrbh`ssdbcs r`vdvie. Dc

9499 tm` Pcdv`rsdty bf Xt Icar`ws hè`grità dts Yudch`ct`ciry,

ica tm` tm`c Zrbf`ssbr Drvdc` wis bc` bf twb hbcv`cbrs bf tm`

f`stdvdtd`s. Ku`sts w`r` aèdkmtà gy ic `v`cdck pikìct bf mds-

tbrdh hmiriht`rs bf Xt Icar`ws, ica bc tm` fbeebwdck aiy Zrbf`s-

Zr`sda`cts [èhbl`

FWICHDX [IEQ@WX ZW@XDA@CQ BF QM@ NIQ@ N@CC@AT HEPG


5/27

H B E E @ K @ @ H M B @ X= H B E E @ K @ @ H M B @ X 4

sbr Drvdc` eà i kudaà tbur bf tm` mdstbrdh str``ts. Qm` iccdv`rsiry

lust miv` struhn i hmbra wdtm Drvdc`> ft``c yìrs eit`r m` mèpà

fbrl Qm` Nit` N`ccày Heug, iebck wdtm stua`cts Oil`s Abin

ica Abciea N`ccày, dc bra`r tb r`dcstit` ic iccuie sprdcktdl`

prbh`ssdbc. Qm` Zrbh`ssdbc ybu s`` tbaiy mis `vbevà ica `x-

picaà bv`r tm` yìrs, ica i krìt licy p`bpe` miv` mèpà dt

stiy tru` tb dts `ss`ch` wmdest `lgrihdck c`w mdstbrd`s ica hmir-

iht`rs.

Qm`r` ir` twb l`lg`rs bf Qm` Nit` N`ccày Heug wmb miv`

wbrnà tdrè`ssey bv`r tm` pist yìr tb brkicds` ica aèdv`r tmds

yìrs Zrbh`ssdbc. Qm` Lirsmie, @awira Fry, ica tm` N``p`r bf

tm` Hbstul`s ica Xmdèas, M`cry Giyeds, miv` mia tm`dr wbrn

hut but tb fbeebw eist yìrs likcdh`ct smbw, ica D b`r tm`l i

krìt licy tmicns bc g`mief bf Qm` Nit` N`ccày Heug ica Qm`

Nit` N`ccày Qrust.

Qmicns lust iesb kb tb tm` p`rlic`ct l`lg`rs bf Qm` Nit`

N`ccày Qrust tm` r`kdst`rà hmirdty tmit bwcs ica lidctidcs

iee tm` hbstul`s, smdèas ica hbihm`s tmit lin` tm` Zrbh`ssdbc

wmit dt ds. [m`tm`r dt g` brkicdsdck i fihèdft fbr i h`rtidc hmirih-

t`r, br peiccdck tm` wmbe`sie` r`cbvitdbc bf i mbrs`-ariwc hbihm,

tm` Qrust ds iewiys pursudck lìsur`s tb dlprbv` tm` Zrbh`ssdbc

fbr tm` g`c`t bf tmbs` withmdck. Fbr tm`dr k`c`rbus ica dc-

vieuige` iavdh` tb l` p`rsbcieey, mbw`v`r, D lust kdv` p`rsbcietmicns tb Lirtdc Zisslbr`, tm` Hmidrlic bf tm` Qrust, ica tb

Fricn Yudciuet, dts Qrìsur`r. Furtm`rlbr`, [`cay Yudciuet a`-

s`rv`s hbcsda`rige` r`hbkcdtdbc fbr iee tmit sm` mis abc` ica iee

tmit sm` hbctdcu`s tb ab fbr tm` Nit` N`ccày Zrbh`ssdbc. [`c-

ay adspeiys `cbrlbus aàdhitdbc ica pitd`ch` `v`ry yìr wm`c

pr`pirdck, iet`rdck ica heìcdck tm` hbstul`s, ica D lust kdv`

m`r tmicns bc g`mief bf v`rybc` dcvbevà tbaiy tm` Zrbh`ssdbc

hbuea cbt mipp`c wdtmbut ybu!

Qm`r` ir` cul`rbus btm`rs wmb ir` dct`krie tb tm` ruccdck bf

tm` Zrbh`ssdbc. Licy bf tm`l miv` cb fbrlie edcn tb Qm` Nit`

N`ccày Heug br Qrust, gut tm`y c`v`rtmè`ss b`r tm`dr mèp but

bf ebv` ica aàdhitdbc tb tmds tbwc ica Pcdv`rsdty. Qb iee bf tmbs`

wmb miv` mèpà, wm`tm`r ybu ir` peiydck i hmiriht`r tbaiy, br

miv` wbrnà uccbtdhà g`mdca tm` sh`c`s, Qm` Nit` N`ccày

Heug ica D ir` truey dca`gtà tb ybu, ica D kdv` ybu ly sdch`r`

tmicns. Fdcieey, tb iee tmbs` wmb ir` withmdck tb tmbs` bea ica

c`w wmb edc` bur str``ts tmit w`r` gudet fbr aiys edn` tbaiy D

kdv` tmicns fbr ybur suppbrt ica hblpicy bc tmds wbca`rfue bh-hisdbc dc Xt Icar`ws.

QM@ NIQ@ N@CC@AT HEPG

HMIWDQT LIT GIEE

X P C A I T L I T 1 , 7 : 9 1

Aìr Wìa`r,

[mit ds dt w` tmdcn bf wm`c w` hbcsda`r tm` isp`ht bf tm`

pist2 D fbuca lysèf pbca`rdck tmds v`ry qu`stdbc bc` tbb-

ìrey lbrcdck eit` eist yìr is D sit dc i làd`vie pb`try

tutbrdie, krbkky, kbrle`ss ica wb`fueey ucpr`pirà.

Luhm edn` i cirritbr dc bc` bf tm` v`ry arìl-vdsdbcs

fivburà gy tmbs` gykbc` Linirs bf tm` ft``ctm ica

sdxt``ctm h`cturd`s, D fbuca lysèf sedppdck dctb i gedssfue

stit` bf mief-se``p wm`c, iee it bch`, D wis rbusà frbl ly

r`v`rd` gy tm` utt`rich` bf tmr`` sbl`mbw fildedir cil`s.

[deedil Aucgir Kivdc Abukeis Xdr Aivda Edcasiy bf tm`

Lbuct? tm`s` w`r` cb @aluca Fdtz-wmits-mds-cil`s br

[uefrdh a` Xbl`tmdck-br-btm`rs. Qm`s` w`r` p`bpe` D miamìra bf g`fbr`> p`bpe` D mia `v`c s``c!

Qm` r`kueirs ilbck ybu wdee, edn` l`, ncbw tmit tmbs` tmr``

austy pb`ts bf i adstict ik` ic ik` bf hmdviery, bf rm`tbrdh,

ica bf tdkmtey-ttdck trbus`rs ir` iee ucdtà gy tm` fiht

tmit tm`y w`r` sbcs bf Xt Icar`ws wmbs` wbras bch` lbr`

rdck tmrbukm tm`s` str``ts ìhm yìr wdtm tm` pissdck bf tm`

Nit` N`ccày Xprdck Zrbh`ssdbc. Ica wdtm tmds ncbweàk`,

D fbuca lysèf pbss`ssà bf i c`wfbuca dct`r`st, gbrc bf

icdty ica prbxdldty, dc i edt`ritur` wmdhm mia pr`vdbuseys``là r`lbt` ica irhmidh.

D g`kic tb `coby tm` ldcutèy bgs`rvà, riuhbusey fuccy

adie`ht bf Aucgirs Qwb Lirrdà [bl`c ica tm` [dabw,

ica tb ippr`hdit` tm` aizzedck grdeedich` bf mds k`ledn`

eicaship` dc Qm` Kbea`c Qirk`. D adshbv`rà tmit Kivdc

Abukeis mia cbt bcey prbauhà tm` rst v`rcihueir,

ihh`ssdge` tricseitdbc bf Mbl`rs I`c`da, gut tmit dt wis

ihhblpicdà gy tm` dctèedk`ct, p`rsbcie hbll`ctiry bf

i hueturà ica wdtty lic. Lbst bf iee, D wis tricsxà gy

Edcasiys hblpèedck pbrtridt bf tm` edf` ica kru`sbl`

aìtm bf tm` wdhnà Hiradcie Gìtbc, s`t abwc gy i

lic wmb nc`w mdl iee tbb wèe (D `v`c lia` cbt`s fbr tmit

tutbrdie).

[mit struhn l` lbst dc ly rìadcks bf tm`s` pb`ts, wmb D

hil` tb r`kira is sb luhm lbr` tmic oust cil`s dc i gbbn,

wis tmit tm`y iee tmr`` bp`rità wdtmdc i ebck-`stigedsmà

ica rèitdvèy rdkda pb`tdh triadtdbc (dcspdrà, df ybur`

dct`r`stà, gy K`br`y Hmiuh`r & hb.) ica y`t tm`y, tru`

W`cidssich` l`c, w`r` `quieey hipige` bf licdpueitdck ica

r`dcv`ctdck tmit triadtdbc. Qm`s` l`c hbcsda`rà tm` pb`tr y

@ADQBWDIE.


6/27

H B E E @ K @ @ H M B @ X 99H B E E @ K @ @ H M B @ X9:

bf Hmiuh`r, bf ichd`ct fben tie`s, ica `v`c bf Mbl`r, ica

ippedà tmr`` n`y hbch`pts tb tmit mdstbry? dldtitdb, virditdb

ica i`lueitdb, br dldtitdbc, virditdbc ica `lueitdbc.

[m`c D hil` tb put tbk`tm`r tmds Hbee`k` @hmb`s, D nc`w

dcstdchtdvèy tmit D wictà tb fbhus upbc triadtdbc, ica bur

micaedck tm`r`bf. Dcspdrà gy ly prà`h`ssbr E`b Qmucs

àdtdbc bf eist yìr, tm` a`sdkc ica hbct`ct bf wmdhm mirnà

gihn tb tm` Iccuies bf tm` tw`ctd`s ica tmdrtd`s, D a`hdaà

tmit D smbuea fbhus bch` ikidc upbc tm` pist gut dc tmdshis`, D wictà cbt oust tb dldtit`, dldtitdb, tmit pist, gut tmit

D wictà tb itt`lpt tb k`t tb krdps wdtm tm` wiy dc wmdhm

dt `xdsts tbaiy? tb `xpebr`, lbr` sp`hdhieey, mbw Qm` Nit`

N`ccày Heug aìes wdtm triadtdbc, ica tb k`t gihn tb tm`

gisdhs bf wmit tm` Heug ds igbut tm` v`ry rìsbcs wmy dt

`xdsts.

Tbu wdee mbp`fueey ncbw tmit Qm` Nit` N`ccày Heug wis

fbucaà, dc 9476, gy twb stua`cts dcspdrà gy tm`c-W`htbr

Xdr O.L. Girrd`s iaar`ss tb tm` Pcdv`rsdty bc Hburik`.

[dtm tm` `ctmusdistdh suppbrt bf Zrdchdpie Oil`s Drvdc`

Xt Icar`ws X`hbca Fbuca`r tm` Heug wis, rst ica

fbr`lbst, tb `csur` tm` hbctdcuitdbc ica prbsp`rdty uctb

pbst`rdty bf tm` Nit` N`ccày Xprdck Zrbh`ssdbc, wmdhm

iesb s`rvà tm` iaadtdbcie tmr`` idls bf lidctidcdck

Icarìpbedtic triadtdbcs, upmbeadck ica dlprbvdck tm`

rèitdbcsmdp g`tw``c tm` ebhie pbpueih` ica tm` stua`ct

gbay, ica ridsdck fucas fbr wbrtmy ebhie hius`s. Gut wmy

ab`s tm` Heug rìeey`xdst2 [my ab i krbup bf ybuck l`c

ica wbl`c gbtm`r tb bhhupy tdl` tmit smbuea rìeey g`

sp`ct bc tmit ssiy wbrrydck igbut ar`ssdck up ica piriadck

irbuca tbwc bc` aiy i yìr2

Eìck tmrbukm ly fitm`rs bea hbpy bf Wbciea Hicts

mdstbry bf tm` Pcdv`rsdty, D tmdcn D hic p`rh`dv` sbl`

rbut` tb ic icsw`r. Qmds sedl ica y`t iutmbrdtitdv` vbeul`

ds fuee bf rdhm a`shrdptdbc bf tm` rdtuies ica triadtdbcs tmit

ybu wbuea `xp`ht bf ic dcstdtutdbc wmbs` cirritdv` spics

sbl` sdx h`cturd`s. Licy bf tm`s` ir` cbw ebst, hbcsdkcà

tb tm` wist`-pip`r gisn`t bf mdstbry? tm` dcu`ch` bf tm`

Hmurhm ds p`rmips tm` lbst bgvdbus tb ic bgs`rv`r bf bur

tbwc, ietmbukm tm` kira`cs bf Xt E`bciras Hbee`k` ir` iesb

hbcspdhubus gy tm`dr igs`ch` dc tm` Pcdv`rsdty bf tbaiy,

tbk`tm`r wdtm tm` ritte` bf tm` ìrey stua`cts sdev`r spbbcsica tm` iust`r` ish`tdhdsl bf tm` hbee`kdit` piee`t.

Btm`r triadtdbcs, i krìt licy, miv` hmickà ielbst g`ybca

r`hbkcdtdbc? tm` làd`vie W`htbr, i mbey kur` dcv`stà

wdtm krìt pbw`r ica adkcdty, mds è`htdbc ihhblpicdà

gy iee tm` pblp ica hdrhulstich` bf i Pcdv`rsdty-wda`

hbckr`kitdbc, wbuea p`rmips frbwc bc tm` dchulg`ct bf

bur aiys> litrdhueitdbc ebst luhm bf dts stitus wdtm tm`

Hblldssdbcs bf tm` cdc`t``ctm h`ctury, i p`rdba wmdhm iesb

siw tm` sdkcdhict iet`ritdbc bf tm` uca`rkriauit` kbwc>

a`kr`` h`r`lbcd`s cb ebck`r kb mica-dc-mica wdtm tm`

bgedkitbry prbvdsdbc bf i stitèy gicqu`t ica i c` pidr bf

kebv`s fbr bc`s prbf`ssbrs (i hmick` ucdv`rsieey wèhblà

gy uca`rkriauit` pbhn`ts) ica, p`rmips lbst sdkcdhictey,Widsdc w``n`ca mis g`hbl` sbl`wmit lbr` a`giuhmà (i

hmick` ucdv`rsieey a`hrdà gy uca`rkriauit` edv`rs).

Xbl` tmdcks, mbw`v`r, r`lidc tm` sil` frbl tm` ìred`st

aiys bf tm` Pcdv`rsdty, ica tm`s` dcheua` tm` hbadà syst`l

bf ihia`ldh s`cdbrdty tm` gòictbf tbaiy, dct`r`stdckey,

wis, uctde irbuca 9=:: lbr` hbllbcey i gioic is wèe

is tm` dcu`ch` bf Gdsmbp N`ccày ica mds cd`h` bc tm`

tbwc. Qmds eitt`r hic g` p`rh`dvà cbt bcey dc tm` pmysdhie


7/27

H B E E @ K @ @ H M B @ X97 H B E E @ K @ @ H M B @ X 98

abldcich` bf N`ccàys dlpbsdck hbee`kdit` hmipè bf Xt

Xievitbr, iebck wdtm dts tbw`r ica quiaricke`, frbl wmdhm

tbaiys Zrbh`ssdbc wdee dssu` fbrtm> gut, dca`à, dt liy iesb

g` uca`rstbba dc tm` cil` bf tm` gèe wmdhm `x-tbees tm`

stirt bf tmit sp`htihe`, ica dc tm` fih` bf tmit p`rsbcdhitdbc

bf ybutm ica vdtiedty wmb mis hiptdvità hbucte`ss stua`ct

mìrts ica dlikdcitdbcs sdch` m`r rst ippìrich` sb licy

yìrs ikb, ica hbctdcu`s tb ab sb tmicns tb tm` `brts bf

Qm` Nit` N`ccày Heug.

Ica wmit bf tm` NN tbaiy, hblpirà tb dts ìred`r

dchircitdbcs2 [èe, tm`r`dc ds `lgbadà icbtm`r bf

bur s``ldckey p`r`ccdie triadtdbcs wmit Hict hiees i

fucail`ctie eihn bf mirlbcy g`tw``c tm` twb miev`s bf tm`

ihia`ldh hbllucdty> g`tw``c wmit ds tbaiy, ica p`rmips

`v`r wis, tm` sbg`r ialdcdstritdv` sda` bf tm` Ad-v`rsdty,

ica tm` shurrdebus stua`cts wmb miv` it tdl`s iet`rcitèy

shufià wdtm gbws ica irrbws ica ar`ssà up bc` bf tm`dr

culg`r fbr i Vdhtbrdic rik, gut miv` iewiys ica wdee iewiys

a`f`ca f`rbhdbusey ica f`rv`ctey tm`dr dca`p`ca`ch`.

Qm` Vdhtbrdic r`vdvie bf tm` Xprdck Zrbh`ssdbc hbdchdaà

wdtm i ciadr dc tm` fbr tuc`s bf i Pcdv`rsdty tmit dc 9=6; mia

bcey bc` mucarà ica tmdrty stua`cts `crbeeà, gut iesb wdtm

ic `xhdtdck s`cs` bf uca`rkriauit` spdrdt sb krih`fueey

`xpr`ssà dc tm` pb`ls bf Wbg`rt Fuee`r Lurriy is

wèe is i r`dcvdkbritdbc bf tm` tbwc bf Xt Icar`ws uca`r

tm` iuspdh`s bf Xdr Mukm Eybc Zeiyfidr tmit siw dts stir

`xpbc`ctdieey dc tm` ish`caict. Irbuca tmds sil` tdl` tm`

Pcdv`rsdty g`kic tb `ckik` wdtm tm` ebhie hbllucdty dc i

licc`r cbt s``c sdch` tm` aiys g`fbr` Obmc Ncbx ica mds

W`fbrlitdbc, dc 9=;; `stigedsmdck i syst`l bf `xildcitdbcs

dc tbwc shmbbes. Gy tm` tdl` Zrdchdpie Drvdc` w`ct tb mds

wèe-a`s`rvà r`st dc 9407, gbtm Pcdv`rsdty ica Qbwc w`r`

burdsmdck dc tica`l, ica mds spbcsbrsmdp bf tm` r`vdvie bf

i Zrbh`ssdbc tmit mia g`hbl` firhdhie gy tm` 9==:s, cbw

bv`rs``c gy ic brkicdsitdbc tmit wis s`t up sp`hdhieey tb

sif`kuira dts suhh`ss, lust g` uca`rstbba dc tm` spdrdt cbt

bcey bf lutuie g`c`h`ch` fbr tm` twb miev`s bf gbtm tm`

Pcdv`rsdty ica bf Xt Icar`ws is i wmbe`, gut dc tm` spdrdt bf

i ucdqu` Xt Icar`ws `xp`rd`ch`.

Fbr dt ds tmit triadtdbc bf tm` `xh`ptdbcie wmdhm tm`

Zrbh`ssdbc prdchdpieey hè`grit`s, ica tmit triadtdbc wmdhm

ds h`ctrie tb Qm` Nit` N`ccày Heugs `xdst`ch`. Qm`

Heug bf tbaiy liy g` ad`r`ct frbl dts fbr`gìrs, gut dts

hmick`s dts virditdb, tb r`turc tb ic ìred`r tm`l` miv`, D

wbuea bpdc`, g``c bv`rwmèldckey fbr tm` g`tt`r. Dt iewiys

siaa`cs l` tb mìr tm` sil` tdrà ihhusitdbcs e`vèà

ikidcst ly hblpitrdbts ica D, wmbs` sbhd`ty bcey `xdsts fbr

tm` g`c`t bf Xt Icar`ws it eirk`. Heidls bf rihdsl ica

s`xdsl ir` tbaiy ìsdey sebukmà b, tm` eitt`r dt ds tb g`

mbpà bch` ica fbr iee gy tm` r`h`ct dct`kritdbc bf bur

pm`cbl`cie f`lie` l`lg`rs. Hmirk`s bf scbgg`ry ir`

`quieey is rdadhuebus, ietmbukm siaey e`ss ìsy tb hblgit

ica dkcbrich` ds dts bwc sust`cich`. Qm` Heug mis, p`rmips

abklitdhieey, lidctidcà tmrbukmbut dts `vbeutdbc tm`dllutige` t`c`t tmit adshr`tdbc ds tm` g`tt`r pirt bf viebur,

ica bur ZW stbhn liy miv` su`rà is i r`suet> y`t D, fbr

bc`, miv` i suspdhdbc tmit sbl` tmdcks wdee c`v`r hmick`.

D suppbs` D smbuea it tmds pbdct hrihn bc wdtm tm` tisn dc mica

ica dctrbauh` ybu prbp`rey tb tmds yìrs Hbee`k` @hmb`s.

Idldck tb `xildc` wmy Qm` Nit` N`ccày Heug `xdsts,

ica tb dcv`stdkit` tm` tmr``fbea licc`r bf tm` trìtl`ct

bf triadtdbc, D miv` hbctdcuà tm` `xilpe` bf eist yìrs

likizdc` dc pr`s`ctdck i culg`r bf irtdhe`s ucdtà gy tm`s`

tm`litdh hbch`rcs, wmdest sdluetic`busey hbctrdgutdck ly

bwc se`ca`r smir`. Tbu wdee ierìay miv` cbtdhà tm` hbv`r

dlik`, wmdhm r`hiees tmit bf Qm` Gìte`s iegul Xkt. Z`pp`rs

Ebcèy Mìrts Heug Gica. Qmrbukmbut tmds yìrs @hmb`s, ybu

liy r`hbkcds` i hbupe` bf btm`r heissdh iegul hbv`rs tmit

miv` g``c kdv`c i NN twdst! D miv` itt`lptà tb cbt oust

dldtit , gut tb vird`kit ica `lueit tm`s` dhbcdh dlik`s,

wmdhm m`r`dc iee fìtur` Zrbh`ssdbc hmiriht`rs prbldc`ctey

tm` ìke`-`yà ilbck ybu smbuea mbp`fueey g` ige` tbpdcpbdct wmdhm bc`s.

Ly dcspdritdbc dc tmds wis tm` daì bf triadtdbc is g`dck sdlde ir

tb i lusdhie tm`l` i lèbay wmdhm liy g` tricslutà

dctb cul`rbus virditdbcs wdtmdc tm` hbct`xt bf ic `ctdr`

sylpmbcy, br i kudtir sbeb wmdhm r`turcs tb tm` sil` rd,

gut sbl`tmdck tmit c`v`rtmè`ss r`tidcs tmrbukmbut ic

uchmickà, dct`krie quiedty. Qm` prdlihy bf briedty dc tm`

pr`s`rvitdbc bf mdstbry wis icbtm`r hbcsda`ritdbc ica

tmds wis ikidc r`hieeà gy tm` kur`s bf ly tmr`` pb`ts. D

iaadtdbcieey wictà tb str`ss tm` hbct`lpbriry rè`vich`

bf tm` kur`s dc tm` Xprdck Zrbh`ssdbc gy mivdck tm`l

pirtdhdpit` dc r`-hrìtdbcs bf s`v`rie dcstictey r`hbkcdsige`

tigeìux bf lba`rcdty, D mbpà tmit tm` hbctdcuàdlpbrtich` bf tm` pist dc mèpdck us tb uca`rstica bur

peih` dc tm` pr`s`ct `sp`hdieey dc pr`s`ct-aiy Xt Icar`ws

wbuea g` uca`redcà.

Dc tmds caìvbur ly wmbe`mìrtà tmicns lust kb tb @lli

Wiv`ctbs, fbr m`r kripmdhie `xp`rtds` ica wdzirary dc iee

tmdcks Zmbtbsmbp m`r issdstich` wis dcvieuige` dc lindck

ly vdsdbc i rìedty. D wbuea iesb edn` tb tmicn Ida`c Gbwlic,

wdtmbut wmbl tmds Hbee`k` @hmb`s wbuea cbt g` pbssdge`,

ica wmb wis r`spbcsdge` fbr tm` a`sdkc bf tm` likizdc` ybu

mbea dc ybur micas. Ly fèebw Heug l`lg`rs, wmb a`vbtà

tm`dr tdl` ica c`rky tbwiras hrìtdck tm` licy dct`r`stdck

irtdhe`s wmdhm ee tmds Iccuie (ica wmb pbss`ssà i krìt

aìe bf pitd`ch` dc pbsdck fbr ly pmbtbkripms) iesb hbl`

dc fbr tmicns, iebck wdtm tm` Lirqu`ss bf Idesi, mìa bf tm`

N`ccày fildey, fbr prbvdadck ic `xh`ptdbcie Fbr`wbra.

Fdcieey ybu wdee g` rèd`và tb rìa tmit D lust `xt`ca

ly wirl`st tmicns tb ybu, aìr rìa`r. Dc hè`gritdck

tbaiys Nit` N`ccày Xprdck Zrbh`ssdbc ica dc purhmisdck

tmds likizdc` ybu cbt bcey mèp tb hbctdcu` tm` r`lirnige`

triadtdbc bf i Xt Icar`ws xp`rd`ch` tmit gèbcks tb iee bf us,

gut ybu ir` iesb adr`htey suppbrtdck Mbl` Xtirt, mèpdck tb

hmick` tm` edv`s bf filded`s dc ica irbuca bur tbwc fbr tm`

g`tt`r. Qm` Nit` N`ccày Heug ica dts ihtdvdtd`s liy cbt

iewiys g` prbp`rey ippr`hdità gy `v`rygbay, gut dt ds bur

sdch`r` mbp` tmit ybu coby tmds lbst sp`hdie bf aiys ica bur

itt`lpt it i`lueitdb it hbctdcudck tm` e`kihy bf tm` pist

wmdest sdluetic`busey dlprbvdck tm` prbsp`ht bf tm` futur`

wdtm ic dllic`ct pr`s`ct.

- H.O.I. Z`rrdil, @adtbr bf tm` Hbee`k` @hmb`s LL]DV


8/27


G@XQ [@XQ@WC

XHBW@X MBQ@EXt Icar`ws

Kriauitdbc Lìes 7:91

Qu`saiy 71tm Frdaiy 7;tmOuc`

Euchm ica Adcc`r gbbndcks cbw g`dck tin`c fbr

Ie`xica`r's W`stiurict

Dcheua`s i Keiss bf Hmilpikc` bc Irrdvie,

Hm`f's Ilus` Gbuhm` ica i 8-hburs` lìe wdtmhbff`` ica fuak`

Euchm 97cbbc-8.::pl 71.0: p`r p`rsbc

Adcc`r 6.::-4.::pl 74.0: p`r p`rsbc

Kriauitdbc Ihhbllbaitdbc 7:90

Qu`saiy 78ra Frdaiy 76tmOuc`

Gbbndcks cbw g`dck tin`c fbr ihhbllbaitdbc fbr

Kriauitdbc 7:90.

Gà ica Grìnfist frbl bcey 770 p`r rbbl

(gisà bc 7 smirdck i triadtdbcie rbbl)ldcdlul 8 cdkmt stiy

Gbbn irey tb ivbda adsippbdctl`ct.

;6 Qm` Xhbr`s, Xt Icar`ws, NT96 4GG

Qè? :9881 1;7109 Fix? :9881 1;841;

[`gsdt`? www.gw-shbr`smbtè.hb.un @lide? r`h`ptdbcJshbr`smbtè.hb.un

Nit`N`cc`

ay

Heug

7:97-7:98

H B E E @ K @ @ H M B @ X96 H B E E @ K @ @ H M B @ X 9;


9/27


Is s`rvdck irhmdvdst dc Qm` Nit` N`ccày Heug fbr 7:98-7:91,

dt mis g``c ly peìsur` tb hurit` ica withm bv`r tm` `xt`csdv`

irhmdv`s wmdhm tm` Heug cas dc dts pbss`ssdbc. Qm` rbe` bf tm`

irhmdvdst ds pirtdhueirey dlpbrtict wm`c w` r`hiee i fucail`ctie

idl bf tm` Heug - tb lidctidc ica upmbea tm` triadtdbcs bf tm`

tbwc ica bf tm` Pcdv`rsdty. [dtm Heug r`hbra gbbns ica hbcstd-

tutdbcie abhul`ctitdbc spiccdck gihn is fir is tm` 947:s, ica

sbl` irtdhe`s rìhmdck gihn furtm`r stdee, tm` irhmdv`s hbctidc i

wìetm bf dcfbrlitdbc bc suhm triadtdbcs ica ir` truey i k`l bf

tm` Pcdv`rsdty Edgrirys Xp`hdie Hbee`htdbcs a`pirtl`ct.

Icy hblpr`m`csdv` hbll`ctiry bc tm` wbrn bf ic irhmdvdst

lust g`kdc wdtm i ebbn g ihn it tm` citur` bf wrdtt`c hbllucdhi-

tdbc. Qmrbukmbut mulic mdstbry, briedty mis g``c tm` l`tipmbrd-

hie rue`, ica edt`rihy tm` `xh`ptdbc. Gut sdch` dts dch`ptdbc dc ic-

hd`ct c`bedtmdh sylgbes, aitdck gihn tb tm` sdxtm ldee`ccdul GH,

wrdtdck mis g``c prbfbucaey e`kdtdldsà is i fbrl bf r`hbradck

mdstbry ica `stigedsmdck e`kihy dc tm` wbrea. Lbr` tmic icy btm`r

mulic dcv`ctdbc, wrdtdck mis tricsfbrlà mulic hbcshdbusc`ss.

Irhmdvie spih`s `xdst tb abhul`ct ica hbee`ht, tb sylgbeds` ica

pr`s`rv`. Qm`y iesb mèp us tb hbctrbe tm` pr`s`ct, kdv` us shie`

ica mèp us wdtm hd`chd`s. Dc tm` hbct`xt bf Qm` Nit` N`ccày

Heug, tm` shie` ica wìetm bf ncbweàk` ica triadtdbc ds stikk`r-

dck. Bc` a`lbcstritdv` `xilpe` bf tmds ldkmt g` tm` Xdev`r Ir-

rbw Irhm`ry Hblp`tdtdbc, wmdhm r`pr`s`cts i pr`stdkdbus pirt bftm` irhm`ry wbrea, `v`c tbaiy ihtdck is i quied`r fbr tm` Beyl-

pdhs! Qm` hblp`tdtdbc mis dts rbbts dc tm` s`v`ct``ctm h`ctury,

wm`r` dt wis dctrbauhà dc 969= is ic iccuie `v`ct, brkicdsà gy

tm` Pcdv`rsdtys Fihuety bf Irts, tb da`ctdfy tm` hmilpdbc irhm`r

bf dts stua`cts. Qm` irì bf Xt Icar`ws wm`r` tm` gicastica ed`s

tbaiy, g`tw``c tm` Lirtyrs L`lbrdie ica tm` W&I heugmbus`,

wis fbr s`v`rie h`cturd`s tm` sdt` bf tm` Pcdv`rsdty Gbw Gutts,

irhm`ry g`dck i pbpueir r`hrìtdbcie pursudt bf tm` wèe-rbucaà

Nit` N`ccày Irhmdvdst 7:91?Xmbbtdck fbr tm` Xdev`r Irrbw

QBLLT V@WL@DW HEPG IWHMDVDXQ

Ba` tb tm` Eiay Nitmirdc` N`ccày

Dc tdl` g`fbr` tm` eusty Zdht fèe strdhn`c tb mds nc``s

G`cìtm i gebbadà izur` sny r`ct gy i hebuay hrbss>

G`fbr` i gbx bf gbc`s wis aràkà frbl tbrrda, ichd`ct sìs

[m`c bcey rbilà tm` gbirs g`twdxt tm` tr``s ica luhn ica lbss

Dc sbe`lc sucedt keia`s g`r`ft bf sbuca g`ybca i kruct

Qm`r` awèt i spdrdt fidr ica bea tmit c`v`r hbuea g` hiukmt.G`mèa, p`rmips, gy bc` wmb wica`rà frbl tm` rbyie muct

Gut kbc` g`fbr` ciukmt gut i f`èdck hbuea tb giy g` grbukmt.

Ica wm`c tm` m`rldt dc mds hèe priyà tb mds fbr`dkc Kba

I rua` ica rukkà Wue` wmdhm tbea bf aìtm turcà gihn tb edf`

Qm` yèebw bw`rs gebblà upbc tm` girr`c ge`ssa sba

[dtm mìay dch`csà sh`ct tmit edck`rà? Citur`s frikrict wdf`.

Dc eit`r aiys tm`y hieeà m`r Nit`, tmds spdrdt bf tm` sprdck,

Ica licy w`r` tm` tbists tm`y ridsà tb Gdsmbp Oil`ss cd`h`.

Qm`y gudet i tbw`r ica i gèe sb tm`y ldkmt mìr m`r sdck

I sbck bf hburik`, str`cktm ica mbp`> i sbck bf ebv` ica pìh`.

Qm` sldedck kdre ds kbc` tb aust> tm` pieih` rbbls ir` airn.

Qm` bw`rs bf tm` ietir ica tm` hmurhm w`r` ebck ikb.Cb lbr` tm` tusndck gbirs hbl` hrismdck tmrbukm tm` fbr`st pirn

Gut stdee tm` spdrdt lbv`s ilbck tm` bc`s wmb wbuea m`r ncbw.

Qbaiy sm` sieed`s fbrtm bch` lbr`, ica mbp` ds spruck ic`w?

Qm` p`bpe`, bw`rs ica tm` suc wdee wèhbl` m`r it eist!

Ica cb l`r` stua`ct ds tmds spdrdt hebtmà dc fr`sm`st mu`?

Xm` ds i kur` bf i futur` prbldsà dc tm` pist.

Gdsmbp Z`rrdil

C`vds, [D

74.8.91

H B E E @ K @ @ H M B @ X 94H B E E @ K @ @ H M B @ X9=


10/27


uca`rkriauit` (is wèe is ic bhhisdbcie eist r`sbrt dc hbee`kdit`

hbcdhts!). [dcc`rs bf tm` iccuie hblp`tdtdbc dcheuadck Zrb-

h`ssdbc hmiriht`rs Oil`s Krimil, Ie`xica`r Wbg`rtsbc, Queed-

giradc` ica K`brk` A`lpst`r wbuea g` `ctdteà tb tm` mbcbur

bf mivdck tm`dr cil` dcshrdgà bc i sdev`r p`caict, wmdhm wis

tm`c muck frbl tm` `pbcylbus sdev`r irrbw s`v`rie bf tm`s`

irrbws ica làies hic tbaiy g` s``c dc LPXI, bc tm` Xhbr`s.

Qm` hblp`tdtdbc s``ls tb miv` adà but fbeebwdck tm` ucdhitdbc

bf tm` Hbee`k`s bf Xt Xievitbrs ica Xt E`bciras dc 9;1;, wm`c

tm` Pcdv`rsdty wis dc a`hedc`.

[m`c Qm` Nit` N`ccày Heug r`vdvà tm` hblp`tdtdbc dc 94;:,

dt wis i t`stil`ct tb tm` ebv` tm` Heug l`lg`rs mia fbr tm`

hueturie mdstbry bf tm` ucdv`rsdty, ica tm`dr hblldtl`ct tb dts

pr`s`rvitdbc ica brkicdsitdbc kbdck fbrwira dctb tm` futur`. Qmds

rìadey s`rv`s tb deeustrit` tm` aàdhitdbc tmit ds `xp`htà bf ìhm

Heug l`lg`r, ica ds typdhie bf bc` bf bur idls? tm` hbctdcuitdbc

bf wmit ds ic dlpbrtict pirt bf ic bckbdck hmipt`r dc tm` mdstbry

bf bur Pcdv`rsdty bf Xt Icar`ws.

Dc 7:97 tm` Pcdv`rsdty bf Xt Icar`ws Irhm`ry Heug fbrlieey

tbbn bv`r tm` prdchdpie licik`l`ct bf tm` peiccdck ica ruccdck

bf iee irhm`ry isp`hts bf tm` Xdev`r Irrbw Hblp`tdtdbc irhm`rs

dc tm` NN g`dck f`w ica fir g`tw``c dc bra`r tb grdck dt dc

edc` wdtm Xhbttdsm Irhm`ry Issbhditdbc (XII) rue`s ica r`kuei-

tdbcs fbr tm` mbstdck bf irhm`ry hblp`tdtdbcs dc Xhbteica. Lbst

r`h`ctey, tm` stitus bf tm` hblp`tdtdbc mis g``c è`vità tb i

pbsdtdbc wm`r` dts r`suets liy cbw hbctrdgut` tbwiras Beylpdh

quiedhitdbc fbr tmbs` pirtdhdpitdck. Qm` hblp`tdtdbc ds stdee ruc

dc v`ry hebs` pirtc`rsmdp wdtm Qm` Nit` N`ccày Heug, ica tm`

`v`ct mis `v`c ihtà is i peitfbrl fbr icbtm`r bf tm` Heugs lds-

sdbcs? tb rids` lbc`y fbr ebhie Fdf` hmirdtd`s.

Qmds ds oust bc` bf licy stbrd`s r`hbraà dc tm` Heugs irhmdv`s.

Dc wbrndck tb p`rp`tuit` tmds pd`h` bf Xt Icar`ws mdstbry, sb

a``pey dct`rtwdcà wdtm tm` edv`s bf licy deeustrdbus kriauit`s

s``c wiendck ikidc tbaiy, bc` rìeds`s tmit bur t`cichy dc tmds

Heug, ica dca`à it tmds Pcdv`rsdty, ds gut i ``tdck lbl`ct,

ica tmit tm` bppbrtucdtd`s ibraà tb us gy tm`s` dcstdtutdbcs

iesb mbea wdtm tm`l i r`spbcsdgdedty tb dll`rs` bursèv`s dc bur

`xp`rd`ch`s ica tb kdv` gihn tb bur hbllucdty, oust is tm` kdicts

bf bea bch` ada.

H B E E @ K @ @ H M B @ X7: H B E E @ K @ @ H M B @ X 79


11/27

XQIWQ

G ee Xtr `t

QM@ZWBH@XXDBC

7:91



12/27

QM@ ZW@EPA@

Xidct Icar`w- sidct bf tbwc ica ucdv`rsdty. M` gìrs g`fbr`mdl tm` hrbss bc wmdhm m` su`rà dc Kr``h`, ica wmdhm wistb g`hbl` tm` sietdr` bf tm` Xhbttdsm citdbcie ik. I r`ldca`rtmit Xt. Icar`ws wis bch` tm` `hhe`sdistdhie hipdtie bf Xhbteica.

Qm` Pcdv`rsdty Xmdèa- [` smiee spir` ybu tm` m`rieadh icieysdstm`r`bf.

Qm` Qmr`` Mdkmeica Zdp`rs- Xpìn fbr tm`lsèv`s.

Xt W`kueus - I Kr``n bf Zitris, wm`r` Xt Icar`w su`ràlirtyrabl, wmb ds sida tb miv` r`h`dvà advdc` wircdck tbA`pirt frbl tmdc` bwc eica, tmy ndcarà, ica tmy mbus`, icakb dctb tm` eica wmdhm D smiee smbw tm``. W`kueus ift`r ebckvbyikdck eicaà bc tm` hbist bf Zdhteica, grdckdck wdtm mdltm` gbc`s bf Xt. Icar`w. Qmds spbt g`hil` sihrà, tm` kbie bfpdekrdls ica tm` mbl` bf tm` Xhbttdsm Hmurhm.

Qm` Qwb Huea`` Lbcns - Qm`s` lbcns bf tm` ichd`ct HètdhHmurhm dc Xhbteica lidctidcà tm` Hmurhm bf Bur Eiay bctm` Wbhn ebck ift`r tm` Hicbcs bf tm` Wblic Hmurhm w`r``stigedsmà dc tm` Hitmàrie. Qm` Xdt` bf tm`dr hmurhm liyg`g` s``c bc tm` Ndrnmùkm, it tm` mìa bf tm` pitm eìadck abwctb Xt. Icar`ws mirgbur, ietmbukm tm` r`lidcs tb g` s``c tm`r`cbw ir` bf i 97tm H`ctury Hbee`kdit` Hmurhm.

Yu``c Lirkir`t (h. 9:1; - 9:48)- I prdch`ss bf tm` WbyieXixbc edc`, sm` à tm` Cbrlic Hbcqu`st bf @ckeica gy smdpy`t wis, sbl`wmit fbrtudtbusey, gebwc ismbr` bc tm` hbist bfFdf`. Xm` l`t Ndck Liehbl` DDD bf Xhbteica, ica lirrdà mdl dc9:;:. [dtm tm` mèp Eicfrich, Irhmgdsmbp bf Hict`rgury, sm`r`fbrlà rèdkdbc dc Xhbteica. Bft`c tm` ietrudst, m`r licc`rs`xt`caà tb dlprbvdck tm` tige` licc`rs bf tm` ncdkmts ithburt, wmb bc` hic dlikdc` w`r` lbr` iquitdctà wdtm swbrastmic spbbcs.

QM@ [IW BF DCA@Z@CA@CH@

Gdsmbp [deedil a` Eilg`rtbc (h. 9760-987=) Eilg`rtbc dsr`cbwcà fbr mds dcu`ctdie rbe` dc tm` hius` fbr dca`p`ca`ch`.[deedil [ieeih` lia` mdl Gdsmbp bf Xt Icar`ws, i tdte` m`mèa bc tb uctde mds aìtm. Aurdck mds t`cur` m` hblpe`tà tm`gudeadck bf tm` Hitmàrie ica bhdità it dts hbcs`hritdbc dc989=. Oust 9= aiys g`fbr` mds aìtm @ckeica fbrlieey r`hbkcdzàXhbteica is i hblpe`tèy dca`p`ca`ct stit`. M` wdee miv` cbabugt adà i mippy lic.

Ndck Wbg`rt tm` Gruh`(97;1-9874) Qm` Ndck bf Cbrlic stbhn,wmb fr`` Xhbteica frbl tm` Xiss`cihm l`cih`, ietmbukm m`ritm`r e`t tm` sda` abwc gy i edtte` prèdldciry ftm-hbeulcwbrn ica tm` lura`r bf tm` Wà Hblyc dc i Aulfrd`s hmurhm.M` itt`caà tm` aàdhitdbc bf Xt Icar`ws Hitmàrie gy GdsmbpEilg`rtbc dc 989= wm`r` m` rba` mds mbrs` up tm` Dse`. M` iesbhbuea miv` eìrct sbl`tmdck frbl Yu``c Lirkir`t.

QM@ FBPCADCK BF QM@ PCDV@WXDQT

Gdsmbp M`cry [iraeiw(98;7-9178) Ilda tm` gebbasmà bf tm`hdvde wir, tmds Gdsmbp bf Xt Icar`ws fbucaà tm` rst Pcdv`rsdtydc Xhbteica, tm` tmdra dc Grdtidc. Tbu liy stdee mìr tm` kbbap`bpe` bf Xt Icar`ws, br i f`w bf tm` bea`r dcmigdticts it icyrit`, tien wdstfueey bf aiys wm`c iee tm`y mia tb hbct`ca wdtm wis

hdvde wir. M` ds iesb r`spbcsdge` fbr gurcdck tm` rst m`r`tdh dcXhbteica? Ziue Hriw bc Lirn`t Xtr``t dc 9171.

Zàrb a` Euci, Zbp` G`càdht ]DDD(987=- 9178) I Xpicdira, icatm` eist bf tm` ìsy kbdck Zbp`s bf Ivdkcbc. Dc 9198 m` dssuà6 Zipie Guees hbcrldck tm` fbucaitdbc bf tm` Pcdv`rsdty gyGdsmbp [iraeiw dc 9199 bf tm` Pcdv`rsdty bf Xt Icar`ws. Mdsa`hdsdbc tb suppbrt Xt Icar`ws hic g` ittrdgutà tb ic iht bfhrifty pbedtdhie licbùvrdck gy Oil`s D bf Xhbteica. M` wrbt`tb G`càdht bc g`mief bf t m` Hmurhm bf Xt Icar`ws, mdlsèf icatm` @stit`s bf Xhbteica. Is G`càdht ada cbt wict tb ebs` mdslbst ivda suppbrt`rs m` mia cb hmbdh` gut tb ikr``.

M`cry Bkdevy- I List`r bf Irts bf tm` Pcdv`rsdty bf Zirds ica iprd`st bf tm` adbh`s` bf Xt Icar`ws wis s`ct tb G`càdhts hburtdc Xpidc tb hbee`ht tm` Zipie Guees, bf wmdhm bcey bc` survdv`s.Eìvdck bc tm` 7=tm Iukust 9198 m` irrdvà dc Xt Icar`ws bctm` 8ra F`gruiry 9191 wm`r` m` wis wèhblà gy tm` gèes icaluhm a`giuhm`ry.

Ndck Oil`s D (9841-918;) [m`c mds lbtm`r adà dc 91:7 Oil`swis s`ct tb Xt Icar`ws ica peihà uca`r tm` hir` bf Gdsmbp[iraeiw wm`r` m` r`lidcà uctde 91:6. Qm` ippedhitdbc tbZbp` G`càdht fbr tm` r`hbkcdtdbc bf tm` Pcdv`rsdty gìrs mds

cil` ica mds `lge`l, i edbc rilpict, ds i hblpbc`ct bf tm`Pcdv`rsdtys hbit bf irls. M` peihà tm` Pcdv`rsdty uca`r mdsp`rsbcie prbt`htdbc dc 9187, `x`lptdck dts l`lg`rs frbl ieetixitdbc, ica ar`w up i hba` bf adshdpedc` fbr tm` Fihuety bfIrts, wmdhm s``ls tb miv` g``c ke``fueey fbrkbtt`c gy tbaiysuca`rkriauit`s. Mds griv` itt`lpts tb r`fbrl tm` e`kdseitdbc bfXhbteica ica hbctrbe tm` Xhbttdsm Cbge`s eà tb mds lura`r dc918; gy tm` r`gè Xdr Wbg`rt Krimil.

QM@ LIXQ@W BF XQ OBMCX HBEE@K@

Eiur`ch` bf Edcabr`s (98;8-918;) Ippbdctà List`r bf tm`Hbee`k` bf Xt Obmc gy Gdsmbp [iraeiw dc 9194 ica sugs`qu`cteytm` rst W`htbr bf tm` Pcdv`rsdty, Eiur`ch` wis tm` lbstcbtige` shmbeir bf dts ìrey aiys. M` lust iesb miv` g``c i

sbl`wmit sdcdst`r kur`> fbr tmdrty yìrs, is Dcqudsdtbr bfM`r`tdhie Zrivdty, m` p`rs`hutà tm` Ebeeiras, g`dck r`spbcsdge`tbk`tm`r wdtm Gdsmbp [iraeiw, fbr tm` ndcaedck bf tm` rstlirtyr r` dc Xhbteica.

FBPCA@WX BF XQ E@BCIWAX HBEE@K@

Irhmgdsmbp Xt`wirt (9140-9098) Ic dee`kdtdlit` sbc bf Oil`sDV. M` wis lia` Gdsmbp bf Xt. Icar`ws dc 90:0, it tm` ik` bf97, gut edvà bcey tdee 9098, g `dck ndeeà iebck wdtm mds fitm`r it tm`Gitte` bf Febaa`c. [` r`l`lg`r mdl is i grdeedict shmbeir wmb

stuadà uca`r @rislus, is bc` bf tm` fbuca`rs bf Xt. E`bcirasHbee`k`.

Zrdbr Obmc M`pgurc (916:-9077) Qm` btm`r fbuca`r bf XtE`bciras Hbee`k` dc 9097. M` ica mds c`pm`w, Zrdbr ZitrdhnM`pgurc, siw tb tm` gudeadck bf tm` Igg`y [iee, luhm bf wmdhmstdee r`lidcs tbaiy. Ic xhèe`ct ialdcdstritbr, gut ic ilgdtdbusica ucshrupuebus pbedtdhdic.

XHBQQDXM ZB@QX

[deedil Aucgir (916:-908:) Xtuadà it tm` Pcdv`rsdty g`tw``c91;0 ica 91;4 wmdhm ift`r m` wis tb g `hbl` bc` bf tm` krìt`stXhbttdsm pb`ts bf iee tdl`. (Ic ihhbeia`2). Xurvdvdck tmds dcdtdies`tgihn, m` eit`r g`hil` tm` bhdie Wmyl`r dc tm` mbus`mbeabf Oil`s DV.

Kivdc Abukeis(91;7-9077) Qmdra sbc tb tm` @ire bf Ickus wmbstuadà it Xt Icar`ws frbl 91=4 tb 9141. M` wis dct`r`stdckeytm` rst p`rsbc tb tricseit` Vdrkdes I`cda dctb Xhbts.

Xdr Aivda Edcasiy bf tm` Lbuct (914:-9000) M` stuadà itXt Icar`ws frbl 90:0 tb 90:= ica w`ct bc tb g`hbl` tm`p`rsbcie fivburdt` pb`t bf Oil`s V wmbs` ebbs` lbries m` adacbt fide tb hrdtdhds`. M` wis iesb lia` Zb`t Eiurìt` it XhbttdsmHburt.

LIWQTWX BF QM@ NDWN

Zitrdhn Mildetbc (90:1-907=) Xtua`ct it Xt.Icar`ws dc9078, m` wis a`stdcà tb g` rst bf tm` Zrbt`stict Lirtyrs dcXhbteica, ica dc F`gruiry, 907=, wis gurcà f br m`r`sy butsda`tm` kit`s bf Xt. Xievitbrs Hbee`k`. Mds dcdtdies dc tm` hbgge`stm`r` lirn tm` peih` wm`r` m` adà, ica dt ds i stua`ct triadtdbctb ivbda wiendck bv`r tmit spbt. Mds hbct`lpbrird`s `stdlitàtmit tm` r`dn bf Lidst`r Zitrdn Millyetbuc mis dcf`htà islicy is dt ge`w upbc.



13/27

K`brk` [dsmirt (9091-9016) Icbtm`r filbus lirtyr bf tm`Xhbttdsm W`fbrlitdbc, ihhblpicdà bc mds prìhmdck oburc`ysgy Obmc Ncbx, wmb hirrdà tm` krìt swbra g`fbr` mdl. [dsmirtwis gurcà bc 9st Lirhm 9016, bppbsdt` tm` kit`wiy tb tm`Histe` wm`r` Hiradcie Gìtbc wis tb su`r fbr tmds hrdl` sbbcift`rwiras.

FBPCA@WX BF XQ LIWTX HBEE@K@

Irhmgdsmbp Oil`s Gìtbc (91;8-9084) Bgtidcà tm` Guee bf

Fbucaitdbc fbr Xt. Lirys Hbee`k` frbl Zbp` Ziue DDD, dc 908;.I ritm`r smiay hmiriht`r, ncbwc gy tm` X`ss`cihm is hrift`rica adssdlueitdck.

Hiradcie Aivda Gìtbc(9141-9016) Iggbt bf Irgrbitm 9078,Hiradcie 908=, Irhmgdsmbp bf Xt. Icar`ws 9016. I sndeeàadpeblitdst ica stit`slic wdtm i prb-Fr`chm ica ictd-@ckedsmpbedhy. Bc tm` lbrcdck bf 74tm Liy 9016, tm` hdtdz`cs bf Xt.Icar`ws iwbn` tb ca tm` gbay bf tm` Hiradcie aickedck gy ism``t frbl bc` bf tm` Histe` wdcabws - tm` wbrn bf [dsmirtsiv`ck`rs.

Irhmgdsmbp Obmc Mildetbc (9099-90;9) Hblpe`tà tm`fbucaitdbc bf Xt. Lirys Hbee`k`, ica lia` i eist futde` gda tbsiv` Xhbteica fbr Hitmbedhdsl. Dt wis frbl i wdcabw bf mds mbus`dc Edcedtmkbw tmit tm` W`k`ct Lbriy wis smbt, ica dc Iprde 90;9

Mildetbc wis mickà fbr mds smir` dc tm` hrdl`.

QM@ W@FBWLIQDBC

Obmc Ncbx (90:0-90;7) Qm` krìt eìa`r bf tm` XhbttdsmW`fbrlitdbc. Aurdck tm` ìred`r pirt bf mds hir``r wis i e`htur`rdc ebkdh dc Xt. Icar`ws Pcdv`rsdty, dtsèf i gr`àdck krbucafbr tm` c`w Zrbt`stict daìs. Eit`r ihh`ptà tm` hiee tb tm`ldcdstry wmde` wdtm tm` g`sd`kà Zrbt`sticts dc Xt. Icar`wsHiste` fbeebwdck tm` lura`r bf Gìtbc. Fr`qu`ctey prìhmàdc tm` pirdsm hmurhm bf Xt. Icar`ws. Igmbrrà tm` lbcstrbus

r`kdl`ct bf wbl`c - gut lirrdà twb bf tm`l (hbcs`hutdvèy).

K`brk` Guhmicic(90:6-90=7) Guhmicic stuadà dc Xt Icar`wsica dc Zirds. Ietmbukm m` ada cbt a`heir` mdl-sèf Zrbt`stictuctde 906:, m` ittihnà tm` Hmurhm dc licy bf mds wrdtdcks icasp`ct tdl` is i prdsbc`r bf tm` Dcqudsdtdbc dc Zbrtukie. M` wis tm`lbst cbtige` shmbeir bf tm` Xhbttdsm W`fbrlitdbc? i tm`bebkdic,i pbedtdhie tm`brdst, i Eitdc arilitdst ica tm` krìt`st Mulicdstbf mds aiy. M` wis Zrdchdpie bf Xt E`bciras frbl 906;-9064, icbh` m` e`ft tb g`hbl` tutbr tb Oil`s VD.

Icar`w Lèvdee` (9010-9677) Xtua`ct it Xt.Icar`ws, g`hil`Zrdchdpie bf Xt.Lirys Hbee`k`. I strbck Hievdcdst, r`s`ctdck@pdshbpihy bc tm` krbucas tmit iee ldcdst`rs smbuea g` bf `quiesticadck. Qm` gic` bf Oil`s VD.s edf`. Bch`, heuthmdck mdl gytm` se``v`, hieeà mdl Kbas sdeey vissie wdtm, p`rmips, tmìaadtdbc bf i f`w e`ss tm`bebkdhie `xpr`ssdbcs.

HWB[C ICA HBPWQD@WX

Liry Yu``c bf Xhbts (9017-90=;) Qm` gìutdfue, griv`, trikdhkur` wmb gihnà tm` ebsdck sda` dc tm` Xhbttdsm W`fbrlitdbc.Qm` mbus` dc wmdhm sm` stiyà wmde` dc Xt. Icar`ws ds sdtuitàit tm` `ca bf Xbutm Xtr``t, cìr tm` Hitmàrie. Qm` tmbrc tmr``wmdhm sm` peictà dc Xt. Lirys quiaricke` mis muck edn` tm` swbrabf Ailbhe`s bv`r `v`ry sugs`qu`ct ik` bf Pcdv`rsdty kira`c rs.

Zd`rr` a` Hmistèira (901:-9067) Hmistèira wis i ybuckFr`chm hburtd`r wmb mia ihhblpicdà Liry frbl Hieids icawmb wrbt` eyrdhie v`rs`s igbut m`r dc Fr`chm ica Dtiedic. Xm`,dc turc, wis frd`caey tb mdl ica m` gbistà tmit sm` wis mdsldstr`ss. Bc` cdkmt i lida adshbv`rà mdl uca`r Lirys gà,ica twb cdkmts eit`r m` mda dc m`r rbbl is sm` w`ct tb gà. M`wis g`mìaà i w``n eit`r dc Xt Icar`ws. Dc tm` Zrbh`ssdbc m`ds a`pdhtà is Lirys Krbbl.

Oil`s Hrdhmtbc bf @edbhn, Qm` Ialdrige` Hrdhmtbc (906:-90=8) Xtua`ct it Xt. Xievitbrs Hbee`k`, 90;:-90;0, ica tm`

krìt`st Xt. Icar`ws iee rbuca`r bf iee tdl`. Ihhblpedsmàdc ielbst `v`ry irt ica spbrt, m` wis pirtdhueirey cbtà fbr mdsswbraslicsmdp. Xp`ct luhm tdl` dc Dtiey, mds v`rsitdedty wdccdckfbr mdl krìt r`cbwc dc tm` sbhd`ty bf Wbl`, ica ississdcitdbcdc tm` airnc`ss bf i gihnstr``t wmde` r`turcdck tb mds ebakdcks

Ndck Oil`s VD (9066-9670) Mds ihh`ssdbc tb tm` tmrbc` bf@ckeica dc 96:8 ieebwà mdl tb `ship` frbl tm` abldcitdbcbf Lèvdee` ica tm` Xhbts Ndrn, gut mds `brts it stit`slicsmdpìrcà fbr mdl bcey i r`putitdbc is tm` wds`st fbbe dcHmrdst`cabl

Lirquds bf Lbctrbs` (9697-960:) Xtua`ct dc Xt. XievitbrsHbee`k` (9697-960:). Mia i adshbch`rtdck migdt bf smbbtdckirrbws bv`r tm` Hbee`k` Qbw`r wdtmbut hieedck Fbr`, guthbee`htà s`v`rie làies fbr irhm`ry, prbgigey gy wiy bf tihtfuesukk`stdbc frbl tm` X`citus tmit m` ldkmt kb ica prihtdh`ès`wm`r`. Xuppbrtà rst tm` Hbv`cict, eit`r tm` Ndck, gut ikbba typ` frbl `v`ry pbdct bf vd`w.

Ndck Hmire`s DD(968:-96=0) W`dkcà fbr t`c yìrs is Ndck bfXhbteica g`fbr` mds r`stbritdbc tb tm` @ckedsm tmrbc` dc 966:.Qm` ige`st bf tm` Xtuirts, wdtm ic `y` fbr kbba frudt.

@IWET XHD@CQDXQX

Cipd`r bf L`rhmdstbc (900:-969;) I prbauht bf tm` Hbee`k` bfXt. Xievitbr. Mds mbggy wis dcv`ctdck s`hr`t wìpbcs, ica dc9064 sukk`stà tm` us` bf ticns dc wirfir`. Mds lbr` s`rdbusdct`r`sts eiy dc pmdebsbpmy, tm`bebky ica ikrdhuetur`, ica m` dscbw hmd`y r`l`lg`rà fbr mds dcv`ctdbc bf ebkirdtml - wmdhm,bc tm` wmbe`, wis prbgigey i kbba tmdck

Xdr Wbg`rt Lbriy(h. 969:-96;8) Kriauit` bf Xt. Icar`ws icafbuca`r bf tm` Wbyie Xbhd`ty. Xbead`r aurdck tm` Hbllbcwìetmica hm`ldst fbeebwdck tm` W`stbritdbc.

Oil`s Kr`kbry (968=-96;0) Zrbf`ssbr bf Litm`litdhs dc

tm` Pcdv`rsdty bf Xt. Icar`ws dc 96==. M` `xpbucaà tm`C`wtbcdic tm`bry wmde` Hilgrdak` wis stdee wbca`rdck wmitdt wis iee igbut. Hilgrdak`, mbw`v`r, liy miv` g``c pr`-bhhupdà wdtm tm` Gbit Wih`, wmdhm tm`y wbc tmit yìr.

QM@ CIQDBCIE HBV@CICQ

Ie`xica`r M`ca`rsbc (90=8-9616) M`ca`rsbc kriauitàfrbl Xt Icar`ws dc 96:1 ica wis dcauhtà dctb tm` hmirk`bf Eùhmirs dc 9691. Qmds fbrl`r r`k`ct bf Xt Xievitbrs

Hbee`k` wis bc` bf tm` Zr`sgyt`rdic eìa`rs wmb bppbsà tm`dctrbauhtdbc bf tm` @ckedsm Zriy`r Gbbn dc 968;. M`ca`rsbctbbn tm` eìadck rbe` dc tm` Hbv`cict lbv`l`ct dc @adcgurkm,dc tm` wiy Xiluè Wutm`rfbra ada dc Xt Icar`ws. Mds k`c`rbuskdft bf bc` tmbusica pbucas ada luhm tbwiras tm` hblpe`tdbcbf tm` Pcdv`rsdty Edgriry, wmdhm mia g``c siaey c`ke`htà fbrlicy yìrs.

Xiluè Wutm`rfbra (h. 96::-9669) Wutm`rfbra kriauitàfrbl @adcgurkm dc 969; wm`r` m` sp`ct sbl` yìrs is i r`k`ctbf Irts, gut r`sdkcà g`hius` bf i shicaie dc tm` Hbee`k`.Qm`rìft`r m` tbbn tb tm` stuay bf Qm`bebky. M` g`hil` ildcdst`r dc Kieebwiy, gut g`hius` bf mds r`fusie tb hbcfbrl tbtm` Wbyie [dee dc rèdkdbus h`r`lbcd`s wis gicdsmà fbr i p`rdbatb Ig`ra``c. Qm` rìhtdbc tb tm` Citdbcie Hbv`cict grbukmtWutm`rfbra tb tm` Zrdchdpiesmdp bf Xt Lirys Hbee`k` dc 961;,

i pbsdtdbc m` mèa uctde mds aìtm. M` wis bc s`v`rie bhhisdbcsW`htbr bf tm` Pcdv`rsdty. Mds krìt`st edt`riry wbrn, E`x W`x(Qm` Eiw ds Ndck), wmdhm m` hirrd`s, a`f`caà tm` rdkmts bf tm`stit` ikidcst tm` hrbwc. Ift`r tm` W`stbritdbc dt wis pugedheygurct it tm` kit`s bf mds hbee`k` dc 9669.

Obmc Krimil bf Heiv`rmbus (9614-96=4), 9stVdshbuct Auca``(9614-96=4) Krimil kriauità wdtm i L.I. frbl Xt Xievitbrsit tm` ik` bf fburt``c, dc 9668. M` g`hil` i sbead`r bc tm`hbctdc`ct, wis ihtdv` dc suppr`ssdbc bf tm` Hbv`cict bc mdsr`turc, g`hil` i Zrdvy Hbuchdeebr, Zrbvbst bf Auca``, icacieey eìa`r bf tm` Xtuirt Zirty dc Xhbteica bc tm` A`pbsdtdbc

A W I L I Q D X Z @ W X B C I @


14/27

A W I L I Q D XQm` Zrèua`Xt Icar`w Oihn L`rrdlicQm` Pcdv`rsdty Irls Lbci Qd`se`rEdbc Xuppbrt`r G`hny Gbtte`Xt Icar`w Xuppbrt`r Oihn Git`s9st, 7ca ica 8ra Mdkmeica Zdp`r Xt Icar`ws Zdp` Gica

Qm` @irey HmurhmXt W`kueus Citmicdè HeirnFdrst Huea`` @lli LihList`rX`hbca Huea`` Xmbci Ldee`r

Xmdèagìr`r tb Yu``c Lirkir`t Cdhn HissèeiYu``c Lirkir`t Tbusri @egikdr

Qm` [ir bf Dca`p`ca`ch`Hrbssgìr`r tb Eilg`rtbc Xtice`y Edst`rGdsmbp [deedil a` Eilg`rtbc Hmrdstb`r LirnbbXmdèagìr`r tb Eilg`rtbc Irdici Grdkm`ctdNdck Wbg`rt tm` Gruh` (Lbuctà)Oild` Z`rrdil

Qm` Fbucadck bf tm` Pcdv`rsdtyHrbssgìr`r tb [iraeiw Euhy HbitlicGdsmbp M`cry [iraeiw Hmrds Nucne`rXmdèagìr`r tb [iraeiw Xt`v`c FicHrbssgìr`r tb G`càdht Xbpmd` [dmegbrcZbp` G`càdht ]DDD @awira Gitte`Xmdèagìr`r tb Zbp` G`càdht ]DDD Ismtbc Xqudr`sM`cry Bkdevy G`c Hbcwiy

Xmdèagìr`r tb Oil`s D Xhbtt EblisNdck Oil`s D Kdcb Ad HistrdZik` tb Oil`s D QGI

Qm` List`r bf Xt Obmcs Hbee`kÈiur`ch` bf Edcabr`s Zit Litm`wsbc

Qm` Fbuca`rs bf Xt E`bciras Hbee`kÌrhmgdsmbp Ie`xica`r Xt`wirt (Lbuctà)Beed` HuttdckHrbssgìr`r tb Zrdbr M`pgurc Wbsd` Qisn`rZrdbr Obmc M`pgurc Icar`w Xm`cXmdèagìr`r tb Zrdbr M`pgurc Icar`w Vic Nriedck`c

Xhbttdsm Zb`ts[deedil Aucgir G`cbdt Krbkic- IvdkcbcKivdc Abukeis Ieey F`rricsXdr Aivda Edcasiy bf tm` Lbuct Xhbtt Xhmbrr

Lirtyrs bf tm` NdrnZitrdhn Mildetbc Qiedi XiriebvdhK`brk` [dsmirt Dsei LhCiukmt

Fbuca`rs bf Xt Lirys Hbee`k`Hrbssgìr`r tb Irhmgdsmbp Gìtbc Vdhtbrdi Guhhd-Lirhbcd

Irhmgdsmbp Oil`s Gìtbc Xil PllitXmdèagìr`r tb Irhmgdsmbp Gìtbc E`wds XhbttHrbssgìr`r tb Hiradcie Gìtbc Oihn MicciyHiradcie Aivda Gìtbc Lix HilpgèeXmdèagìr`r tb Hiradcie Gìtbc Cdci Miic`s M`ss`cvHrbssgìr`r tb Irhmgdsmbp Mildetbc [dee LbrrdsIrhmgdsmbp Obmc Mildetbc O`r`y LihAbcieaXmdèagìr`r tb Irhmgdsmbp Mildetbc Wihmè Missèe

Qm` W`fbrlitdbcObmc Ncbx Liedc M`rrstrblK`brk` Guhmicic _micci QirisnbIcar`w Lèvdee` @ldey Xwiaae`

Hrbwc ica Hburtd`rsXmdèagìr`r tb Liry Yu``c bf Xhbts Xil XhmldaLiry Yu``c bf Xhbts (Lbuctà)K`brkdci Hmurhm

Zd`rr` a` Hmistèira Xtèei XhmliaeOil`s Hrdhmtbc bf @edbhn ica Heucd` (Lbuctà)Igmdrbbp KuptiXmdèagìr`r tb Oil`s VD Aicdè Kr``cNdck Oil`s VD bf Xhbteica Cbim Bmrdck`rZik` tb Oil`s VD QGI

Oil`s Krimil, Lirq. Lbctrbs` [dee HirebukmNdck Hmire`s DD (Lbuctà)Lirn Obc`s

@irey Xhd`ctdstsObmc Cipd`r bf L`rhmdstbc Icar`w [myt`Xdr Wbg`rt Lbriy Kri`l` Xhbtt

Oil`s Kr`kbry Zitrdhn Xicaqudst

Z @ W X B C I @Qm` Citdbcie Hbv`cictIe`xica`r M`ca`rsbc Aivda @ircsmiwXiluè Wutm`rfbra Cdhn Hbcstictdc`

Obmc Krimil,Heiv`rmbus`, Vds.Auca`` Ictmbcy Z`rrdilIrhmgdsmbp Oil`s Xmirp M`cry GiyedsDsigè, Aiukmt`r bf Xmirp Nit` N`bmic`Krbbl tb Xmirp Oil`s KbaairaAivda Mihnstbc bf Witmdee`t Oild`-Hiea`r Xldtm

Oil`s Giefbur bf Ndcebhm His`y Eirs`c[deedil LhNìc bf Irkye` Kustiv M`rsebw

Qm` 90 ica tm` 10[deedil Lurriy, Lirq bf Queedgiradc` (Lbuctà)Aivda LirtdcIe`xica`r Wbg`rtsbc bf Xtruic Littm`w @lsed`-XldtmXdlbc Fris`r, Ebra Ebvit Lbrci Xp`ch`

W`vbeutdbc ica W`fbrlG`coildc Fricnedc Xp`ch`r Gd`cv`cu`K`brk` A`lpst`r bf Auccdhm`c Hbccd` Ginn`r

Oil`s [desbc Irtmur Hbm`cOìc Ziue Lirit Indri [itsbc

9=tm H`ctury XhmbeirsmdpWbg`rt F`rkussbc Qmblis V`rl`drIcar`w Gèe Icis QbutbcItt`caict tb Gèe Q`ssi HieawèeQmblis Hmiel`rs Lirdbc Hieawèe

94tm H`ctury Xtua`ctsObmc Mbc`y Aivda [dcbnurbw@edzig`tm Kirr`tt Ica`rsbc Ily Mìtm`rIcar`w Eick Nrdstbf`r KrivcdckWbg`rt Fuee`r Lurriy Dsbgè Hirt`r

G`c`fihtbrs bf tm` Pcdv`rsdtyLiry Icc Gixt`r bf Giekivd`s Ldricai Xp`ch`r

Obmc Hrdhmtbc-Xtuirt, 8raLirq. Gut` Dllicuè O`gs`cZik` tb Gut` QGIIcar`w Hirc`kd` Oil`s Z`cc

Ihia`ldi ica W`sìrhmXdr Aivda Gr`wst`r Ird @wdkZrbf`ssbr Obmc Gurc`t Ldi HeiytbcXdr AIrhy [`ctwbrtm Qmblpsbc Vicdti CitmwicdXdr Oil`s Hbequmbuc Drvdc` Wbgdc @v`tts

Filbus Kbef`rsIeeic Wbg`rtsbc G`c Zìrsbc-XtuttiraQbl Lbrrds O`ss [ien`rAivda Aiw Ica`rsbc G`c HbcwiyQbl Lbrrds Or. Aba`s Zik`

Wbg`rt Qyr` Obc`s Or. Oihbg Lurpmy

Zrbldc`ct Hdtdz`csQm` Qbwc Irls Ie`xica`r EdcasiyXdr Mukm Eybc Zeiyfidr Ie`xica`r Mèe`r

Obic Heirn Lirdyi A`cy`rAr Obmc Iailsbc Krimil AietbcAil` Ebudsi Eulsa`c Xirim HeirnIe`xica`r Zit`rsbc Fricn Yudciet

Ebras W`htbr bf tm` Pcdv`rsdtyQm` Xtua`cts Issbhditdbc Irls Qàay [bbambus`

Obmc Xtuirt Ldee Oild` FbreicXdr Oil`s Littm`w Girrd` Iedstidr LihLimbcFdèa Lirsmie @ire Midk Ldnnè IcarìssbcFrdatobf Cics`c Ldnnè Xnio`lWuayira Ndpedck Ldeei Gryabc

Fricn Ludr Mukm LhHueebkmObmc He``s` Hmrdsty [mdt`-Xpucc`r

Dc L`lbrdilObs`pm Autmd` Qmblis [mèic

Qm` @qudpik` bf tm` Eiay Nitm`rdc`Xmdèagìr`r tb Gdsmbp N`ccày Zitrdhn Abc`kicNit`s M`riea (Lbuctà)M`cardn K`dk`rNit`s Fbbtlic Qà MixgyNit`s Zik` M`crd`tti @v`ttGdsmbp Oil`s N`ccày Frichds [iet`rsNit`s O`st`r Hmire`s G`mic

H B E E @ K @ @ H M B @ X7= H B E E @ K @ @ H M B @ X 74


15/27

bf Oil`s VDD. M` wis ndeeà it tm` gitte` bf Ndeed`hricnd` dc mdslbl`ct bf vdhtbry dc 96=4.

Irhmgdsmbp Xmirp (9698-96;4) Zrbf`ssbr bf Zmdebsbpmy dc Xt.Lirys Hbee`k`, eit`r Zrdlit` bf Xhbteica. Mds pmdebsbpmy wisippir`ctey adstist`fue tb sbl`, fbr m` l`t wdtm i kbry `ca wmdeàrdvdck mds hbihm bc Likus Ludr. I hidrc lirns tm` spbt.

QM@ 90 ICA QM@ 10

Liruds bf Queedgiradc` (96=4-9;16) Xbc bf tm` 9 st Aun` bfItmbee, Hmichèebr bf tm` Pcdv`rsdty, [deedil Lurriy wis istua`ct m`r`. Bc` bf tm` rst tb obdc tm` Hm`vied`r dc 9;90,m` mia tb `` frbl Xm`rrdludr dc 9;94, w`ct dctb `xde` icawis bc` bf tm` s`v`c wmb eicaà wdtm Gbccy Zrdch` Hmired` itGbrbaie` dc 9;10. M` mia tm` mbcbur bf ucfuredck tm` sticairait Ke`cccic ica bf rìadck i licdf`stb fbr Oil`s VDDD, gutwis hipturà it Hueeba`c ica `v`ctuieey adà dc tm` Qbw`r bfEbcabc.

Wbg`rtsbc bf Xtruic (96;:-9;14) I Xt. Icar`ws stua`ct wdtm ia`cdt` pirtdiedty tbwiras tm` bea cbkkdc ica ei vd` pirdsd`cc`.Qmds, mbw`v`r, adact stbp mdl tindck pirt dc tm` Hiehutti Huplithm`s bf ==, 90 ica 10. I kbba typ`.

Xdlbc Fris`r, Ebra Ebvit (9;76-9;=7) Icbtm`r Xt. Icar`ws

hip dc tm` tìl bf 10. M` dct`rruptà mds stuad`s tb r`pr`s`ctmds hbuctry, gut tm` fiht tmit m` eit`r g`hil` i k`c`rie uca`rK`brk` DDD liy miv` adsquiedà mdl fbr i Furtm`r @auhitdbcKrict.

W@VBEPQDBC ICA W@FBWL

G`coildc Fricnedc (9;:6-9;4:) I wbrea-heiss pbeylitm,G`coildc Fricnedc wis r`spbcsdge` fbr tm` dcv`ctdbc bf tm`gdfbhie e`cs, ica tm` edkmtcdck rba. Is i prbldc`ct stit`slic icashmbeir m` wis iesb i sdkcitbry bc tm` Il`rdhic Hbcstdtutdbc.

Fricnedc sp`ct s`v`rie yìrs dc Xt Icar`ws bc ihia`ldhgusdc`ss, wbrndck wdtm tm` A`pirtl`ct bf Hm`ldstry. [mdest dctm` tbwc m` wis r`cbwcà fbr ydck i ndt` is m` tbbn rèixdckwiens up ica abwc tm` [`st Xicas, i peih` wmdhm m` trìsuràica `cobyà sp`cadck tdl` wm`c cbt dc i eigbritbry. Au` tb mdshbctrdgutdbc tb Xt Icarìc ica dca`à kebgie ihia`ldhs, m` wisiwiraà i Abhtbr bf Eiws dc F`gruiry 9;04 ica tm` Fr`àblbf tm` Hdty dc Bhtbg`r bf tm` sil` yìr. Xt Icar`ws iesbr`l`lg`rs tmds mdstbrdhie kur` wdtm i peiqu` bc tm` ridedcksbutsda` bf Xt Xievitbrs Hmipè, wm`r` tm` Zrbh`ssdbc g`kdcs.

K`brk` A`lpst`r bf Auccdhm`c (9;87-9=9=) K`brk` A`lpst`rkriauità m`r`, g`hil` i l`lg`r bf tm` Fihuety bf Iavbhit`s,ica fbr 74 yìrs s`rvà dc tm` Mbus` bf Hbllbcs. Mbc`stK`brk` wis bc` bf tm` lbst pbpueir l`c dc Grdtdsm pugedh edf`dc tm` eit`r 9=tm h`ctury> Xhbttdsm dcaustry ica ikrdhuetur` bw`mdl i krìt a`gt tb mds r`fbrldck `c`rky ica vdsdbc. Mds `brtsis Zrbvbst bf Xt Icar`ws ir` hbll`lbrità dc tm` cilÀ`lpst`r Q`rrih`.Oil`s [desbc (9;17-9;4=) Qm` Xt. Icar`ws eiwy r wmb ariftàtm` hbcstdtutdbc bf tm` Pcdtà Xtit`s bf Il`rdhi.

Oìc Ziue Lirit (9;18-9;48) Bc` bf tm` gebba-stidcàr`vbeutdbcird`s bf Frich`, gut sb tmdc-sndccà tmit m` sp`ctlbst bf mds tdl` dc i gitm (Lr. Xmdcwèe peìs` cbt`). Qm`Pcdv`rsdty sbea mdl i làdhie a`kr`` bc tm` str`cktm bf mdsr`vbeutdbciry r`sìrhm dc ilputitdbc.

9=QMH@CQPWT XHMBEIWXMDZ

Wbg`rt F`rkussbc (9;0:-9;;1) Qm` fbr`rucc`r bf Gurcs, wmbtmbukmt sb mdkmey bf mds pb`try tmit m` mia `r`htà i l`lbrdietb mdl. Pcdv`rsdty edf` e`ft mdl wdtm suhm i tist` fbr adssdpitdbctmit m` adà dc i liambus` it tm` ik` bf tw`cty fbur.

Icar`w Gèe(9;08-9=87) Qm` sbc bf i wdk lin`r, Icar`w Gèewis gbrc dc i mbus` bc tm` sdt` bf tm` Hdtdz`c Bh`, Xt Icar`ws.M` litrdhueità dc tm` Pcdtà Hbee`k` dc 9;64 ica kriauità dc

9;;8. Ift`r i spèe dc tm` tbgihhb tria` dc Il`rdhi, m` r`turcàtb Xhbteica ica tbbn bra`rs dc tm` Hmurhm bf @ckeica. Bc tmìavdh` bf A`lpst`r bf Auccdhm`c m` tbbn pissik` tb Dcadiwm`r` it tm` Ldedtiry Lie` Brpmic Isyeul m` a`vdsà tm`Liaris br lbcdtbrdie syst`l bf àuhitdbc, i syst`l tmit wistin`c up gy licy Hmurhm bf @ckeica shmbbes. I eirk` pirt bfmds hbcsda`rige` fbrtuc` wis usà tb `r`ht Liaris Hbee`k` icatb `cabw gbtm Liaris Hbee`k` ica Gèe-Gixt`r Xhmbbe. M` wisgurdà dc [`stldcst`r Igg`y.

Qmblis Hmiel`rs(9;=:-9=1;) Ic Icstrutm`r lic. I Zrbf`ssbrbf Lbrie Zmdebsbpmy dc tm` Pcdv`rsdty bf Xt. Icar`ws wmbg`hil` tm` rst Lba`ritbr bf tm` Fr`` Hmurhm bf Xhbteica. Ikrìt prìhm`r ica sbhdie wbrn`r.

94QMH@CQPWT XQPA@CQX

Obmc Mbc`y(h.9;=9-9=91) Qm` stua`ct wmb w`ct tb tm` r`shu`bf tm` Oic`t wm`c sm` wis wr`hnà dc Xt. Icar`ws Giy.

@edzig`tm Kirr`tt Ica`rsbc(9=86-949;) Xm` litrdhueità it XtIcar`ws dc 9=67, tm` rst wbl`c tb ab sb it icy bf tm` bea icar`sp`htige` Pcdv`rsdtd`s. Mbw`v`r, tmds wis sp`àdey a`heiràvbda gy sbl` rìhtdbciry l`lg`rs bf sti wmb a`hdaà tmit,g`hius` dt wis cbt sp`hdieey p`rldttà fbr wbl`c tb itt`ca tm`Pcdv`rsdty, m`r litrdhueitdbc wis dcvieda ica dee`kie. Xm` wis eit`rr`fusà ialdssdbc tb `xils gy Grdtdsm Hbee`k`s bf Xurk`bcs icaZmysdhdics, ica sb tbbn m`r L.A. it Zirds dc 9=;:. G`hbldcktm` rst wbl`c tb quiedfy is i làdhie prihtdtdbc`r dc Grdtidc,sm` fbucaà tm` Ebcabc Làdhie Xhmbbe fbr [bl`c dc 9==8ica r`lidcà tm`r` is Adr`htbr uctde 94:8. Xm` iesb fbucaài mbspdtie fbr wbl`c dc Ziaadcktbc, Ebcabc. Xm` wis tm` rstwblic tb g` è`htà Liybr bf ic @ckedsm tbwc Iea`gurkm dc 94:=.

H B E E @ K @ @ H M B @ X8: H B E E @ K @ @ H M B @ X 89


16/27

Icar`w Eick (9=11-9497) Eick stuadà it Xt Icar`ws, dc tm`bea Xt E`bciras Miee, frbl 9=69 tb 9=68, ica pugedsmà tm` XtE`bciras Likizdc`, wmbs` `ctdr` hbct`cts m` wrbt` mdlsèf.M` wis tm` rst Kdbra E`htur`r ica tm` iutmbr bf i hmirldckmdstbry bf tm` Qbwc ica Kbwc. M` lbvà tb Bxfbra wm`r` m`wrbt` Ieli` Litr`s dc tm` ebckdck fbr tm` Edtte` Hdty kr`yica s`r`, wmdhm cbw mbeas mds aust. Mds lidc dct`r`st wis dcictmrbpbebky, gut m` iesb prbauhà tricseitdbcs bf Mbl`r,hbee`htdbcs bf pb`try, `ssiys, fidry tie`s ica wrdtdcks bc pmysdhier`sìrhm.

Wbg`rt Fuee`r Lurriy (9=68-9=41) Qm` stua`ct pb`t bf Qm`Xhire`t Kbwc, wmbs` sbcks wdee pr`s`rv` fbr iee pbst`rdty tmùcdqu` spdrdt bf stua`ct edf` dc Xt. Icar`ws.

G@C@FIHQBWX BF QM@ PCDV@WXDQT

Liry Icc` Gixt`r bf Giekivd`s (9=:9-9==1) Ldss Gixt`r wistm` prdchdpie fbuca`r bf tm` Pcdv`rsdty Hbee`k`, Auca`` dc 9==9.M`r k`c`rbsdty grbukmt tb frudtdbc tm` Auca`` Lbv`l`ct,tm` f`èdck tmit fèt tmit Auca`` smbuea cbt g` e`ft but bf tm`sprìa bf Mdkm`r @auhitdbc dc Grdtidc. Dc 9408, tm` Hbee`k` wisr`hbcstdtutà is Yu``cs Hbee`k` ica cieey, dc 946;, dt g`hil`tm` Pcdv`rsdty bf Auca`` dc dts bwc rdkmt.

Ie`xica`r G`rry (9;=9-9=;8) Gbrc bc Xt Icar`ws Aiy, 9;=9 dc

Hupir, m` irrdvà it Xt Icar`ws ikà ft``c, rìadck heissdhsica ebkdh. M` tm`c lbvà tb @adcgurkm tb stuay làdhdc`,quiedfydck dc 9=:9. Qurdck tb hbll`rh` m` eà ic iav`cturbusedf`. Ift`r `xp`rd`chdck liobr s`tgihns ica krìt suhh`ss`s m``v`ctuieey fbucaà tm` Hbbeickitti `stit` dc Iustriedi. G`rryliy g` tm` lbst k`c`rbus g`c`fihtbr dc tm` mdstbry bf tm`Pcdv`rsdty. Mds g`qu`st wis dc tm` r`kdbc bf 9::,::: wmdhmtbaiy wbuea `quit` tb irbuca v` ica i mief ldeedbc pbucas,ica mèpà hrìt` tm` G`rry Hmidr bf @ckedsm Edt`ritur`. Qm`lbc`y irrdvà it i tdl` wm`c tm` Pcdv`rsdtys fbrtuc`s w`r` iti v`ry ebw `gg, ica hmickà tm` butebbn ica prbsp`hts bf tm`Pcdv`rsdty krìtey.

Obmc Zitrdhn Hrdhmtbc-Xturit , Qmdra Lirqu`ss bf Gut`(9=1;-94::) Mivdck g``c lia` Liybr bf Hirad dc 9=49, m` wisè`htà W`htbr bf tm` Pcdv`rsdty tm` yìr ift`r. Z`rmipshblpèeà gy i a`sdr` tb adstich` mdlsèf is luhm is pbssdge`frbl [ie`s, m` vdkbrbusey w`ct igbut r`fbrldck tm` W`htbrsmdpbf tm` Pcdv`rsdty, r`stbrdck dts pbw`rs tb tm`dr krìt`st m`dkmtssdch` tm` Ldaae` Ik`s. M` mbpà tb lin` Xt. Icar`ws ihblpe`t` Pcdv`rsdty gy dctrbauhdck eiw, làdhdc`, irts icatm`bebky. Qm` làdhie gudeadck dc tm` Pcdv`rsdty ds cilà ift`rmdl, lbst ednèy au` tb tm` ritm`r eirk` suls bf lbc`y màbcità fbr dts hbcstruhtdbc.

Icar`w Hirc`kd (9=80-9494) Qm` sbc bf i Aucf `rledc` wìv`r,Icar`w Hirc`kd` `ldkrità wdtm mds pir`cts tb tm` PXI it tmìk` bf 97. [m`c m` r`tdrà dc 94:9, m` mia g`hbl` tm` lbstprbsp`rbus st`è licufihtur`r dc tm` wbrea, wdtm i fbrtuc`miraey a`ctà gy mds vist kdfts tb hmirdty. Dc mds r`tdr`l`ctm` s`t igbut tm` hrìtdbc bf twèv` ldeedbcidr` fbucaitdbcs tbsuppbrt ica `xt`ca mds hmirdtige` dct`r`sts dc tm` PXI, Grdtidcica tm` Hbllbcwìetm. Qm` `cabwl`cts ilbuctà dc tbtietb tmr`` mucarà ldeedbc abeeirs `qudvie`ct tb igbut tmr``gdeedbc abeeirs dc tbaiys vieu`. Mds lidc dct`r`sts dc Grdtidcw`r` tm` Pcdtà Ndckabl Qrust ica tm` Hirc`kd` Qrust fbr tm`Pcdv`rsdtd`s bf Xhbteica. Dc 94:: m` wrbt` mds gbbn `ctdteàQm` Kbspè bf [ìetm dc wmdhm m` wrbt` tmit m` mia a`hdaàtb hìs` tb strukke` fbr lbr` wìetm ica tb tin` up tm`lbr` s`rdbus ica adhuet tisn bf wds` adstrdgutdbc. Licy miv`

g`c`tà frbl mds k`c`rbsdty.

IHIA@LDI ICA W@X@IWHM

Xdr Aivda Gr`wst`r (9;=9-9=6=) M` wis tm` Zrdchdpie bf tm`Pcdtà Hbee`k` (9=8=-9=04), ica wis iesb W`htbr wmdest it XtIcar`ws. Mds lidc èa bf r`sìrhm wis tm` bptdhs bf hrystiesica tm` a`sdkc bf bptdhie dcstrul`cts. Dca`à, m` ds hmd`yr`l`lg`rà tbaiy fbr mds dcv`ctdbc bf tm` nie`dabshbp`. Qm`Pcdv`rsdty Zmysdhs a`pirtl`ct stdee bwcs i ldhrbshbp` tmit mà`sdkcà ica mis gudet i kdict nie`dabshbp`. [dtmdc tm` pmysdhs

wbrea m` ds g`st ncbwc fbr Gr`wst`rs Icke`. Qmds ds cbw h`ctrietb tm` a`sdkc bf eis`rs, ica lba`rc stua`cts dc pmbtbcdhs miv`shirhèy dlprbvà bc tm` aiti adshbv`rà gy Xdr Aivda sb licyyìrs ikb. Qbaiy, Xt Icar`ws Pcdv`rsdty prbuaey gbists i wbreaeìadck bptdhs r`sìrhm h`ctr` dc hbctdcuitdbc bf Gr`wst`rsdaìs. Dc 9=89 m` ica sbl` btm`rs bf edn` ldca, fbrlà tm`Grdtdsm Issbhditdbc fbr tm` Iavich`l`ct bf Xhd`ch` tb r`làytm` a`pr`ssà stit` bf Grdtdsm shd`ch`. M` mis tm` adstdchtdbcbf g`dck iwiraà iee tmr`` prdchdpie làies bf tm` Wbyie Xbhd`tyfbr mds bptdhie r`sìrhm`s, ic ihmd`v`l`ct cbt r`pìtà sdch`.

Zrbf`ssbr Obmc Gurc`t (9=68-947=) Gbrc dc @adcgurkm dc 9=68,Obmc Gurc`t wis àuhità it tm` Wbyie Mdkm Xhmbbe, @adcgurkmPcdv`rsdty ica Gieedbe Hbee`k` Bxfbra. M` kidcà i f èebwsmdp itL`rtbc ica tiukmt fbr i smbrt wmde` it Mirrbw, g`fbr` g`dckippbdctà Zrbf`ssbr bf Kr``n it Xt Icar`ws dc 9=47. M`r`lidcà prbf`ssbr uctde 9476 ica aurdck tmds tdl` pugedsmàlicy gbbns, dcheuadck i hblpe`t` àdtdbc bf Zeitb, wmdhm tbaiyds stdee r`hbkcdsà is sticaira t`xt. Dc 947; Zrbf`ssbr Gurc`tr`h`dvà ic mbcbriry EE.A frbl Xt Icar`ws. Dc tm` Zrbh`ssdbcm` wìrs tm` kbwc bf tm` Aìc bf tm` Fihuety bf Irts, ic bh`dc wmdhm m` s`rvà twb s`pirit` t`rls.

Xdr Airhy [`ctwbrtm Qmblpsbc(9=6:-941=) Airhy Qmblpsbcwis gbrc dc @adcgurkm ica wis àuhità it Qrdcdty Hbee`k`Hilgrdak`. Dc 9==1, it tm` ik` bf 71, wdtm Qm` F`rtdedsitdbcbf Febw`rs ierìay pugedsmà, ica icbtm`r gbbn dc tm` pr`ss,

m` wis ippbdctà tb tm` hmidr bf Gdbebky it Pcdv`rsdty Hbee`k`,Auca``. M` mèa tm` pbsdtdbc uctde 949; wm`c m` g`hil`prbf`ssbr bf Citurie Mdstbry it Xt Icar`ws. It tm` tdl` bf mdsaìtm, m` mia mèa tm`s` hmidrs fbr sdxty-fbur yìrs. M` wis tm`lbst k`cdie bf l`c, i lio`stdh kur` wdtm mds ebck gìra, icawis i wèe ncbwc sdkmt dc Xt Icar`ws fbr licy yìrs.

Xdr Oil`s Hbequmbuc Drvdc` (9=;;-9407) Mideà gy mdshbct`lpbrird`s it tm` Pcdv`rsdty is Edtte` e`ss tmic dts s`hbcafbuca`r, Drvdc` mèa tm` bh` bf Zrdchdpie m`r` fbr 87 yìrs,frbl 947: uctde mds aìtm. Aurdck mds mds t`cur`, Ziredil`ctMiee, tm` Pcdv`rsdty Edgriry ica Xt. E`bciras Hmipè w`r` iee

r`stbrà. M` r`vdvà tm` r`sda`ctdie hmiriht`r bf Xt Icar`wswdtm tm` gudeadck bf Xt Xievitbrs, ica m` `chburikà tm` r`vdviebf tm` Nit` N`ccày prbh`ssdbc dc 9476.

FILBPX KBEF@WX

Ieeic Wbg`rtsbc (9=90-9=04) Ihncbweàkà is bc` bf tm` rstprbf`ssdbcie kbef`rs dc tm` tbwc, df cbt dc Xhbteica. Ieeic wiscitdbcieey ihheidlà is Qm` Hmilpdbcsmdp Kbef`r dc tm`9=1:s ica 0:s, wm`c m` wis c`v`r gìt`c. Wbg`rtsbc wis tm`rst lic tb grìn `dkmty bc tm` Bea Hburs` dc 9=0=, i hbebssieihmd`v`l`ct it tm` tdl`. Dc 9=6: tm` l`lg`rs bf tm` Zr`stwdhnKbef Heug tmr`w but i hmiee`ck` tb s`` wmb hbuea tin` up mdslicte` is hmilpdbc - ica tm` Bp`c Hmilpdbcsmdp wis gbrc.

Qbl Lbrrds (9=79 - 94:=) ica Aivda Aiw Ica`rsbc (9=79-94:9) Zeiydck it tm` igbv`-l`ctdbcà Bp`c Hmilpdbcsmdpwis Bea Qbl Lbrrds, ica ebst but tb [deed` Zirn gy bc` strbn`.M` g`hil` hmilpdbc dc 9=69 ica 9=67 ica ikidc bc twbsugs`qu`ct bhhisdbcs, gut m` wis `v`ctuieey surpissà gy mdssbc Qbl. Kr``cn``p`r it Xt Icar`ws frbl 9=68 tb 94:8,Lbrrds n`pt tm` edcns dc tm` pr`ld`r pbsdtdbc ilbck Grdtdsm kbefhburs`s. Dt wis sida bf mdl, C`v`r hbuea tm`r` g` l`t wdtm ilbr` p`rf`ht sp`hdl`c bf wmit ds hieeà Citur`s K`cte`l`c.M` ds ihhblpicdà gy mds trusty hiaad` Aivda Aiw Ica`rsbc.Aiw hirrd`s s`v`c heugs tmit w`r` usà dc tm` `dkmt``c fbrtd`s

ica ftd`s i peiy heug, ebck spbbc, smbrt spbbc, gi`, he``n,ruttdck drbc ica putt`r.

Qbl Lbrrds Or. (9=09-9=;0)[`r` dt cbt fbr mds uctdlèy aìtmbc Hmrdstlis aiy dc 9=;0 ikà tw`cty fbur, ybuck Qbl wbueasurèy miv` g`hbl` tm` r`hbra Bp`c wdcc`r bf iee tdl`, mivdckwbc fbur Bp`cs dc i rbw. Bc mds tmdra hbcs`hutdv` wdc dc9=;: m` wbc gy twèv` smbts. Fitm`r ica sbc w`r` wdcc`r icarucc`r-up dc 9=64. Mds sia a`lds` ds bc` bf tm` lbst arilitdhstbrd`s dc kbef. Ift`r bc` yìr bf lirrdik` mds wdf` adà iebckwdtm mds stdee gbrc sbc. Qbllys krd`f wis dcsurlbuctige` icawdtmdc tmr`` lbctms m` tbb wis aìa. Eit` bc dc edf` bea Qbl



17/27

Lbrrds sida, Z`bpe` siy Qblly adà bf i grbn`c mìrt, gut dftmit wis tru`, D wbueact g` m`r` `dtm`r.

Wbg`rt Qyr` Obc`s, Or. (94:7-94;7) Gbrc dc Iteicti dc 94:7,tm` sbc bf i eiwy`r, Gbggy Obc`s rst wdèaà i kbef heug wm`cm` wis sdx yìrs bea is m` fbeebwà mds pir`cts irbuca i ebhiehburs`. M` wis tbb smy tb tin` e`ssbcs, gut i citurie ldldh, sbm` hbpdà tm` eizy swdck bf tm` heug prbf`ssdbcie, ic dlldkrictXhbt bf luhm wdsabl, gut f`w wbras. Xbbc Gbggy wis peiydckis wèe is tm` g`st. M` wis tm` rst peiy`r `v`r tb wdc tm`Grdtdsm ica P.X. Bp`c dc tm` sil` yìr. Dc 940= tm` fr`àbl bfXt Icar`ws wis g`stbwà upbc mdl, bcey tm` s`hbca Il`rdhictb r`h`dv` suhm mbcbr> tm` rst g`dck G`coildc Fricnedc.

ZWBLDC@CQ HDQD_@CX

Xdr Mukm Eybc Zeiyfidr (9;=6-9=69) M` wis, fbr i smbrt tdlì stua`ct it Xt Icar`ws Pcdv`rsdty, wm`r` mds fitm`r wisZrdchdpie. M` mia i suhh`ssfue ica adstdckudsmà hir``r s`rvdckis ic irtdee`ry bh`r dc tm` Irly bf tm` @ist Dcadi Hblpicy.Bc eìv` m` vdsdtà Xt Mè`ci wm`r` m` l`t Cipbe`bc. Dc 9=81m` r`tdrà frbl ihtdv` s`rvdh` ica r`turcà tb Xt Icar`ws.Is Hmd`f Likdstrit`, ica eit`r is Zrbvbst, m` `xp`caà krìt`c`rky r`v`rsdck tm` tr`ca bf a`hiy dc tm` tbwc, ica tm` tbwcg`hil` ic ittrihtdv` mbedaiy r`sbrt. Zeiyfidr Q`rrih` ds cilàift`r mdl dc r`hbkcdtdbc bf mds wbrn.

Obic Heirn (h. 9=0:-947;) Obic wis i fildedir kur` dc XtIcar`ws, sp`cadck m`r `ctdr` edf` dc tm` tbwc is i pirt bf tmèbhie smdck hbllucdty. Gisà dc m`r tdcy hbttik` bc XbutmHiste` Xt, ic irì bf tbwc t m`c wdaèy ncbwc is tm` Eiaymìa,Obic wbrnà mira sdx aiys i w``n cbt bceyr`pidrdck edc`s, c`ts ica hr`ès fbr tm` smdck gbits bf tm`mirgbur gut iesb pr`pirdck ica sèedck tm` fr`sm hithm tb tm` beatbwcs mbus`wdv`s, sèabl wdtmbut m`r wbba`c mica-hirt icac`v`r wdtmbut m`r adstdchtdv` sm`rwblicskirg, tm` triadtdbcie butt sm` fivburà uctde tm` `ca bf m`raiys. Ncbwc fbr m`r rìay wdt ica hbsy mbl`, Obic lirrdà

M`cry Heirn ica mia bc` sbc, iesb M`cry, wmb g`hil` i kbefheug lin`r.

Ar Obmc Iailsbc(9=:=-9=;:) Ar Obmc Iailsbc wis LàdhieBh`r bf Xt Icar`ws dc 9=1= tm` yìr tm` peiku` struhn tm`tbwc. Qm` peiku` eistà i yìr ica heidlà tm` edv`s bf sbl`1:: p`bpe`> Iailsbc wis iwiraà i tbn`c piyl`ct bf 79fbr mds cdkmt ica aiy s`rvdh`s tb tm` tbwc aurdck tm` p`rdba.Dc mds edf`tdl`, m` wis r`spbcsdge` fbr fbucadck tm` Hbttik`Mbspdtie, wmdest pdbc``rdck tm` us` bf pmbtbkripmy, tindck wmitwis prbgigey tm` rst hil`ri pbrtridt dc Grdtidc i stuay bfmds wdf` dc frbct bf Yu``c Lirys Mbus`. Drbcdhieey, Iailsbcadà dc 9=;: frbl gebba pbdsbcdck hiusà gy i shrithm wmdeìtt`cadck i pitd`ct wm`c m` wis bc mbedaiy dc tm` Mdkmeicas.

Ail` Ebudsi Eulsa`c (9=1:-9480) Ift`r itt`cadck prdvit`shmbbes dc Ebcabc ica Grussès, Ebudsi Dcc`s Eulsa`c hbctdcuàm`r àuhitdbc it Kdrtbc Hbee`k`, Hilgrdak`. Qm`r` sm` pissàwdtm mbcburs dc tm` eissdhie Qrdpbs dc 9=;8. Xm` stiyà it Kdrtbcfbr i furtm`r twb yìrs is i heissdhs tutbr. Xugs`qu`ctey, sm`sp`ct i yìr is heissdhs ldstr`ss it Hmèt`cmil Eiad`s Hbee`k`g`fbr` g`dck dcvdtà tb g`hbl` tm` rst mìaldstr`ss bf XtE`bciras Xhmbbe, i pbst tmit sm` tbbn wm`c tm` c`w shmbbebp`cà dc tm` iutulc bf 9=;; it tm` fbbt bf Yu``cs Kira`cs.Dt wis cbt uctde 9=40 tmit sm` wis dcvdtà tb g`hbl` tm` wira`cbf Pcdv`rsdty Miee, i r`sda`ch` hrìtà fbr f`lie` stua`cts.Qm` rìsbc fbr tmds wis tmit, is wira`c, Ldss Eulsa`c wictà

ourdsadhtdbc bv`r f`lie` stua`cts r`sda`ct dc tbwc. Dc 9499sm` wis iwiraà ic EE.A gy tm` Pcdv`rsdty ica i citdbciembcbur wis g`stbwà upbc m`r wm`c sm` wis hrìtà Ail`Hbllica`r bf tm` Grdtdsm @lpdr` dc 9470 dc r`hbkcdtdbc bf m`rs`rvdh`s tb àuhitdbc. Dt ds h`rtidcey ttdck tmit tm` `xt`csdbc tbPcdv`rsdty Miee smbuea g` cilà Eulsa`c [dck dc mbcbur bftm` r`sda`ch`s rst wira`c.

Ie`xica`r Zit`rsbc (94:;-94=4) [m`c I.G. Zit`rsbc adà dc94=4, tm` Hburd`r ica tm` Hdtdz`c wrbt`? tm` `ca bf ic `ridc tm` iccies bf tm` tbwc, fbr m` wis wdtmbut abugt, tm` XtIcar`ws hdtdz`c bf tm` tw`ctd`tm h`ctury. Is i oburciedst fbr

6: yìrs, m` c`v`r hbcsda`rà dt i hrìtdv` irt, cbr `v`c ousti fbrl bf kidcfue `lpebyl`ct, gut is i ldssdbc i s`rvdh` tbtm` hbllucdty. M` wis tm` fbuca`r bf tm` Gyr` Qmìtr` dc9488 ica ric dt sdcke`-micaàey. M` wis iwiraà tm` Bra`r bftm` Grdtdsm @lpdr` dc 940= fbr mds s`rvdh`s tb tm` tmìtr`. Dc94;9, tm` Pcdv`rsdty pr`s`ctà ic mbcbriry LI tb mdl. Qm`r`wis miraey ic isp`ht bf hbllucdty edf` dc wmdhm Zit`rsbc miacbt g``c ihtdvèy dcvbevà. M` wis `v`c hieeà upbc gy tm`Nit` N`ccày Heug, bc tm` r`vdvie bf tm` Zrbh`ssdbc dc 9476,tb lin`-up Nit` ica tm` btm`r hmiriht`rs dc tm` pikìct fbrlicy yìrs i auty fbr wmdhm m` wis r`hbkcdsà wm`c m` wispr`s`ctà wdtm mbcbriry Edf` L`lg`rsmdp bf tm` Heug dc 940=.

EBWAX W@HQBW BF QM@ PCDV@WXDQT

Obmc Xtuirt Ldee (9=:6-9=;8) Gbrc dc Z`ctbcvdee`, Ebcabc, m`wis i pr`hbhdbus hmdea eìrcdck tm` Kr``n iepmig`t it tm` ik`bf 8. M` wis àuhità it mbl` ica gy tm` ik` bf twèv` miag`hbl` ihhblpedsmà dc iek`gri, Eitdc, Kr``n ica mdstbry. Ittm` ik` bf 79 m` su`rà i c`rvbus grìnabwc frbl wmdhm m`c`v`r fueey r`hbv`rà. W`cbwcà is i edg`rie pmdebsbpm`r m` wisic LZ frbl 9=60 tb 9=6= ica i wèe r`kiraà oburciedst. M`wis dcstieeà is W`htbr dc 9=60, kdvdck tm` ebck`st W`htbrdieIaar`ss- cìrey tmr`` mburs. Bft`c r`kiraà is ic irrbkictica smy lic m` r`fusà tb wien tmrbukm tm` Z`cas fbr fìr tm`yldkmt hbeeips`> m` ds r`kueirey tmbukmt bf is mivdck daìs imìa

bf mds tdl`, suhm is Drdsm mbl` rue` ica vbt`s fbr wbl`c. Màdà dc 9=;8 ica ds gurdà dc Ivdkcbc.

Xdr Oil`s Littm`w Girrd` (Girt.)(9=6:-948;) Xbc bf i mulge`wìv`r dc Ndrrd`ludr, tm` cdctm bf t`c hmdear`c, m` g`kic wrdtdckdc 9==0 is i fr`èich` oburciedst. Gy 94:1 m` mia rds`c tb ipbsdtdbc bf krìt ihheidl mivdck wrdtt`c Z`t`r Zic is i peiy.M` wis è`htà W`htbr dc 9494 dc tm` rst hbct`stà è`htdbcsdch` tm` dcstieeitdbc bf tm` Lirqu`ss bf Gut` dc 9=47. Bc tm`8ra bfLiy9477,tm` iccdv`rsiry bf tm` lura`r bf IrhmgdsmbpXmirp, Girrd` kiv` mds s`ldcie r`htbrdie iaar`ss, Hburik`. Dtwis tmds sp``hm tmit dcadr`htey eà tb tm` r`-`stigedsml`ct bf

tm` iccuie Zrbh`ssdbc ica tm` Nit` N`ccày Heug. Edst`cdcktb Girrd`s sp``hm, Abciea N`ccày (i a`sh`caict bf GdsmbpOil`s N`ccày), wdtm t m` mèp bf Oil`s Abin wmb rìa tm`sp``hm ift`r dts pugedhitdbc, ipprbihmà Zrdchdpie Xdr Oil`sDrvdc` wdtm tm` daì bf r`-fbrldck tm` Zrbh`ssdbc, dc tm`licc`r tmit Girrd` mia sukk`stà. Dt ds tmds fbrlit dc wmdhm tm`Zrbh`ssdbc stdee survdv`s tb tmds aiy. Dc tmds wiy, tm` Zrbh`ssdbctmit tbbn peih` dc 9476 pida mbcbur tb Xt Icar`ws ritm`r tmicadshràdtdck dt is dt mia abc` dc tm` 9==:s.

Fdèa Lirsmie Abukeis Midk, 9st @ire Midk(9=69 - 947=)@ire Midk wis gbrc i pitrdbtdh Xhbt, ica i l`lg`r bf i Fdf`fildey. M` sp`ct mds ìrey aiys dc tm` Xt Icar`ws irì> g`fbr`kbdck bc tb Hedftbc, ica tm`c Bxfbra. M` tm`c obdcà tm` ;tmMussirs dc 9==0, ica wis lia` Hbllica`r dc Hmd`f bf tm`Grdtdsm Irly dc Frich` dc 9490 eìadck tm` irly dc sbl` bf tm`gebbad`st gitte`s bf tm` Fdrst [brea [ir. M` ihmd`và vdhtbry,gut mds k`c`riesmdp wis luhm hrdtdhdsà fbr dts ebss bf edf`. Mdsrst mbcbur frbl tm` Pcdv`rsdty hil` dc 9496 wm`c è`htàW`htbr, ietmbukm m` ada cbt hbl` tb Xt Icar`ws tb g` dcstieeàuctde 9494. Dc 9479, Midk wis isnà tb ee tm` vihict pbst bfHmichèebr, mds r`pey wis hbchds` - Dee ihh`pt icytmdck tmit wdeetin` l` gihn tb Xt Icar`ws. M` wis dcstieeà bc tm` sil` aiyis O.L. Girrd` wis dcstieeà is W`htbr, au` tb mds hmiriht`rdstdha`sdr` tb edldt ucc`h`ssiry cichdie `xp`cs`. M` wis tm` 8:tmHmichèebr bf tm` Pcdv`rsdty> dc tm` Zrbh`ssdbc m` wìrs i FdèaLirsmiees Pcdfbrl, wdtm i r`pedhi bf mds Hmichèebrs rbg`.

Frdatobf Cics`c(9=69-948:) Gbrc cìr Bseb, Cbrwiy, Cics`c`ct`rà tm` Pcdv`rsdty bf Bseb dc 9==9 rìadck zbbebky. Mdsitme`tdh igdedty, shd`ctdh dct`r`st ica yìrcdck fbr iav`ctur`r`suetà dc mdl eìadck i pbeir `xpàdtdbc dc 9=40, k`ttdckhebs`r tb tm` Cbrtm Zbe` tmic icybc` pr`vdbusey. Qm` r`suetdckprbldc`ch` wdtmdc sbhd`ty ieebwà mdl tb urk` Cbrwiy dc94:0 tb s``n dca`p`ca`ch` frbl Xwà`c. Ift`r tmds suhh`ssm` g`hil` mds hbuctrys Ldcdst`r tb Krìt Grdtidc uctde 94:=.M` wis iwiraà i Cbgè Zrdz` fbr mds wbrn wdtm tm` Eìku`bf Citdbcs bc g`mief bf Kr``n r`fuk``s, tm` wdccdcks bf wmdhmm` a`vbtà tb tm`dr rèd`f. Cics`c g`hil` W`htbr dc 9476



18/27

wm`r` m` hbctdcuà mds prdchdpe` quiedtd`s bf spdrdt bf iav`ctur`,hburik` ica sèf-rèdich`.

Obs`pm Wuayira Ndpedck (9=60-9486) Wuayira Ndpedck, tm`Cbgè Zrdz` wdccdck iutmbr bf Qm` Oucke` Gbbn, Ndl ica Xtienyica Hb. wis è`htà W`htbr dc 9477. M` stirtà mds hir``r dcDcadi is issdstict àdtbr bf tm` Hdvde ica LdedtiryKiz`tt`. Dt wisbc tm` sug hbctdc`ct tmit m` s`t licy bf mds tie`s, g` tm`y hebs`bgs`rvitdbcs bf aiy-tb-aiy ldedtiry edf`, br tm` `chmictdckhmdear`cs tie`s tmit ir` stdee ippr`hdità tbaiy. Dc 9496, Wbg`rtGrdak`s a`shrdgà mdl is tm` krìt`st edvdck k`cdus tmit w`miv`. I pbpueir wrdt`r, `xpbsà tb geiz`s bf pugedhdty wm`c m`r`turcà tb Grdtidc, dt hbuea g` sida tmit Ndpedck wis tm` rst bftm` làdi r`htbrs wmb ir` cbw sycbcylbus wdtm Xt Icar`ws.

Fricn Ludr (947:-944=) Fricn Ludr wis è`htà W`htbr dcCbv`lg`r 94;6. Aurdck mds tdl` is W`htbr, m` kiv` k`c`rbuseytb tm` Pcdv`rsdty. Mds kdfts dcheuaà i mulbrbus `ssiy prdz`,stdee iwiraà tbaiy, bc wmdhm tm` sugo`ht lust g` ic isp`htbf Pcdv`rsdty edf`. Dc iaadtdbc m` s`t up i W`htbrs fuca tb idastua`cts tmrbukm cichdie mirasmdp ica iesb tb prblbt` stua`ctwèfir`. M` iesb prbvdaà i kbwc fbr mds Iss`ssbr bc Hburt.M` r`h`dvà ic EEA frbl tm` Pcdv`rsdty dc 94;=, bc` bf tm`rir` bhhisdbcs wm`c tmds mis g``c hbcf`rrà bc i W`htbr wmdeststdee dc bh`. Pcabugtàey tmds wis kdv`c fbr mds s`rvdh`s tb tm`Pcdv`rsdty ica tm` stua`cts, tb wmbl m` lia` mdlsèf ivideige`dc ic ucpr`hà`ctà wiy. I pirtdhueirey dctèedk`ct lic wmb,

gy sm``r dee-fbrtuc` bf gia tdldck, mia cb quiedhitdbcs tb mdscil`, m` rèdsmà tm` bppbrtucdty tb g` issbhdità wdtm XtIcar`ws. [m`c r`pbrtdck bc mds iaar`ss, tm` tm`c Pcdv`rsdtyc`wspip`r Id`c auggà mdl tm` mira`st wbrndck W`htbr dc XtIcar`ws mdstbry i oustdà tdte`. Dc tm` Zrbh`ssdbc m` wìrsi pdcn gbw td` abcità gy mds wdf` fbeebwdck mds aìtm.

Obmc Lirwbba Bttb He``s` (9484 - ) Obmc He``s` wis bc` bftm` c`st W`htbrs bf r`h`ct tdl`s. M` wis àuhità it HedftbcHbee`k`, ica w`ct bc tb Abwcdck Hbee`k`, Hilgrdak`. M`stirtà tb tèe obn`s prbf`ssdbcieey dc 9468- g`st ncbwc fbr mdspirt dc tm` krbuca grìndck Lbcty Zytmbcs Feydck Hdrhus. Dt

ds t`stil`ct tb mds k`cdus tmit tmr`` a`hia`s bc frbl tm` rstrèìs`, dt ds stdee `cobyà dc licy hbuctrd`s irbuca tm` kebg`.M` wis è`htà W`htbr dc 94;:- bc` bf tm` ybuck`st W`htbrs dctm` mdstbry bf tm` Pcdv`rsdty- ica mds r`htbrdie iaar`ss wis bctm` sugo`ht bf Bc Hbwiradh` ic dct`r`stdck r`v`rsie bc O.L.Girrd`s filbus Hburik` iaar`ss. He``s` wis tm` rst W`htbrtb ippbdct i stua`ct tb tm` pbsdtdbc bf W`htbrs Iss`ssbr ilbv` tmit cieey e`t uca`rkriauit`s tb miv` sbl` pbw`r bcHburt. Dt ds prdlirdey fbr tmds rìsbc tmit m` ds mbcburà dc tm`Zrbh`ssdbc. Dc tm` Zrbh`ssdbc m` ds ar`ssà is tm` lic frbl tm`Ldcdstry bf Xdeey [iens.

DC L@LBWDIL

Obs`pm Iedstidr Autmd` (949;-9419) Ob` is m` wis ncbwc tb ieeit Xt Icar`ws frbl tm` Zrdchdpie tb Lird` tm` hmdpp`r wisgbrc dc Aulfrd`s ica itt`caà Dcv`rc`ss Ihia`ly, wm`r` m`kidcà cul`rbus mbcburs dc gbtm spbrtdck ica ihia`ldh edf`.M` kriauità dc 9484 wdtm rst heiss mbcburs dc Heissdhs. Obòbdcà tm` Yu``cs Bwc Hil`rbc Mdkmeica`rs dc 941:. M`wìrs tm` ucdfbrl bf s`hbca edùt`cict bf tmds r`kdl`ct. Xiaeym` wis bc` bf tm` rst l`c frbl Xt Icar`ws tb g` ndeeà dctm` X`hbca [brea [ir bc tm` 1tm A`h`lg`r 9419, it tm`Gdr @e Kugd. Ica sb Obs`pm Autmd` mis g``c dcheuaà dc tm`Zrbh`ssdbc is i trdgut` tb tm` licy Xt Icar`ws stua`cts wmbebst tm`dr edv`s dc tm` X`hbca [brea [ir.

QM@ @YPDZIK@ BF QM@ EIAT NIQMIWDC@

Nit`s Itt`caicts Qm` bp`c 94tm H`ctury eicaiu dc wmdhm tmÈiay Nitmirdc` ippìrs ds iccbuchà gy tm` ldedtiry guke` bfNit`s M`riea. Qmds kur` wìrs i tigira bc wmdhm tm` m`rieadhirls bf tm` N`ccày fildey ir` `lgrbda`rà> tm` ik bc mdsguke` smbws tm` sil` lbtdf. Qmds ds fbeebwà gy t m` smdèa gìr`rbf m`r uche`, Gdsmbp Oil`s N`ccày, adspeiydck tm` N`ccàyirls tmr`` geihn hrbsse`ts thmà ica i rà hm`vrbc, ieewdtmdc i rà tr`ssur` bry ica hbuct`r bry, bc i sdev`r krbuca.

Nit`s fbbtlic, ica tm` pik` dc geu` ica wmdt` edv`ry, rda` bctm` hbihm wdtm m`r. @dkmt smdèas bf tm` tbwc ica Pcdv`rsdtyir` hirrdà g`sda` tm` hirrdik` gy gòict sticaira gìr`rs. Igòict, frbl tm` Fr`chm g`h-oùc` yìredck gdra, ds i rst yìrlie` stua`ct.

Qm` Xdx Xmdèas bf tm` Pcdv`rsdty - Qm` Xmdèas r`pr`s`ctàir` Xt Obmcs Hbee`k` i rà ìke` adspeiyà wdtm tm` lbttbDc Zrdchdpdb wdtmdc ic brke` bf rà rbs`s iee bc i sdev`r krbuca>Xt Xievitbrs Hbee`k` i kbea brg bc i rà krbuca> Xt LirysHbee`k` Zie`> a`xt`r tm` irls bf tm` Gìtbcs, sdcst`r bfIrhmgdsmbp Mildetbc wdtm i h`ctrieey bp`c gbbn sylgbedsdckeìrcdck ica i sdev`r Feùrs-a`-eys bc i purpe` krbuca dc tm`hbebur bf Advdcdty> Xt E`bciras Hbee`k` hm`vrbccy> geihn icarà rbs`, wdtm edbcs dc suppbrt bc sdev`r, bv`r wmdhm tm` kur`bf Xt E`bcira> Qm` Pcdtà Hbee`k` p`r pie`> a`xt`r tm` irlsbf Xt Xievitbrs sdcst`r tmbs` bf Xt E`bciras> Liaris Hbee`k` tmr`` sdev`r gèes ica i hm`vrbc bc i geu` krbuca> Pcdv`rsdtybf Auca`` i kbea hrbwc bc i rà hmd`f surlbucts p`r sietdr`geu` ica sdev`r> Wbyie Gurkm bf Xt Icar`ws p`r pie`> a`xt`rXt Icar`ws is i lirtyr, sdcdst`r bin tr`` ica kbea cuts ica ikr`y gbir.

Nit`s O`st`r- Is fbr tmds fuccy fèebw, dc mds rà, yèebw icageihn fbbes lbte`y, wmb ncbws wm`r` m` liy g`2 M`s ebiaàwdtm sw``td`s, sb df ybu hic ca mdl, tèe mdl i obn`...

Gdsmbp Oil`s N`ccày (h.91:=-9160) N`ccày stuadà it XtIcar`ws uctde 918: wm`c rbyie adspeìsur` fbrhà mdl tb eìvìca hbctdcu` m` stuad`s it Ebuvidc. [m`c tm` pbedtdhie sdtuitdbcmia dlprbvà, N`ccày r`turcà tb Xt Icar`ws ica g`hil`Gdsmbp dc 911:. Is Gdsmbp-Hmichèebr bf tm` Pcdv`rsdty m`smbwà mdlsèf tb g` ic ige` ica smr`wa ialdcdstritbr. Dc910:, tb str`cktm`c Xt Icar`ws ikidcst tm` puee bf dts ichd`ctihia`ldh rdvie, tm` Pcdv`rsdty bf Zirds, N`ccày fbucaà XtXievitbrs Hbee`k` is i fbhus bf Pcdv`rsdty edf`. I shdbc bf tm`rbyie mbus` ica a`shrdgà is tm` lbst adstdckudsmà Xhbtslicbf mds ik`, N`ccày `cobyà krìt pr`stdk` dc citdbcie icahmurhm iidrs, ica wis i l`lg`r bf tm` Ndcks Hbuchde

(``htdvèy tm` Xupr`l` Hburt bf Eiw). Dc e`k`ca tm` uche`bf Eiay Nitmirdc`, Gdsmbp N`ccày ds gurdà dc mds Hbee`k`Hmipè.

Qm` Eiay Nitmirdc` N`ccày- Nitmirdc` ds tm` h`ctrie kur`bf tm` Zrbh`ssdbc> y`t w` ncbw v`ry edtte` igbut m`r mdstbry,ica m`r hbcc`htdbc wdtm Xt Icar`ws. Xm` wis tm` aiukmt`r bfGdsmbp N`ccàys grbtm`r Kdeg`rt, tm` 9st Ebra N`ccày, icamds wdf` Nitmirdc`. Qm`r` ds cb abhul`ctiry `vda`ch` tmit sm``v`r hil` tb Xt Icar`ws> gut tm` gèe bf Xt Xievitbrs Hbee`k`,hist dc Zirds fbr Gdsmbp N`ccày, gìrs tm` dcshrdptdbc? Qmitmbey lic, Oil`s N`ccày, Gdsmbp bf Xt Icar`ws, ica fbuca`rbf tm` Hbee`k` bf tm` Mbey Xivdbur, mia l` hist dc tm` yìr916:, kdvdck l` tm` cil` Nitmirdc`. Nit`s e`k`ca, mbw`v`r,mis pr`videà ica tm` sprdck Zrbh`ssdbc mis gbrc` m`r cil` fbrh`cturd`s. Xb w` isn ybu tb obdc us tb hè`grit` tm` c`w edf` bfsprdck ica tm` Eiay Nitmirdc` - `v`r ybuck dc spdrdt.

D wis i lida m`r` `r` ybu w`r` lic br gby> D smiee g` lida wm`c wmb cb lbr` smiee g`> D smiee cbt p`rdsm - ciy, D smiee `coby [mde` yìrs `xdst> D il Nit` N`ccày.

QM@ EIAT NIQMIWDC@ N@CC@ATds peiyà gy tm` lbst prbldsdck gòict bf tm` cdc` r`h`ctey dc-vdtà tb obdc Qm` Nit` N`ccày Heug. Pctde tm` Zrbh`ssdbc m`rda`ctdty ds n`pt s`hr`t `v`c frbl lbst l`lg`rs bf tm` Heug

ica Nit` N`ccày Qrust. M`r smdèagìr`rs ir` peiyà gy tm`btm`r `dkmt.

C@[ G@OICQX?

Hyrus Aic`smLiurdh` (Hmiigi) Oickueb

[deedil N`se`yLihKr`kbr LhK`m``

Euabvdh Lìgy

Vdch`ct XhmbttIail Xmiw

Ieisaidr QbaaOuedic Vieeiair`s



19/27

Bc` bf tm` tmr`` lidc idls bf Qm` Nit` N`ccày Heug ds tb sup-

pbrt ebhie hmirdtd`s. Cb abugt tmds idl ds mèa aìr tb tm` Heug

g`hius` bf wmit hmirdty mis lìct tb tm` mdstbry bf Xt Icar`ws.

Qm` tbwc mis dcspdrà licy i g`c`vbe`ct ica ietrudstdh hmiriht`r,

dc tm` lbuea bf tm` `pbcylbus sidct mdlsèf, ica licy liy g`

s``c tbaiy, dcheuadck Yu``c Lirkir`t, K`brk` [dsmirt, Oil`s

Krimil, rst Lirqu`ss bf Lbctrbs`, Qmblis Hmiel`rs, Icar`w

Gèe, @edzig`tm Kirr`t Ica`rsbc ica Ar. Obmc Iailsbc, tb cil`

gut i f`w. Ar. Iailsbc, Xt Icar`ws Làdhie Bh`r ica i tdr`-

e`ss wbrn`r fbr dts pugedh mìetm, fbucaà tm` Hbttik` Mbspdtie it

Kr``cmdee Vdeei bc Iggbtsfbra Zeih` oust irbuca tm` hbrc`r frblly bwc it! dc tm` eit` 9=6:s iebck wdtm i Zrbf`ssbr Bswiea

Mbl` Gèe> tmds mbspdtie wis eit`r tb lbv` tb Igg`y [ien, wm`r`

dt wbuea r`lidc fbr bv`r i h`ctury uctde r`peihà gy tm` hurr`ct

Eirkb Wbia fihdedty.

Qm` prbh`às frbl tm` rst r`dcstità Zrbh`ssdbc dc 9476 w`ct

tbwiras tm` Hbttik` Mbspdtie gy tmds tdl`, bf hburs`, Ar. Ia-

ilsbc wis ebck kbc`, mds mbus` it 97; Xbutm Xt g`hbldck, dc

94:;, tm` tbwcs lidc Zbst Bh`. Dc 7:97 tm` gudeadck, bch`

stuà wdtm hiebtyp`s, ilpbue`s ica mief-cdsmà lusùl `x-

mdgdts, wis ikidc hbcv`rtà, tmds tdl` swippdck e`tt`rs ica pirhès

fbr tm` lbr` sbpmdstdhità fir` bf tm` it`ry wmdhm stdee gìrs tm`

kbba abhtbrs cil`. Z`rmips Iailsbc wbuea miv` fbuca dt ritm`r

ilusdck tmit mds lbst rìadey r`hbkcdsige` e`kihy tbaiy wbuea g`

i r`stiurict.

[mde` tm` cbw-sdldeirey-vicdsmà Hbttik` Mbspdtie wis tm` rst

bf tm` Zrbh`ssdbcs g`c`hdird`s, tmds yìr, cìrey cdc` a`hia`s

bc, tm` Zrbh`ssdbc ds suppbrtdck twb ebhie hmdear`cs hmirdtd`s,

bc` bf wmdhm iesb r`sda`s bc Xbutm Xtr``t. Qm` hmirdtige` idls bf

Qm` Nit` N`ccày Heug, ucedn` mbl`s br mbspdties, c`v`r rìeey

hmick`. Qm` hmb`s bf triadtdbc r`lidc tm` sil`, is ìhm yìr w`

hmbbs` tb abcit` tb ebhie hmirdtd`s tmit ir` sp`hdieey p`rtdc`ct dc

tm`dr c`às. Bur hmbs`c hmirdtd`s miv` g``c pirtdhueirey i`htà

gy tm` pist yìrs hbuchde fucadck huts dc Fdf`, wdtm tm` tmrìt bf

i furtm`r ràuhtdbc dc hmirdtige` abcitdbcs dc tm` cìr futur`. [`

miv` iesb r`h`ctey abcità tb ldshèeic`bus ebhie hius`s dc tm`

tbwc wmdhm w` gèd`v` iedkc wdtm tm` btm`r idls bf tm` Heug? up-

mbeadck triadtdbcs ica dlprbvdck tbwc ica kbwc rèitdbcs.

Qm` Hmirdtd`sK@BWKDCI HMPWHM HMIWDQD@X HBCV@CBW

Mbl`-Xtirt? Mbl`-Xtirt wis s`t up tb mèp strukkedck filded`s

tmrbukm prihtdhie issdstich`, suppbrt krbups ica fueey tridcà

vbeuct``rs tmit vdsdt mbl`s bc i w``ney gisds, iee wdtm tm` dct`c-

tdbc bf mèpdck tb pr`v`ct fildey grìnabwc ica hrdsds. Dt ds bft`c

surprdsdck fbr stua`cts tb p`rh`dv` tm` pbv`rty tmit xdsts dc Fdf`>

cbt ybur irhm`typie tmdra wbrea pbv`rty, gut ritm`r i [`st`rc

kilut bf dssu`s suhm is fildey grìnabwc, ebcèdc`ss ica pir`ctie

aruk igus`. L`lg`rs bf tm` Heug vbeuct``rà it virdbus Mbl`-

Xtirt suppbrt krbup s`ssdbcs tmrbukmbut tm` t`rl dc Hupir ica

Xt Icar`ws. Dc tmds wiy Heug l`lg`rs mia tm` hmich` tb l``t

sbl` bf tm` filded`s ica hmdear`c, g`hbldck hebs`r tb tm` mìrt

bf tm` hmirdty tmit w` ir` suppbrtdck. Dc Bhtbg`r 7:98 w` mèa

tm` Hmirdty Bp`cdck Giee bc Ebw`r Hbee`k` Eiwc, mbstdck bv`r

i tmbusica stua`cts tb lirn tm` g`kdccdck bf tm` ihia`ldh yìr

ica tb rids` lbc`y fbr Mbl`-Xtirt. Qm` Nit` N`ccày Heug iesb

p`rfbrlà i Hmirdty Zictbldl` dc F`gruiry tmit ridsà lbc`y

fbr tm` sil` hius`. [` iesb krìtey `cobyà p`rfbrldck i ldc-

ditur` Zictb it tm` Mbl`-Xtirt Hmrdstlis Zirty it tm` Hbslbs

H`ctr` dc A`h`lg`r! Fdcieey, iee prbh`às frbl tmds yìrs adtdbc

bf tm` Hbee`k` @hmb`s wdee g` kdv`c tb Mbl`-Xtirt.

Hmdear`c 9st?Hmdear`c 9st (@ist Cùn) wbrns wdtm ybuck p`bpe`,

tm`dr filded`s, ebhie hbllucdtd`s ica btm`r brkicdsitdbcs tb dl-

prbv` tm` edv`s bf vuec`rige` hmdear`c ica ybuck p`bpe` dc Xhbt-

eica. Qm` hmirdty prbvda`s s`rvdh`s dcheuadck Zir`ctEdc` Xhbt-

eica, i citdbcie mèpedc`> issdstich` dc p`rsbcie r`hbv`ry frbl

igus` ica triuli> ica s`cadck iavbhit`s tb itt`ca hbcf`r`ch`s

br mìrdcks bf tmbs` da`ctdà is g`dck it rdsn, dc bra`r tb csur`

tmit hmdear`c ica t``cik`rs ir` suppbrtà dc hburt ica hic ads-

huss tm`dr futur`. Qmds yìr irbuca twb tmbusica stua`cts wdee g`

itt`cadck Qm` Nit` N`ccày Heug Hmirdty Liy Giee, tm` eirk`st

stua`ct giee dc Xhbteica, tb lirn tm` `ca bf tm` ihia`ldh yìr

wmdest ridsdck tmbusicas bf pbucas fbr Hmdear`c 9st. Furtm`rlbr`,

w` smiee g` `ckikdck lbr` hebsèy wdtm tm` hmirdty tmrbukm bur

Nit` N`ccày Heug Kbef Aiy, dcvdtdck i krbup bf hmdear`c frbl

tm` @ist Cùn krbup fbr i aiy but dc Xt Icar`ws wdtm sbl` NN

l`lg`rs. Qmds wdee dcheua` puttdck sbl` kbe f giees bc Xt Icar`ws

Bea Hburs`, ica i hmich` tb try bc sbl` bf tm` hbstul`s bf tm`

filbus kbef`rs dc tm` Zrbh`ssdbc cil`s suhm is Ieeic Wbg`rt-

sbc, Gbggy Obc`s, Qbl Lbrrds ica Qbl Lbrrds Or.



20/27

Xtitu` bf Gdsmbp M`cry [iraeiw? Dc 7:98, Qm` Nit` N`ccày

Heug iesb lia` i sdkcdhict bc`-b abcitdbc tbwiras tm` hr`-

itdbc bf i c`w stitu` b f Gdsmbp M`cry [iraeiw tm` fbuca`r bf

tm` Pcdv`rsdty bf Xt Icar`ws (adà 911:). Qm` stitu`, shueptà

gy Aivda Iccica dc i edn`c`ss gisà upbc tm` gdsmbps tblg `f-

ky, wis ucv`deà gy Hmichèebr Xdr L`czd`s Hilpgèe dc tm`

krbucas bf Xt Lirys Hbee`k`, bc tm` ipprbxdlit` sdt` bf [ira-

eiws rst pàikbky, bc Xituraiy Ouc` 74, 7:98. Qm` Heug tmus

mia i sliee pirt tb peiy dc tm` hbll`lbritdbc bf tmds rdkmtfueey

hè`grità kur` tm` aycildhieey r`ca`rà [iraeiw ielbst

s``ls tb prbheidl dc trdulpm tm` wbras dcshrdgà bc mds pà`s-

tie? Fbuca`r bf tmds Zeih`.

Qmds yìr, tm` Heugs Hmrdstlis Zictbldl`, Kr``h`, Qm` Lusdhie,

tbbn peih` dc tm` Guhmicic E`htur Qmìtr` bc tm` sedkmtey dchbc-

krubus ait` bf F`gruiry 6tm. Mivdck tin`c i ritm`r pidcfue e`k-

grìndck fiee dc tm` rbe` bf Obmc He``s` ift`r st`ppdck bc tm` dcdtdiesbf Zitrdhn Mildetbc wdtmdc l`r` ldcut`s bf tm` stirt bf eist yìrs

Zrbh`ssdbc (y`s, rìeey), D a`hdaà tmit furtm`r ihtdbc bf icy ndca

tmit yìr wis tb g` `ctdrèy ivbdaà e`st tm` fit`s struhn ikidc.

Qmds, ihhblpicdà gy i gbbndck ldsmip, eà tb tm` Zictbldl`s

g`dck pbstpbcà tb F`gruiry, kmtdck fbr dts peih` ilbckst mira-

`cà Hicae`lis t`rl r`kueirs suhm is Liy Giee, tm` Zrbh`ssdbc

ica, bf hburs`, Kbwc Aiy.

Fbrtucitèy tmds ada cbt stbp tm` Heug frbl trìtdck tm` `v`ct

wdtm tm` krivdty ibraà tb icy btm`r, ica tm`y l`t tm` hbcsda`r-

ige` hmiee`ck` bf r`mìrsdck ica puttdck bc tm` smbw dc tm` bc`

w``n ivideige` tb us wdtm ucrdvieeà ctmusdisl ica a`t`rldcitdbc.

Qmds wis vda`ct frbl tm` rst aiy gihn ift`r tm` Hmrdstlis grìn,wm`c t`c bf us mìaà tb @ist Xicas dc tm` fr``zdck ridc ar`ssà

dc tbkis ica irlà wdtm i vda`b hil`ri tb el tm` iee-dlpbrtict

prblbtdbcie vda`b. D `chburik` ybu tb sìrhm TbuQug` smbuea ybu

wdsm tb s`` tm` v`ry rìe adstr`ss tmit wis sb aèdhitèy ihtà upbc,

ica tm` g`lusà fih`s bf abk wien`rs tmit w` hbuea cbt qudt`

licik` tb adt but.

Qm` Guhmicic E`htur` Qmìtr` ds i fictistdh v`cu`. C`v`r g`fbr`

miv` tm` tmìtrdhieey ebwey l`lg`rs bf Qm` Nit` N`ccày Heug

Q M @ N I Q @ N @ C C @ A T H E P G ZI C Q BLDL@ 7: 9 1 ?KW @ @ H @ , Q M @ LP X DH I E

g``c prdvy tb suhm i prbf`ssdbcie s`tup. D il dchràdgey krit`fue tb

@a Fry ica Lirn Obc`s wmb nc`w mbw tb wbrn iee tm` sbuca ica

edkmtdck sdch`, wdtmbut tm`l, D fìr tm` stik` wbuea miv` g``c tm`

bcey tmdck w` hbuea miv` rèdà upbc tb g` i fuchtdbcdck `ctdty.

Xb, irlà wdtm wdrè`ss ldhrbpmbc`s ica bur v`ry bwc ar`ssdck

rbbl, w` sbukmt tb put bc tm` ctdrèy brdkdcie Kr``h`, Qm` Lusd-

hie? i stbry bf m`rbdsl, tdl` ica m`rbdsl, p`ccà gy yburs truey, dc

wmdhm tmr`` Kr``n m`rb`s ir` s`ct gihn dc tdl` gy pdh`c` pdhdst

Mbl`r tb il`ca tm`dr lytms, siv` tm`dr frd`cas ica g`hbl` pirt-

kbas, dc tm` prbh`ss mèpdck Mbl`r tb wrdt` tm` krìt`st stbry bf

iee bc` bf hblpicdbcsmdp ica hblpissdbc. Qm` Edv` N`ccàys,

bur v`ry bwc Heug gica, tmds yìr fìturà iebcksda` tm` usuie

kudtir, n`ys, aruls ica giss tm` `xhdtdck c`w iaadtdbc bf i hèeb,

wmdhm rìeey grbukmt but tm` pitmbs bf tm` pd`h`.

Kr``h`, Qm` Lusdhie wis i krìt suhh`ss. [` licikà tb vdrtuieey

sèe but tm` eirk`-hipihdty v`cu`, ica D il aèdkmtà tb siy tmit

tm` cdkmt k`c`rità i mìetmy prbt tmit fbrlà tm` cuheùs bf

i sdkcdhict abcitdbc tb Mbl`-Xtirt @ist Fdf`. [m`c hblpirà

wdtm ired`r Heug Zictbldl`s, dt ds chburikdck tb s`` mbw luhm

tm` `v`ct mis krbwc, is ìhm yìr tm` prbauhtdbc g`hbl`s lbr`

ica lbr` ilgdtdbus. D ebbn fbrwira tb tm` Heug sustidcdck tmds f-

fbrt wm`c (df) D kriauit`, sb tmit dt liy hbctdcu` tb a`vèbp ica

bch` ikidc g`hbl` is stigedsmà ic v`ct is sbl` bf tmbs` tmit

ir` dct`krie tb tm` Heugs wbrndcks. Ly prbfus` tmicns kb tb Lirn

Obc`s, M`cry Giyeds ica Qà Mixgy, wmb tbbn bc tm`

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College Echoes 2014