15
History of South Korea 1 History of South Korea The history of South Korea formally begins with the establishment of South Korea on 15 August 1948, although Syngman Rhee had declared the establishment in Seoul on 13 August. In the aftermath of the Japanese occupation of Korea which ended with Japan's defeat in World War II in 1945, Korea was divided at the 38th parallel north in accordance with a United Nations arrangement, to be administered by the Soviet Union in the north and the United States in the south. The Soviets and Americans were unable to agree on the implementation of Joint Trusteeship over Korea. This led in 1948 to the establishment of two separate governments, each claiming to be the legitimate government of all of Korea. Eventually, following the Korean War, the two separate governments stabilized into the existing political entities of North and South Korea.1 South Korea's subsequent history is marked by alternating periods of democratic and autocratic rule. Civilian governments are conventionally numbered from the First Republic of Syngman Rhee to the contemporary Sixth Republic. The First Republic, arguably democratic at its inception, became increasingly autocratic until its collapse in 1960. The Second Republic was strongly democratic, but was overthrown in less than a year and replaced by an autocratic military regime. The Third, Fourth, and Fifth Republics were nominally democratic, but are widely regarded as the continuation of military rule. With the Sixth Republic, the country has gradually stabilized into a liberal democracy. Since its inception, South Korea has seen substantial development in education, economy, and culture. Since the 1960s, the country has developed from one of Asia's poorest to one of the world's wealthiest nations. Education, particularly at the tertiary level, has expanded dramatically. It is said to be one of the "Four Tigers" of rising Asian states along with Singapore, Taiwan and Hong Kong. [1][2] U.S. Military administration Yeo Woon-Hyung (far right) at the US-Soviet Joint Commission in 1947 After Japan's surrender to the Allied Powers, division at the 38th parallel marked the beginning of Soviet and U.S. trusteeship over the North and South, respectively. This division was meant to be temporary and was first intended to return a unified Korea back to its people until the United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, and Republic of China could arrange a trusteeship administration. In February 1945, the issue of trusteeship for Korea was discussed at the Yalta Conference. [3][4][5] U.S. forces landed at Incheon on September 8, 1945 and established a military government shortly thereafter. [6] They were commanded by Lt. General John R. Hodge, who then took charge of the government. [7] Faced with mounting popular discontent, in October 1945 Hodge established the Korean Advisory Council. A year later, an interim legislature and interim government were established, headed by Kim Kyu-shik and Syngman Rhee respectively. However, these interim bodies lacked any independent authority or de jure sovereignty, which was still held by the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea based in China, but U.S. leaders chose to ignore its legitimacy, partly due to the belief that it was communist-aligned. [8][9] The country in this period was plagued by political and economic chaos, which arose from a variety of causes. The aftereffects of the Japanese exploitation were still felt in the country, as in the North. [10] In addition, the U.S. military was largely unprepared for the challenge of administering the country, arriving with no knowledge of the language, culture or political situation. [8] Thus, many of their policies had unintended destabilizing effects. Waves of refugees from North Korea and returnees from abroad also helped to keep the country in turmoil. [11]

Collection

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Collection

History of South Korea 1

History of South KoreaThe history of South Korea formally begins with the establishment of South Korea on 15 August 1948, althoughSyngman Rhee had declared the establishment in Seoul on 13 August.In the aftermath of the Japanese occupation of Korea which ended with Japan's defeat in World War II in 1945,Korea was divided at the 38th parallel north in accordance with a United Nations arrangement, to be administered bythe Soviet Union in the north and the United States in the south. The Soviets and Americans were unable to agree onthe implementation of Joint Trusteeship over Korea. This led in 1948 to the establishment of two separategovernments, each claiming to be the legitimate government of all of Korea. Eventually, following the Korean War,the two separate governments stabilized into the existing political entities of North and South Korea.1South Korea's subsequent history is marked by alternating periods of democratic and autocratic rule. Civiliangovernments are conventionally numbered from the First Republic of Syngman Rhee to the contemporary SixthRepublic. The First Republic, arguably democratic at its inception, became increasingly autocratic until its collapsein 1960. The Second Republic was strongly democratic, but was overthrown in less than a year and replaced by anautocratic military regime. The Third, Fourth, and Fifth Republics were nominally democratic, but are widelyregarded as the continuation of military rule. With the Sixth Republic, the country has gradually stabilized into aliberal democracy.Since its inception, South Korea has seen substantial development in education, economy, and culture. Since the1960s, the country has developed from one of Asia's poorest to one of the world's wealthiest nations. Education,particularly at the tertiary level, has expanded dramatically. It is said to be one of the "Four Tigers" of rising Asianstates along with Singapore, Taiwan and Hong Kong.[1][2]

U.S. Military administration

Yeo Woon-Hyung (far right) at the US-SovietJoint Commission in 1947

After Japan's surrender to the Allied Powers, division at the 38thparallel marked the beginning of Soviet and U.S. trusteeship over theNorth and South, respectively. This division was meant to betemporary and was first intended to return a unified Korea back to itspeople until the United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, andRepublic of China could arrange a trusteeship administration. InFebruary 1945, the issue of trusteeship for Korea was discussed at theYalta Conference.[3][4][5] U.S. forces landed at Incheon on September8, 1945 and established a military government shortly thereafter.[6]

They were commanded by Lt. General John R. Hodge, who then tookcharge of the government.[7] Faced with mounting popular discontent,

in October 1945 Hodge established the Korean Advisory Council. A year later, an interim legislature and interimgovernment were established, headed by Kim Kyu-shik and Syngman Rhee respectively. However, these interimbodies lacked any independent authority or de jure sovereignty, which was still held by the Provisional Governmentof the Republic of Korea based in China, but U.S. leaders chose to ignore its legitimacy, partly due to the belief thatit was communist-aligned.[8][9]

The country in this period was plagued by political and economic chaos, which arose from a variety of causes. Theaftereffects of the Japanese exploitation were still felt in the country, as in the North.[10] In addition, the U.S. militarywas largely unprepared for the challenge of administering the country, arriving with no knowledge of the language,culture or political situation.[8] Thus, many of their policies had unintended destabilizing effects. Waves of refugeesfrom North Korea and returnees from abroad also helped to keep the country in turmoil.[11]

Page 2: Collection

History of South Korea 2

In December 1945, a conference convened in Moscow to discuss the future of Korea.[12] A 5-year trusteeship wasdiscussed, and a US-Soviet joint commission was established. The commission met intermittently in Seoul butdeadlocked over the issue of establishing a national government. In September 1947, with no solution in sight, theUnited States submitted the Korean question to the UN General Assembly.[3][4]

The resolution from the UN General Assembly called for a UN-supervised general election in Korea, but with theNorth rejecting this proposition, a general election for a Constitutional Assembly was held in the South only, in May1948. A constitution was adopted, setting forth a presidential form of government and specifying a four-year term forthe presidency. According to the provisions of the Constitution, an indirect presidential election was held in July.Syngman Rhee, as head of the new assembly, assumed the presidency and proclaimed the Republic of Korea (SouthKorea) on August 15, 1948.[13][14][15]

First Republic

Crossing the 38th parallel. United Nations forceswithdraw from Pyongyang, 1950.

General Douglas MacArthur and Syngman Rhee,Korea's first President, warmly greet one another

upon the General's arrival at Gimpo Air ForceBase

On August 15, 1948, the Republic of Korea was formally established,with Syngman Rhee as the first president. With the establishment ofRhee's government, de jure sovereignty also passed into the newgovernment. On September 9, 1948, a communist regime, theDemocratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea), was proclaimedunder Kim Il Sung.[13][14][15] However, on December 12, 1948, by itsresolution 195 in the Third General Assembly, the United Nationsrecognized the Republic of Korea as the sole legal government ofKorea.[16]

In 1946, the North implemented land reforms by confiscating privateproperty, Japanese and pro-Japanese owned facilities and factories, andplaced them under state ownership.[13] Demand for land reform in theSouth grew strong; the land reform act was enacted in June 1949whereby Koreans with large landholdings were obliged to divest mostof their land. Approximately 40 percent of total farm householdsbecame small landowners.[17] However, because preemptive rightswere given to people who had ties with landowners before liberation,many pro-Japanese groups obtained or retained properties.[13]

The country now divided, the relationship between the two Koreasturned more antagonistic as time passed. The Soviet forces havingwithdrawn in 1948, North Korea pressured the South to expel theUnited States forces but Rhee sought to align his government stronglywith America, and against both North Korea and Japan.[18] Althoughsome talks towards normalization of relations with Japan took place,they achieved little.[19] Meanwhile, the government took in vast sumsof American aid, in amounts sometimes near the total size of the national budget.[20] The nationalist government alsocontinued many of the practices of the U.S. military government. This included the brutal repression of leftistactivity. In 1948, the Rhee government repressed military uprisings in Jeju, Suncheon and Yeosu.[14][21]

The main policy of the First Republic on North Korea was anti-communism and "unification by expandingnorthward". The South's military was neither sufficiently equipped nor prepared, but the Rhee administration wasdetermined to reunify Korea by military force with aid from the United States. However, in the second parliamentaryelections held on May 30, 1950, the majority of seats went to independents, confirming the lack of support and thefragile state of the nation.[14][22][23]

Page 3: Collection

History of South Korea 3

On June 25, 1950, North Korean forces invaded South Korea. Led by the U.S., a 16-member coalition undertook thefirst collective action under the United Nations Command (UNC).[24][25][26] Oscillating battle lines inflicted a highnumber of civilian casualties and wrought immense destruction. With the People's Republic of China's entry onbehalf of North Korea in 1951, the fighting came to a stalemate close to the original line of demarcation. Armisticenegotiations, initiated in July 1951, finally concluded on July 27, 1953 [27] at Panmunjeom, now in the DemilitarizedZone (DMZ). Following the armistice, the South Korean government returned to Seoul on the symbolic date ofAugust 15, 1953.[24][28]

After the armistice, South Korea experienced political turmoil under years of autocratic leadership of SyngmanRhee, which was ended by student revolt in 1960. Throughout his rule, Rhee sought to take additional steps tocement his control of government. These began in 1952, when the government was still based in Busan due to theongoing war. In May of that year, Rhee pushed through constitutional amendments which made the presidency adirectly-elected position. To do this, he declared martial law, arrested opposing members of parliament,demonstrators, and anti-government groups. Rhee was subsequently elected by a wide margin.[29][30][31]

Rhee regained control of parliament in the 1954 elections, and thereupon fraudulently pushed through an amendmentto exempt himself from the eight-year term limit, and was once again re-elected in 1956.[32] Soon after, Rhee'sadministration arrested members of the opposing party and executed the leader after accusing him of being a NorthKorean spy.[31][33]

The administration became increasingly repressive while dominating the political arena and in 1958, sought toamend the National Security Law to tighten government control over all levels of administration, including the localunits.[30] These measures caused much outrage among the people, but despite the society's resentment, Rhee'sadministration rigged the March 15, 1960 presidential elections and won by a landslide.[34]

On that election day, protests by students and citizens against the irregularities of the election burst out in the city ofMasan. Initially these protests were quelled with force by local police, but when the body of a student was foundfloating in the harbor of Masan,[34][35] the whole nation was enraged and protests spread nationwide. On April 19,students from various universities and schools rallied and marched in protest in the Seoul streets, in what would becalled the April Revolution. The government declared martial law, called in the army, and suppressed the crowdswith open fire.[34][36][37] Subsequent protests throughout the country shook the government, and after an escalatedprotest with university professors taking to the streets on April 25, Rhee handed in his formal resignation on April26.[34][36]

Second RepublicAfter the student revolution, power was briefly held by an interim administration under the foreign minister HeoJeong.[38] A new parliamentary election was held on July 29, 1960. The Democratic Party, which had been in theopposition during the First Republic, easily gained power and the Second Republic was established. The revisedconstitution dictated the Second Republic to take the form of a parliamentary cabinet system where the Presidenttook only a nominal role. This was the first and the only instance South Korea turned to a parliamentary cabinetsystem instead of a presidential system.[39] The assembly elected Yun Bo-seon as President and Chang Myon as theprime minister and head of government in August, 1960.[34][36][40][41]

The Second Republic saw the proliferation of political activity which had been repressed under the Rhee regime.Much of this activity was from leftist and student groups, which had been instrumental in the overthrow of the FirstRepublic. Union membership and activity grew rapidly during the later months of 1960, including the Teachers'Union, Journalists' Union, and the Federation of Korean Trade Union.[34][36][42] Around 2,000 demonstrations wereheld during the eight months of the Second Republic.[43]

Under pressure from the left, the Chang government carried out a series of purges of military and police officials who had been involved in anti-democratic activities or corruption. A Special Law to this effect was passed on October 31, 1960.[44][45] 40,000 people were placed under investigation; of these, more than 2,200 government

Page 4: Collection

History of South Korea 4

officials and 4,000 police officers were purged.[44] In addition, the government considered reducing the size of thearmy by 100,000, although this plan was shelved.[46]

In economic terms as well, the government was faced with mounting instability. The government formulated afive-year economic development plan, although it was unable to act on it prior to being overthrown.[36][47] TheSecond Republic saw the hwan lose half of its value against the dollar between fall 1960 and spring 1961.[48]

Although the government had been established with support of the people, it had failed to implement effectivereforms which brought about endless social unrest, political turmoil and ultimately, the 5.16 coup d'état.

Military ruleThe May 16 coup, led by Major General Park Chung-hee on May 16, 1961, put an effective end to the SecondRepublic. Park was one of a group of military leaders who had been pushing for the de-politicization of the military.Dissatisfied with the cleanup measures undertaken by the Second Republic and convinced that the currentdisoriented state would collapse into communism, they chose to take matters into their own hands.[49][50][51]

The National Assembly was dissolved and military officers replaced the civilian officials. In May 1961, the juntadeclared "Pledges of the Revolution": anticommunism was to be the nation's main policy; friendly relations would bestrengthened with allies of the free world, notably the United States; all corruption and government misdeed wouldbe disposed and "fresh and clean morality" would be introduced; the reconstruction of a self-reliant economy wouldbe priority; the nation's ability would be nurtured to fight against communism and achieve reunification; and thatgovernment would be returned to a democratic civilian government within two years.[49][50][51][52]

As a means to check the opposition, the military authority created the Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA) inJune 1961, with Kim Jong-pil, a relative of Park, as its first director.[50][52][53] In December 1962, a referendum washeld on returning to a presidential system of rule, which was allegedly passed with a 78% majority.[54] Park and theother military leaders pledged not to run for office in the next elections. However, Park became presidentialcandidate of the new Democratic Republican Party (DRP), which consisted of mainly KCIA officials, ran forpresident and won the election of 1963 by a narrow margin.[49][51][52][54]

Third Republic

Page 5: Collection

History of South Korea 5

Park Chung-hee in 1964

Park's administration started the Third Republic by announcing the FiveYear Economic development Plan, an export-oriented industrializationpolicy. Top priority was placed on the growth of a self-reliant economyand modernization; "Development First, Unification Later" became theslogan of the times and the economy grew rapidly with vast improvementin industrial structure, especially in the basic and heavy chemicalindustries.[55][56] Capital was needed for such development, so the Parkregime used the influx of foreign aid from Japan and the United States toprovide loans to export businesses, with preferential treatment inobtaining low-interest bank loans and tax benefits. Cooperating with thegovernment, these businesses would later become the chaebol.[50][55][57]

Relations with Japan were normalized by the Korea-Japan treaty ratifiedin June 1965.[58][59] This treaty brought Japanese funds in the form ofloans and compensation for the damages suffered during the colonial erawithout an official apology from the Japanese government, sparkingmuch protest across the nation.[50][55]

The government also kept close ties with the United States, andcontinued to receive large amounts of aid. A status of forces agreementwas concluded in 1966, clarifying the legal situation of the US forces stationed there.[60][61] Soon thereafter, Koreajoined the Vietnam War, eventually sending a total of 300,000 soldiers to fight alongside US and South Vietnamesetroops.[50][56][62]

Economic and technological growth during this period improved the standard for living, which expandedopportunities for education. Workers with higher education were absorbed by the rapidly growing industrial andcommercial sectors, and urban population surged.[63] Construction of the Gyeongbu Expressway was completed andlinked Seoul to the nation's southeastern region and the port cities of Incheon and Busan. Despite the immenseeconomic growth, however, the standard of living for city laborers and farmers was still low. Laborers were workingwith low wages to increase the price competitiveness for the export-oriented economy plan, and farmers were in nearpoverty as the government controlled prices.[55][64] As the rural economy steadily lost ground and caused dissentamong the farmers, however, the government decided to implement measures to increase farm productivity andincome by instituting the Saemauel Movement ("New Village Movement") in 1971. The movement's goal was toimprove the quality of rural life, modernize both rural and urban societies and narrow the income gap betweenthem.[63][65]

Park ran again in the election of 1967, taking 51.4% of the vote.[54] At the time the presidency was constitutionallylimited to two terms, but a constitutional amendment was forced through the National Assembly in 1969 to allowhim to seek a third term.[55][66][67] Major protests and demonstrations against the constitutional amendment brokeout, with large support gaining for the opposition leader Kim Dae-jung, but Park was again re-elected in the 1971presidential election.[68]

Parliamentary elections followed shortly after the presidential election where the opposition party garnered most ofthe seats, giving them the power to pass constitutional amendments. Park, feeling threatened, declared a state ofnational emergency on December 6, 1971.[55] In the midst of this domestic insecurity, the Nixon Doctrine had easedtensions among the world superpowers on the international scene, which caused a dilemma for Park, who hadjustified his regime based on the state policy of anti-communism.[55] In a sudden gesture, the government proclaimeda joint communiqué for reunification with North Korea on July 4, 1972, and held Red Cross talks in Seoul andPyongyang. However, there was no change in government policy regarding reunification, and on October 17, 1972,Park declared martial law, dissolving the National Assembly and suspending the constitution.[65][69]

Page 6: Collection

History of South Korea 6

Fourth RepublicThe Fourth Republic began with the adoption of the Yusin Constitution on November 21, 1972. This newconstitution gave Park effective control over the parliament and the possibility of permanent presidency. Thepresident would be elected through indirect election by an elected body, and the term of presidency was extended tosix years with no restrictions on reappointment. The legislature and judiciary were controlled by the government, andeducational guidelines was under direct surveillance as well. Textbooks supporting the ideology of the militarygovernment were authorized by the government, diminishing the responsibilities of the Ministry of Education.[65]

Despite social and political unrest, the economy continued to flourish under the authoritarian rule with theexport-based industrialization policy. The first two five-year economic development plans were successful, and the3rd and 4th five-year plans focused on expanding the heavy and chemical industries, raising the capability for steelproduction and oil refining. However, large conglomerate chaebols were continuously receiving preferentialtreatment and soon came to dominate the domestic market. As most of the development had come from foreigncapital, most of the profit went back to repaying the loans and interest.[57][65]

Students and activists for democracy continued their demonstrations and protests for the abolition of the Yushinsystem and in the face of continuing popular unrest, Park's administration promulgated emergency decrees in 1974and 1975, which led to the jailing of hundreds of dissidents. The protests grew larger and stronger, with politicians,intellectuals, religious leaders, laborers and farmers all joining in the movement for democracy. In 1978, Park waselected to another term by indirect election, which was met with more demonstrations and protests. The governmentretaliated by removing the opposition leader Kim Young-sam from the assembly and suppressing the activists withviolent means. In 1979, mass anti-government demonstrations occurred nationwide, in the midst of this politicalturmoil, Park Chung-hee was assassinated by the director of the KCIA, Kim Jae-kyu, thus bringing the 18-year ruleof military regime to an end.[65][69][70]

Fifth Republic

Mangwol-dong cemetery, burial grounds of thevictims of the Gwangju Democratization

Movement

After the assassination of Park Chung-hee, prime minister ChoiKyu-hah took the president's role only to be usurped 6 days later byMajor General Chun Doo-hwan's 1979 Coup d'état of DecemberTwelfth.[65] In May of the following year, a vocal civil societycomposed primarily of university students and labor unions led strongprotests against authoritarian rule all over the country. Chun Doo-hwandeclared martial law on May 17, 1980, and protests escalated. Politicalopponents Kim Dae-jung and Kim Jong-pil were arrested, and KimYoung-sam was confined to house arrest.[71]

On May 18, 1980, a confrontation broke out in the city of Gwangjubetween protesting students of Chonnam National University and thearmed forces dispatched by the Martial Law Command. The incidentturned into a citywide protest that lasted nine days until May 27 and resulted in the Gwangju Massacre. Immediateestimates of the civilian death toll ranged from a few dozen to 2000, with a later full investigation by the civiliangovernment finding nearly 200 deaths and 850 injured.[72][73][74] In June 1980, Chun ordered the National Assemblyto be dissolved. He subsequently created the National Defense Emergency Policy Committee, and installed himselfas a

Page 7: Collection

History of South Korea 7

Seoul Arts Center at night

member. On 17 July, he resigned his position of KCIA Director, andthen held only the position of committee member. In September 1980,President Choi Kyu-ha was forced to resign from president to give wayto the new military leader, Chun Doo-hwan.

In September of that year, Chun was elected president by indirectelection and inaugurated in March of the following year, officiallystarting the 5th Republic. A new Constitution was established withnotable changes; maintaining the presidential system but limiting to asingle 7 year term, strengthening the authority of the NationalAssembly, and conferring the responsibilities of appointing judiciary tothe Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. However, the system ofindirect election of president stayed and many military persons were appointed to highly ranked governmentpositions, keeping the remnants of the Yushin era.[74][75]

The government promised a new era of economic growth and democratic justice. Tight monetary laws and lowinterest rates contributed to price stability and helped boom the economy with notable growth in the electronics,semi-conductor, and automobile industries. The country opened up to foreign investments and GDP rose as Koreanexports increased. The rapid economic growth, however, widened the gap between the rich and the poor, the urbanand rural regions, and also inter-regional conflicts. These dissensions, added to the hard-line measures taken againstopposition against the government, gave rise to intense rural and student movement, which had continued since thebeginning of the republic.[71][75]

In foreign policy, ties with Japan were strengthened by state visits by both Chun to Japan and Japanese PrimeMinister Nakasone Yasuhiro to Korea. U.S. President Ronald Reagan also paid a visit, and relations with the SovietUnion and China improved.[76] The relationship with North Korea was strained at the beginning, when in 1983 aterrorist bomb attack in Burma killed 17 high-ranking officials attending memorial ceremonies and North Korea wasalleged to be behind the attacks. However, in 1980 North Korea had submitted a "one nation, two system"reunification proposal which was met with a suggestion from the South to meet and prepare a unification constitutionand government through a referendum. The humanitarian issue of reuniting separated families was dealt with first,and in September 1985, families from both sides of the border made cross visits to Seoul and Pyongyang in a historicevent.[71][75]

The government made many efforts for cultural development: the National Museum of Korea, Seoul Arts Center,National Museum of Contemporary Art were all constructed during this time. The 1986 Asian Games were heldsuccessfully, and the bid for the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul was successful as well.[71]

Despite the economic growth and results in diplomacy, the government, having gained power by coup d'etat, wasessentially a military regime.[75] Public support and trust was low when the promises for democratic justice nevermaterialized. In the 1985 National Assembly elections, opposition parties together won more votes than thegovernment party, clearly indicating that the public wanted a change.[77] Many started to sympathize with theprotesting students. The Gwangju Massacre was never forgotten and in January 1987, when a protesting SeoulNational University student died under police interrogation, public fury was immense. In April 1987, President Chunmade a declaration in an attempt to overpower the opposition that measures would be taken to protect the currentconstitution at the end of his term, instead of contemplating constitutional reform that would call for direct electionof the president. This announcement consolidated the people, with more than a million students and citizensparticipating in anti-government protests all over the nation in June 1987 in the June DemocracyMovement.[75][78][79]

On June 29, 1987, the government's presidential nominee Roh Tae-woo succumbed to the demands and announced the Declaration of Political Reforms which called for the holding of direct presidential elections and restoration of civil rights. In October 1987 a revised Constitution was approved by national referendum and direct elections for a

Page 8: Collection

History of South Korea 8

new president were carried out in December, bringing the 5th Republic to a close.[78][80]

Sixth Republic

World Heritage site Bulguksa Temple

Olympic Park - Seoul, South Korea

Sea of supporters in Seoul during the 2002 FIFAWorld Cup

The Sixth Republic began in 1987 and remains the current republic ofSouth Korea (2012).[81] It started with the election of Roh Tae-woo aspresident for the 13th presidential term in the first direct presidentialelection in 16 years. Although Roh was from a military backgroundand one of the leaders of Chun's coup d'etat, the inability of theopposition leaders Kim Dae Jung and Kim Young Sam to agree on aunified candidacy led to his being elected.[82][83]

Roh was officially inaugurated in February 1988. The government setout to eliminate past vestiges of authoritarian rule, by revising laws anddecrees to fit democratic provisions. Freedom of press was expanded,university autonomy recognised, and restrictions on overseas travelswere lifted.[84] However, the growth of the economy had slowed downcompared to the 80s, with strong labor unions and higher wagesreducing the competitiveness of Korean products on the internationalmarket, resulting in stagnant exports, while commodity prices kept onrising.

Shortly after Roh's inauguration, the Seoul Olympics took place,raising South Korea's international recognition and also greatlyinfluencing foreign policy. Roh's government announced the officialunification plan, Nordpolitik, established diplomatic ties with theSoviet Union, China, and countries in East Europe.[82]

A historic event was held in 1990 when North Korea accepted theproposal for exchange between the two Koreas, resulting in high-leveltalks, cultural and sports exchange. In 1991, a joint communique ondenuclearization agreed upon, and the two Koreas simultaneouslybecame members of the UN .[82][85]

When Roh's tenure was over, Kim Young-sam was elected presidentin the 1992 elections. He was the country's first civilian president in 30years and he promised to build a "New Korea".[86] The government setout to correct the mistakes of the previous administrations. Localgovernment elections were held in 1995, and parliamentary elections in1996. Adhering to popular demand, former presidents Chun and Roh were both indicted on charges linked tobribery, illegal funds, and in the case of Chun, responsibility for the incident in Gwangju. They were tried andsentenced to prison in December, 1996.[86][87]

Relations with the North improved and a summit meeting was planned, but was postponed indefinitely with thedeath of Kim Il Sung. Tensions varied between the two Koreas thereafter, with cycle of small military skirmishesand apologies. The government also carried out substantial financial and economical reforms, joined the OECD in1996, but met

Page 9: Collection

History of South Korea 9

President George W. Bush and Laura Bushwelcome South Korean President Lee Myung-bak

and his wife, Kim Yoon-ok to the Presidentialretreat at Camp David, Maryland in 2008.

crisis with political and financial scandals. The country also facedvarious catastrophes at the time; train collision and ship sinking in1993, Seoul's Seongsu Bridge and Sampoong Department Storecollapsing in 1994. These incidents, which claimed many lives, were ablow to the civilian government.[86]

In 1997, the nation suffered a severe financial crisis and thegovernment had to approach the International Monetary Fund for relieffunds. This was the limit to what the nation could bear and led to theopposition leader Kim Dae-jung winning the presidency in the sameyear.[86]

Kim Dae-jung was officially inaugurated in February, 1998. South Korea had maintained its commitment todemocratize its political processes and this was the first transfer of the government between parties by peacefulmeans. Kim's government faced the daunting task of overcoming the economic crisis, but with the joint efforts of thegovernment's aggressive pursuit of foreign investment, industry's cooperation and the citizen's gold-collectingcampaign,[88] the country was able to come out of the crisis in a relatively short period of time.[89][90]

Industrial reconstruction of the big conglomerate chaebols were pursued, a national pension system was establishedin 1998, educational reforms were carried out, government support for the IT field was increased, and notablecultural properties were registered as UNESCO Cultural Heritage sites.[90] The 2002 FIFA World Cup, co-hostedwith Japan, brought upon a new culture where millions of supporters gather to cheer in public places.[91]

In diplomacy, Kim Dae-jung pursued the "Sunshine Policy", a series of efforts to reconcile with North Korea.[92]

This culminated in reunions of the separated families of the Korean War, and the summit talk with North Koreanleader Kim Jong-il. For these efforts, Kim Dae-jung was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2000.[93] However, asNorth Korea did not cooperate for a peaceful coexistence, and with the terrorist attacks on the United States onSeptember 11, 2001 changing the US's view on North Korea, the efficacy of the Sunshine Policy was brought intoquestion. With the added allegations of corruption, support waned in the later years of the administration.[89][90][94]

Roh Moo-hyun was elected to the presidency in December 2002 by direct election. His victory came with muchsupport from the younger generation and civic groups who had hopes of a participatory democracy, and Roh'sadministration consequently launched with the motto of "participation government". Unlike the previousgovernments, the administration decided to take a long-term view and execute market-based reforms at a gradualpace.[95] This approach did not please the public, however, and by the end of 2003, approval ratings were falling.[96]

The Roh administration succeeded in overcoming regionalism in South Korean politics, diluting the collusive tiesbetween politics and business, empowering the civil society, settling the Korea-United States FTA issue, continuingsummit talks with North Korea, and launching the high-speed train system, KTX. But despite a boom in the stockmarket, youth unemployment rates were high, real estate prices skyrocketed and the economy lagged.[97]

In March 2004, the National Assembly voted to impeach Roh on charges of breach of election laws and corruption.This motion rallied his supporters and affected the outcome of the parliamentary election held in April, with theruling party becoming the majority. Roh was reinstated in May by the Constitutional Court, who had overturned theverdict. However, the ruling party then lost its majority in by-elections in 2005, as discontinued reform plans,continual labor unrest, Roh's personal feuds with the media, diplomatic friction with the United States and Japan,caused criticism of the government's incompetence of political, socioeconomical issues and foreign affairs.[96][98][99]

Roh Moo-hyun and his family members were investigated for bribery and corruption in April 2009. Roh denied thecharges,[100] but subsequently committed suicide by jumping into a ravine on May 23, 2009.[98][101]

Page 10: Collection

History of South Korea 10

Roh's successor, Lee Myung-bak, was inaugurated in February, 2008. Stating "creative pragmatism" as a guidingprinciple, Lee's administration set out to revitalize the flagging economy, re-energize diplomatic ties, stabilize socialwelfare, and meet the challenges of globalization.[102][103] In April 2008, the ruling party secured a majority theNational Assembly elections.[104] Also that month, summit talks with the United States helped ease the tensionbetween the two countries caused by the previous administrations' policy towards North Korea, and the Korea-USFree Trade Agreement was discussed. Lee agreed to lift the ban on US beef imports, which caused massive protestsand demonstrations in the months that followed, as paranoia of potential mad cow disease gripped the country.[105]

Many issues plagued the government in the beginning of the administration: controversies regarding appointment ofhigh-ranking government officials, rampant political conflicts, accusations of oppression of media[106] and straineddiplomatic relationships with North Korea and Japan. The economy turned for worse as the global recession hit thecountry; the worst economic crisis since 1997.[107] The Lee administration tackled these issues by actively issuingstatements, timely reshuffling the cabinet, and implementing administrative and industrial reforms.[108]

After regulatory and economic reforms,[109] the economy has bounced back, with the country's economy markinggrowth and apparently recovering from the global recession.[110][111][112] The administration has also pursued toimprove diplomatic relations with active summit talks: the United States; Korea-China-Japan Summits; and theASEAN-ROK Commemorative Summit to strengthen ties with other Asian countries.[113] The 2010 G20 summitwas held in Seoul, where issues regarding the global economic crisis were discussed.[114]

Notes[1] Eun Mee Kim (1998). The Four Asian Tigers: Economic Development and the Global Political Economy. San Diego: Academic Press.

ISBN 9780124074408, 0124074405.[2] Will the four Asian tigers lead the way again in 2010 (http:/ / www. timesofmalta. com/ articles/ view/ 20100201/ business/

will-the-four-asian-tigers-lead-the-way-again-in-2010), Times of Malta, 2010-02-01[3][3] Lee Hyun-hee (2005, pp 583-585)[4][4] The Academy of Korean Studies (2005, pp150-153)[5] Yalta Conference (http:/ / avalon. law. yale. edu/ wwii/ yalta. asp), Lillian Goldman Law Library[6][6] Lee (1984, p. 374); Cumings (1997, p. 189).[7][7] Nahm, Cumings, loc. cit.[8][8] Nahm (1996, p. 340).[9][9] Michael Edson Robinson (2007, pp 107-108)[10][10] Nahm (1996, p. 351); Lee (1984, p. 375).[11][11] Lee (1984, p. 375).[12] Moscow conference (http:/ / avalon. law. yale. edu/ 20th_century/ decade19. asp)[13][13] The Academy of Korean Studies (2005, pp154-157; pp162-163)[14][14] Lee Hyun-hee (2005, pp 584-586)[15] South Korea under US Occupation 1945-1948 (http:/ / countrystudies. us/ south-korea/ 9. htm), Country studies: South Korea[16] Resolution 195, UN Third General Assembly (http:/ / daccess-dds-ny. un. org/ doc/ RESOLUTION/ GEN/ NR0/ 043/ 66/ IMG/ NR004366.

pdf?OpenElement)[17] The Syngman Rhee era (http:/ / countrystudies. us/ south-korea/ 11. htm), Country studies: South Korea[18][18] Yang (1999, pp. 194-195).[19][19] Yang (1999, p. 194).[20][20] Cumings (1997, p. 255, p. 306).[21][21] Cumings (1997, p. 221).[22][22] The Academy of Korean Studies (2005, pp166-171)[23][23] Yang (1999, p. 193)[24][24] The Academy of Korean Studies (2005, pp172-177)[25] (Korean) Procession of the 6.25 War and the UN (http:/ / 100. naver. com/ 100. nhn?docid=728778) at Doosan Encyclopedia[26][26] Lee Hyun-hee (2005, pp 586-590)[27][27] Korean Armistice Agreement[28] The Korean War (http:/ / countrystudies. us/ south-korea/ 10. htm), Country studies: South Korea[29] (Korean) Rhee Syngman (http:/ / 100. naver. com/ 100. nhn?docid=126905) at Doosan Encyclopedia[30][30] Lee Hyun-hee (2005, pp 588-590)[31][31] The Academy of Korean Studies (2005, pp 178-181)

Page 11: Collection

History of South Korea 11

[32][32] Institute of Historical Studies (2004, pp 320-321)[33] (Korean) Jo Bongam (http:/ / 100. naver. com/ 100. nhn?docid=138459) at Doosan Encyclopedia[34][34] The Academy of Korean Studies (2005, pp 186-189)[35] (Korean) Cause of the 4.19 Revolution (http:/ / 100. naver. com/ 100. nhn?docid=726618) at Doosan Encyclopedia[36][36] Lee Hyun-hee (2005, pp 591-592)[37] (Korean) 4.19 Revolution (http:/ / 100. naver. com/ 100. nhn?docid=84193) at Doosan Encyclopedia[38][38] Yonhap (2004, p. 270).[39] (Korean) Parliamentary cabinet system in the 2nd Republic (http:/ / terms. naver. com/ item. nhn?dirId=702& docId=6473) at Naver

dictionary[40] (Korean) The 2nd Republic (http:/ / 100. naver. com/ 100. nhn?docid=137719)[41] Democratic Interlude (http:/ / countrystudies. us/ south-korea/ 12. htm), South Korea: A Country Study[42][42] Yang (1999, p. 196); Nahm (1996, pp. 410-412); Yonhap (2004, p. 270)[43][43] Yang (1999, p. 196). Nahm (1996, p. 412) gives "2,000."[44][44] Nahm (1996, p. 411).[45] (Korean) Policies of the 2nd Republic (http:/ / 100. naver. com/ 100. nhn?docid=729443) at Doosan Encyclopedia[46][46] Nahm, loc. cit.[47][47] Nahm (1996, p. 412); Yonhap (2004, pp. 270-271)[48][48] Nahm (1996, p. 412)[49][49] Lee Hyun-hee (2005, pp 593-595)[50][50] The Academy of Korean Studies (2005, pp192-193)[51] (Korean) 5.16 coup d'etat (http:/ / 100. naver. com/ 100. nhn?docid=115821) at Doosan Encyclopedia[52] Park Chung-Hee (http:/ / countrystudies. us/ south-korea/ 13. htm), South Korea: A Country Study[53] (Korean) KCIA (http:/ / 100. naver. com/ 100. nhn?docid=21698) at Doosan Encyclopedia[54][54] Yonhap (2004, p. 271).[55][55] Lee Hyun-hee (2005, pp 595-599)[56] (Korean) Major policies of the 3rd Republic (http:/ / 100. naver. com/ 100. nhn?docid=729425) at Doosan Encyclopedia[57] Economic development (http:/ / countrystudies. us/ south-korea/ 15. htm), Country studies: South Korea[58][58] Cumings (1997, p. 320).[59] (Korean) 1965 Korea-Japan treaty (http:/ / 100. naver. com/ 100. nhn?docid=186660) at Doosan Encyclopedia[60][60] Kim Dangtaek (2002, p486)[61] US-ROK Status of Forces Agreement 1966-1967 (http:/ / www. usfk. mil/ usfk/ Uploads/ 130/ US-ROKStatusofForcesAgreement_1966-67.

pdf), United States Forces Korea[62][62] Nahm (1996, p. 425)[63] Society under Park (http:/ / countrystudies. us/ south-korea/ 16. htm), Country studies: South Korea[64][64] The Academy of Korean Studies (2005, pp194-197)[65][65] Lee Hyun-hee (2005, pp 600-604)[66][66] The Academy of Korean Studies (2005, pp198-201)[67][67] Nahm (1996, p. 423); Yonhap, loc. cit.[68][68] Nahm (1996, p. 424);[69][69] The Academy of Korean Studies (2005, pp201-203)[70] Military in Politics (http:/ / countrystudies. us/ south-korea/ 14. htm), Country studies: South Korea[71][71] Lee Hyun-hee (2005, pp 605-609)[72] The Kwangju uprising (http:/ / countrystudies. us/ south-korea/ 21. htm), South Korea: A Country Study[73] (Korean) May 18th Pro-Democracy Movement (http:/ / 100. naver. com/ 100. nhn?docid=245095) at Doosan Encyclopedia. Originally

called Gwangju Uprising, the event has officially been named as the 5.18 Pro-Democracy Movement or Gwangju Pro-Democracy Movementsince 1995.

[74][74] The Academy of Korean Studies (2005, pp 206-208)[75] (Korean) The 5th Republic (http:/ / 100. naver. com/ 100. nhn?docid=137666)[76] Foreign Policy (http:/ / countrystudies. us/ south-korea/ 27. htm)[77] The demise of the Chun regime (http:/ / countrystudies. us/ south-korea/ 28. htm)[78][78] Lee Hyun-hee (2005, pp 610-611)[79] (Korean) June Democracy Movement (http:/ / 100. naver. com/ 100. nhn?docid=351853) at Doosan Encyclopedia[80] Compromise and Reform: July-December 1987 (http:/ / countrystudies. us/ south-korea/ 66. htm)[81] (Korean) The 6th Republic (http:/ / 100. naver. com/ 100. nhn?docid=137716)[82][82] Lee Hyun-hee (2005, pp 610-613)[83][83] The Academy of Korean Studies (2005, pp 210-213)[84][84] Robert E. Bedeski (1994, pp 27-28)[85][85] Adrian Buzo (2007, p205)[86][86] Lee Hyun-hee (2005, pp615-619)

Page 12: Collection

History of South Korea 12

[87] (Korean) The administration of Kim Young Sam (http:/ / 100. naver. com/ 100. nhn?docid=409337) at Doosan Encyclopedia[88] Koreans give up their gold to help their country (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ world/ analysis/ 47496. stm), BBC News, 1998-01-14.

Retrieved 2010-07-07[89] (Korean) The administration of Kim Dae-jung (http:/ / 100. naver. com/ 100. nhn?docid=700061) at Doosan Encyclopedia[90][90] Lee Hyun-hee (2005, pp 620-626)[91] (Korean) 2002 World Cup (http:/ / 100. naver. com/ 100. nhn?docid=755611) at Doosan Encyclopedia[92][92] Christoph Bluth (2007, pp 92-103)[93] Nobel Prize in Peace 2000 (http:/ / nobelprize. org/ nobel_prizes/ peace/ laureates/ 2000/ dae-jung. html), Nobel Prize Organization[94] Uk Heo,Terence Roehrig, Jungmin Seo (2007, p197)[95][95] Tom Ginsburg, Albert H. Y. Chen (2008, p104)[96][96] Edward A. Olsen (2005, p92)[97] (Korean) Roh Moo-hyun (http:/ / 100. naver. com/ 100. nhn?docid=769165) at Doosan Encyclopedia[98] Obituary:Roh Moo-hyun (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ asia-pacific/ 2535143. stm), BBC News, 2009-05-23. Retrieved 2010-07-07.[99] US to roll out tepid welcome for President of South Korea (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2006/ 09/ 14/ washington/ 14korea. html?_r=2&

ref=asia& oref=slogin), New York Times, 2006-09-14.[100] Ex-Pres. Roh MH Denies Bribery Charges (http:/ / english. donga. com/ srv/ service. php3?bicode=040000& biid=2009050139968),

Donga Ilbo, 2010-05-01. Retrieved 2010-07-07.[101] S. Korea stunned by Roh's suicide (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ asia-pacific/ 8065101. stm), BBC News, 2009-05-25. Retrieved

2010-07-07.[102] Lee Myung-bak takes over as South Korean president (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2008/ 02/ 25/ world/ asia/ 25iht-korea. 1. 10364479.

html), The New York Times, 2008-02-25. Retrieved 2010-07-07.[103] (Korean) Administration of Lee Myung-bak (http:/ / 100. naver. com/ 100. nhn?docid=839784) at Doosan Encyclopedia[104] (Korean) 4.9 election results (http:/ / news. naver. com/ main/ read. nhn?mode=LSD& mid=sec& sid1=102& oid=001&

aid=0002039927), Yonhap News, 2008-04-10. Retrieved 2010-07-07.[105] South Korea beef protests (http:/ / news. bbc. co. uk/ 2/ hi/ asia-pacific/ 7457087. stm), BBC News, 2008-06-25. Retrieved 2010-07-07.[106] Lee Myung-bak administration presses against freedom of press (http:/ / english. hani. co. kr/ arti/ english_edition/ e_national/ 346509.

html), The Hankyoreh, 2006-03-27. Retrieved 2010-07-07.[107] (Korean) 2008 politics #1 (http:/ / news. naver. com/ main/ read. nhn?mode=LSD& mid=sec& sid1=100& oid=001& aid=0002410353),

Yonhap News, 2008-12-15. Retrieved 2010-07-07.[108] (Korean) 2008 politics #2 (http:/ / news. naver. com/ main/ read. nhn?mode=LSD& mid=sec& sid1=100& oid=001& aid=0002410354),

Yonhap News, 2008-12-15. Retrieved 2010-07-07.[109] Lee Administration Reshuffles Economic Team (http:/ / english. donga. com/ srv/ service. php3?bicode=050000& biid=2009012028358),

Donga Ilbo, 2009-01-20. Retrieved 2010-07-07; Government claims deregulation progress (http:/ / joongangdaily. joins. com/ article/ view.asp?aid=2923209), Joongang Daily, 2010-7-15.

[110] Lee Myung-bak Administration's Economic Progress Over the Past 2 Years (http:/ / www. arirang. co. kr/ News/ News_View.asp?nseq=100495& code=Ne4& category=3), Arirang, 2010-02-23. Retrieved 2010-07-07.

[111] President Lee Myung-bak’s performance during the past two years and challenges facing his administration (http:/ / world. kbs. co. kr/english/ news/ news_commentary_detail. htm?No=17753), KBS World, 2010-02-25. Retrieved 2010-07-07.

[112] Korea Raises Rates as Asia Leads Recovery (http:/ / www. businessweek. com/ news/ 2010-07-09/korea-raises-rates-as-asia-leads-recovery-won-gains. html), Bloomberg Business Week, 2010-07-09. Retrieved 2010-07-13

[113] Diplomatic Achievements in the First Two Years of the Lee Myung-bak Administration (http:/ / news. mofat. go. kr/ enewspaper/articleview. php?master=& aid=2674& ssid=23& mvid=765), Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 2010-02-26. Retrieved 2010-07-07.

[114] 2010 G20 Seoul Summit (http:/ / seoulsummit. kr/ eng/ main. g20?menu_seq=main), Official Site

References• Cumings, Bruce (1997). Korea's place in the sun. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-31681-5.• Lee, Ki-baek, tr. by E.W. Wagner & E.J. Shultz (1984). A new history of Korea (rev. ed.). Seoul: Ilchogak.

ISBN 89-337-0204-0.• Nahm, Andrew C. (1996). Korea: A history of the Korean people (2nd ed.). Seoul: Hollym. ISBN 1-56591-070-2.• Yang, Sung Chul (1999). The North and South Korean political systems: A comparative analysis (rev. ed.). Seoul:

Hollym. ISBN 1-56591-105-9.• Yonhap News Agency (2004). Korea Annual 2004. Seoul: Author. ISBN 89-7433-070-9.• Michael Edson Robinson (2007). Korea's twentieth-century odyssey. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

ISBN 0824831748, 9780824831745.

Page 13: Collection

History of South Korea 13

• Andrea Matles Savada (1997). South Korea: A Country Study. Honolulu: DIANE Publishing. ISBN 078814619X,9780788146190.

• The Academy of Korean Studies (2005). Korea through the Ages Vol. 2. Seoul: The Editor Publishing Co..ISBN 89-7105-544-8.

• Robert E. Bedeski (1994). The transformation of South Korea. Cambridge: CUP Archive. ISBN 0415057507,9780415057509.

• Adrian Buzo (2007). The making of modern Korea. Oxford: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0415414830,9780415414838.

• Edward Friedman, Joseph Wong (2008). Political transitions in dominant party systems. Oxford: Taylor &Francis. ISBN 0415468434, 9780415468435.

• Christoph Bluth (2008). Korea. Cambridge: Polity. ISBN 0745633560, 9780745633565.• Uk Heo,Terence Roehrig,Jungmin Seo (2007). Korean security in a changing East Asia. Santa Barbara:

Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0275998347, 9780275998349.• Tom Ginsburg,Albert H. Y. Chen (2008). Administrative law and governance in Asia: comparative perspectives.

Cambridge: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 041577683X, 9780415776837.• Hee Joon Song (2004). Building e-government through reform. Seoul: Ewha Womans University Press.

ISBN 8973005766, 9788973005765.• Edward A. Olsen (2005). Korea, the divided nation. Santa Barbara: Greenwood Publishing Group.

ISBN 0275983072, 9780275983079.• Country studies: South Korea (http:/ / countrystudies. us/ south-korea): Andrea Matles Savada and William

Shaw,editors (1990). South Korea: A Country Study. Yuksa Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress.• Institute of Historical Studies (역사학 연구소) (2004). A look into Korean Modern History (함께 보는

한국근현대사). Paju: Book Sea. ISBN 8974832089.• Seo Jungseok (서중석) (2007). Rhee Syngman and the 1st Republic (이승만과 제1공화국). Seoul: Yuksa

Bipyungsa. ISBN 9788976963215.• Oh Ilhwan (오일환) (2000). Issues of Modern Korean Politics (현대 한국정치의 쟁점). Seoul: Eulyu Publishing

Co.. ISBN 8932450889.• Kim Dangtaek (김당택) (2002). Our Korean History (우리 한국사). Seoul: Pureun Yeoksa. ISBN 8987787621.• (Korean) The 1st Republic (http:/ / 100. naver. com/ 100. nhn?docid=137756) at Doosan Encyclopedia• (Korean) The 2nd Republic (http:/ / 100. naver. com/ 100. nhn?docid=137719) at Doosan Encyclopedia• (Korean) The 3rd Republic (http:/ / 100. naver. com/ 100. nhn?docid=137572) at Doosan Encyclopedia• (Korean) The 4th Republic (http:/ / 100. naver. com/ 100. nhn?docid=137557) at Doosan Encyclopedia• (Korean) The 5th Republic (http:/ / 100. naver. com/ 100. nhn?docid=137666) at Doosan Encyclopedia• (Korean) The 6th Republic (http:/ / 100. naver. com/ 100. nhn?docid=137716) at Doosan Encyclopedia• (Korean) 6.25 War (http:/ / 100. naver. com/ 100. nhn?docid=123386) at Doosan Encyclopedia

External links• Official site of Republic of Korea (http:/ / www. korea. net)• Korean History Research Organization (http:/ / www. koreanhistory. org/ english)• Background notes: South Korea (http:/ / www. state. gov/ r/ pa/ ei/ bgn/ 2800. htm), U.S. Department of State• Countries & their culture: South Korea (http:/ / www. everyculture. com/ Ja-Ma/ South-Korea. html)• History of Korea (http:/ / www. asianinfo. org/ asianinfo/ korea/ history. htm), Asian Info Organization• The Korean War (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ history/ worldwars/ coldwar/ korea_hickey_01. shtml), BBC• Korean War (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ photos/ events/ kowar/ kowar. htm), Naval History & Heritage

Command• Hidden Korea (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ hiddenkorea/ history. htm), PBS

Page 14: Collection

History of South Korea 14

• Korea: case history of a pawn (http:/ / www. history. army. mil/ books/ pd-c-01. htm), The United States ArmyCenter of Military History

• The Korea Society Podcast: History of Korea Part 1&2 (http:/ / www. koreasociety. org/ korean_studies/ lectures/history_of_korea. html/ )

• (Korean) Institute of Historical Studies (http:/ / www. ihs21. org/ )• (Korean) Museum of Modern History of Korea (http:/ / www. kmhm. or. kr/ )

Page 15: Collection

Article Sources and Contributors 15

Article Sources and ContributorsHistory of South Korea  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=481283358  Contributors: 15357, AdjustShift, Alansohn, Amwhite, Andkore, Andy Marchbanks, Angr, Archie,Astronautics, Awiseman, BRcity, Bazonka, Ben Jos, Bert Schlossberg, Bkwillwm, Bongwarrior, Brion VIBBER, Buttonius, Cbustapeck, Ce garcon, Chimerical101, Chooyimooyi, Chundoohwan,Complex (de), Conversion script, Cwlq, DanPMK, Darwinek, Deftective, DocWatson42, Dollarfifty, Dshin, ESkog, Echnin, Edward, Ejh0819, Emersoni, EoGuy, Epbr123, Eric.j.g, Etimesoy,FFLaguna, Fayenatic london, Feneeth of Borg, Fireaxe888, Firstmimic, Flamebroil, Formeruser-81, Gettingtoit, Ggonaeee, Gildong7, GreaterK, Hantheman, Heinbeger333, Historiographer,Hmains, Hojibe, Huaiwei, Hullaballoo Wolfowitz, IGEL, Imgi12, Inner8kghz, Int21h, JForget, Janko, Jason M, Jeff3000, Jeremiestrother, Jhaasdijk, Jiang, John Burkov, Joseph Solis in Australia,Kevin B12, KnowledgeOfSelf, Kojangee, Kokiri, KoyaanisQatsi, Kozuch, Kross, Kusunose, L Kensington, Ligulem, MangoWong, Master of Puppets, MichaelLau, Mike Rosoft, Mirv,Missionamp, Mysekurity, Neutrality, Nlu, Noirum, Nuyos, Oda Mari, Olivier, Pedro, Pupster21, Quiensabe, Revotfel, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, Rory096, RunOrDie, Ruy Lopez, Ryuch,Sadads, Salam32, Savidan, SelectaKim, Shorne, Simetrical, SimonP, South Bay, Srich32977, Sydneyphoenix, Syngmung, ThierryVignaud, Thue, Tonkawa68, Toytoy, Trey Stone, Tridungvo,Tyrannus Mundi, VeryVerily, Visviva, Vrenator, Warofdreams, Wikipeditor, Will Beback, Will Beback Auto, Winchester91, Woohookitty, Yxcv1234, Zacheus, Zonath, 117 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:1947 at the Soviet-US Committee.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:1947_at_the_Soviet-US_Committee.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: UnkownFile:Crossing the 38th parallel.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Crossing_the_38th_parallel.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: IGEL, Man vyi, Rocket000,SmythFile:Syngman Rhee 2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Syngman_Rhee_2.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Infrogmation, Morio, Nudimmud, Richy, Sangil,WonYong, 1 anonymous editsFile:Park Chung hee.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Park_Chung_hee.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Germany  Contributors:Wegmann, LudwigFile:Mangwol-dong-cemetery.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mangwol-dong-cemetery.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:RhythmFile:Korea-Seoul.Arts.Center-05.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Korea-Seoul.Arts.Center-05.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: byiloveconor.comFile:Korea-Gyeongju-Bulguksa-32.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Korea-Gyeongju-Bulguksa-32.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors:Tae Hoon KangFile:Olympicparkskorea1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Olympicparkskorea1.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: anja_johnsonFile:World Cup Seoul 2002 2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:World_Cup_Seoul_2002_2.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: LakshmixFile:Bushes greet South Korean President Lee Myung-bak.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bushes_greet_South_Korean_President_Lee_Myung-bak.jpg  License:Public Domain  Contributors: White House photo by Joyce N. Boghosian

LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/