CollaborationCollaboration

Human Computer InteractionHuman Computer Interaction

CIS 6930/4930CIS 6930/4930

Section 4188/4186Section 4188/4186

IntroIntro► Old school: individualismOld school: individualism

Alienating and antihuman Alienating and antihuman ► New School: chat rooms, listserves, MMORPGs, IRCNew School: chat rooms, listserves, MMORPGs, IRC

socially respectable and occassionally positivesocially respectable and occassionally positive► Terms:Terms:

Computer Support Cooperative Work (CSCW)Computer Support Cooperative Work (CSCW)► Does this include cooperative, collaborative, and competitive?Does this include cooperative, collaborative, and competitive?

Groupware (team orientated collaborative interfaces)Groupware (team orientated collaborative interfaces)► Covers many fields including:Covers many fields including:

PsychologyPsychology SociologySociology

► Now a design requirement for most interfacesNow a design requirement for most interfaces► Everyone must give a presentation on one interface, includingEveryone must give a presentation on one interface, including

Invention date, Pros, Cons, Current Usage, Business possiblities, Research Invention date, Pros, Cons, Current Usage, Business possiblities, Research areas, Futureareas, Future

Choices: email, IRC, IM, MMORPG, Medical, B2B, Choices: email, IRC, IM, MMORPG, Medical, B2B,

Types of CollaborationTypes of Collaboration► Focused Partnerships – close collaborations between a small group (2 to 3) that require each personFocused Partnerships – close collaborations between a small group (2 to 3) that require each person

Ex. Authors, Medical team, ProgrammersEx. Authors, Medical team, Programmers Needs: Share documents, joint review Needs: Share documents, joint review Apps: IM, Video conference, email, broadbandApps: IM, Video conference, email, broadband

► Lecture/demo – one person shares to othersLecture/demo – one person shares to others Needs: Store, replay, broadbandNeeds: Store, replay, broadband

► Conferences – distributed communication (synchronous and asynchronous)Conferences – distributed communication (synchronous and asynchronous) Needs: many-to-many messagingNeeds: many-to-many messaging Apps: Blogs and wikis (group editing spaces)Apps: Blogs and wikis (group editing spaces)

► Structured Work – group with distinct roles work on a taskStructured Work – group with distinct roles work on a task Apps: online conference/journal managersApps: online conference/journal managers

► Meeting and decision support – Many people with local and global data (psychology impacts)2Meeting and decision support – Many people with local and global data (psychology impacts)2 Apps: program committeesApps: program committees

► Electronic commerce – reviewing data and making decisions as a group (time and space distributed)Electronic commerce – reviewing data and making decisions as a group (time and space distributed) Apps: b2b negotiationsApps: b2b negotiations

► Teledemocracy – groups, organizations, gov’t meetingsTeledemocracy – groups, organizations, gov’t meetings Apps: online town-hall meetings (impacts constituent power)Apps: online town-hall meetings (impacts constituent power)

► Online Communities – large widely distributed groupOnline Communities – large widely distributed group Apps: MMORPG, Communities of interest (COIs) and Communities of practice (COPs)Apps: MMORPG, Communities of interest (COIs) and Communities of practice (COPs)

► Collabortories – groups that work together over time and space, usually to share equipment, expertise, Collabortories – groups that work together over time and space, usually to share equipment, expertise, etc.etc.

Apps: Time sharing unique equipmentApps: Time sharing unique equipment Benefits from similar file formatsBenefits from similar file formats

► Telepresence – remote participants to have experiences as being present. Notion of co-presenceTelepresence – remote participants to have experiences as being present. Notion of co-presence Apps: VR, remote control vehiclesApps: VR, remote control vehicles

► Questions about etiquette, subtlety, responsibility, trustQuestions about etiquette, subtlety, responsibility, trust

Space – Time MatrixSpace – Time Matrix

SameSame

TimeTimeDifferentDifferent

TimesTimes

Same Same

PlacePlace

Synchronous localSynchronous local

F2FF2F

Meeting & control roomsMeeting & control rooms

Asynchronous Asynchronous locallocal

group calendarsgroup calendars

DiffereDifferentnt

PlacesPlaces

Synchronous DistributedSynchronous Distributed

chat, IM, video chat, IM, video conferencingconferencing

Asynchronous Asynchronous DistributedDistributed

e-mail, e-mail, recordings, recordings, blogsblogs

Goals of CollaborationGoals of Collaboration► Research is harder w/ collaborative systemsResearch is harder w/ collaborative systems► Controlled experiments are more complicatedControlled experiments are more complicated

Multiple usersMultiple users Distributed natureDistributed nature Lots of data to processLots of data to process

► Researchers can use:Researchers can use: Social psych litSocial psych lit Reflective case studies of toolsReflective case studies of tools Usage statsUsage stats

► What makes some interfaces successful while others not?What makes some interfaces successful while others not? Accepted: Cell phones, email, IM Accepted: Cell phones, email, IM Research: VE, video conferencingResearch: VE, video conferencing

► How do you evaluate effectiveness?How do you evaluate effectiveness? Acceptance can be misleading (IM, email)Acceptance can be misleading (IM, email) Surveys, usage stats, test scores for teaching appsSurveys, usage stats, test scores for teaching apps

► Don’t discount the effect of shared risk in face-to-face meetings that Don’t discount the effect of shared risk in face-to-face meetings that make them compellingmake them compelling

Asynchronous Distributed Asynchronous Distributed InterfacesInterfaces

► Different methods to support AD collaborationDifferent methods to support AD collaboration► What are the pros and cons of each?What are the pros and cons of each?► E-MailE-Mail

Organization is difficult for large volume usersOrganization is difficult for large volume users SpamSpam Half of US population uses itHalf of US population uses it List controlList control

► NewsgroupsNewsgroups Communications between groupsCommunications between groups Hiearchical structureHiearchical structure

► Listserve (moderated/unmoderated)Listserve (moderated/unmoderated)► Discussion Boards (evolved from BBSs)Discussion Boards (evolved from BBSs)

Stat: Lurkers outnumber posters by 100:1Stat: Lurkers outnumber posters by 100:1 Most unmoderated groups do not surviveMost unmoderated groups do not survive Support for archiving, sorting, searchingSupport for archiving, sorting, searching

► Online conferencing benefits from anytime connectivityOnline conferencing benefits from anytime connectivity► Online communitiesOnline communities

Topics focused groupsTopics focused groups Both: good collaboration and addiction and disturbing cyber-identitiesBoth: good collaboration and addiction and disturbing cyber-identities Successful: Patient support (rare diseases, immobile patients)Successful: Patient support (rare diseases, immobile patients) Generalized Reciprocity – help others believing you will be eventually helpedGeneralized Reciprocity – help others believing you will be eventually helped Requires both good interfaces and understanding of the social communityRequires both good interfaces and understanding of the social community Clearly stated purpose, well-defined membership, explicit policiesClearly stated purpose, well-defined membership, explicit policies Data-mining in online forumsData-mining in online forums Subset: Distance education coursesSubset: Distance education courses Subset: Open source communitiesSubset: Open source communities

► Evolution of Evolution of emoticons emoticons (icons [typically text] that represent an emotional state)(icons [typically text] that represent an emotional state)

Synchronous Distributed Synchronous Distributed InterfacesInterfaces

► Different Place, Same TimeDifferent Place, Same Time► Initial systems: GRoup Outline Viewing Editor (GROVE)Initial systems: GRoup Outline Viewing Editor (GROVE)

Edit the same document simultaneously w/ voice chatEdit the same document simultaneously w/ voice chat► Sharing and affecting information dynamicallySharing and affecting information dynamically► Example research: Distributed acting rehearsalsExample research: Distributed acting rehearsals► Expansive 3D environmentsExpansive 3D environments

App: ActiveWorldsApp: ActiveWorlds Research: Role of avatars in these environmentsResearch: Role of avatars in these environments SlaterSlater What is important for avatars?What is important for avatars?

► Instant MessengingInstant Messenging 28% were simple interactions, 31% about scheduling and coordination28% were simple interactions, 31% about scheduling and coordination Short Messaging Systems (SMS) – TextingShort Messaging Systems (SMS) – Texting

► Enables a more even distribution of technologyEnables a more even distribution of technology Short: India fishermen can check dock prices before coming ashoreShort: India fishermen can check dock prices before coming ashore Allows activists and protestors to organize quicklyAllows activists and protestors to organize quickly

Video and Audio Video and Audio ConferencingConferencing

► Large industry for video and audio conferencingLarge industry for video and audio conferencing Companies: Polycom, Sony, VTELCompanies: Polycom, Sony, VTEL

► Pros: Pros: infrastructure available, cost versus travel, facial expression, some body languageinfrastructure available, cost versus travel, facial expression, some body language► Cons: Cons: eye contact, intimacy, subtle side meetings, availability, body expression, eye contact, intimacy, subtle side meetings, availability, body expression,

physical contactphysical contact► Leverage desktop videoconferencing (DTVC) - mid90sLeverage desktop videoconferencing (DTVC) - mid90s

CU-SeeMECU-SeeME Net Meeting (screenshot)Net Meeting (screenshot) Allows access to files during conversationAllows access to files during conversation

► Considerations:Considerations: Bandwidth, packet loss, compression quality, latency, action synchronization, FOVBandwidth, packet loss, compression quality, latency, action synchronization, FOV

► Studies on impact on task performance of audio and visual streamsStudies on impact on task performance of audio and visual streams Chapanis ’75 – importance of audio for review of shared visualsChapanis ’75 – importance of audio for review of shared visuals Audio is important, though users often desire videoAudio is important, though users often desire video If review of an object is the task, then using video significantly improves performanceIf review of an object is the task, then using video significantly improves performance

► What has restricted more wide usage?What has restricted more wide usage? Is it eye-contact?Is it eye-contact? Lack of 3D? OOTFLack of 3D? OOTF Would constant-on video conferencing improve the sense of co-presence? or just intrusive? Would constant-on video conferencing improve the sense of co-presence? or just intrusive?

(Jancke ’01)(Jancke ’01)► TasksTasks

Helped: Initial meetingsHelped: Initial meetings► For distance learning: Audio > video > textFor distance learning: Audio > video > text

Face to Face InterfacesFace to Face Interfaces► Teams of people working together and sharing technologyTeams of people working together and sharing technology► Ex. pilot & co-pilot, stock traders, air traffic controllersEx. pilot & co-pilot, stock traders, air traffic controllers► GroupSystems (Univ. of Arizona – Valalcich ’91)GroupSystems (Univ. of Arizona – Valalcich ’91)

Semicircular classroom w/ 24 personal computers built into desksSemicircular classroom w/ 24 personal computers built into desks Anonymous proposalsAnonymous proposals Study: (Nunamaker ’91) discusses benefitsStudy: (Nunamaker ’91) discusses benefits

► Broader input, fewer dominatorsBroader input, fewer dominators► More candid commentsMore candid comments► Group history was usefulGroup history was useful► Helped focus the group discussionHelped focus the group discussion► Improved information analysisImproved information analysis

► Lots of projects on shared spacesLots of projects on shared spaces Capture Lab at Electronic Data Systems (Mantei ’88)Capture Lab at Electronic Data Systems (Mantei ’88) 8 Macs around an oval desk for business meetings with a central display 8 Macs around an oval desk for business meetings with a central display

that any user can take control ofthat any user can take control of Display walls (Xerox PARC’s LiveBoard)Display walls (Xerox PARC’s LiveBoard)

► New tracked pens allow for electronic copiesNew tracked pens allow for electronic copies► Public display walls is a new interaction paradigm that needs new interaction Public display walls is a new interaction paradigm that needs new interaction

methodologiesmethodologies

Electronic ClassroomsElectronic Classrooms

► Most balance learning withMost balance learning with Too much ‘chatting’Too much ‘chatting’ CheatingCheating Conversations off topicConversations off topic

► New learning and interaction stylesNew learning and interaction styles More interactive than traditional lecturesMore interactive than traditional lectures More prep timeMore prep time Reports of greater efficiencyReports of greater efficiency Anxiety is reduced by showing work more oftenAnxiety is reduced by showing work more often Can support small group dynamics (pairs learn better than Can support small group dynamics (pairs learn better than

individuals for collaboration tasks) individuals for collaboration tasks) ► Time variance reduced with fewer stragglersTime variance reduced with fewer stragglers

Novel simulations: Hostage negotiation, space campNovel simulations: Hostage negotiation, space camp