Colder Associates Inc.20000 Horizon Way, Suite 500Mt.baurel.NJ USA 08054Telephone (609) 273-1110Fax (609) 273-0778

FINAL WORK PLAN

REMEDIAL INVESTIGATICiN/FEASIBILITY STUDYELIZABETHTOWN LANDFILLWEST DONEGAL TOWNSHIP'

LANCASTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

VOLUME 2A

Submitted to:

SCA Services of Pennsylvania, Inc.1121 Bordentown RoadMorrisville, PA 19067

DISTRIBUTION:

4 Copies - United States Environmental ProtectionAgency Region III

8 Copies - SCA Services of Pennsylvania, Inc.4 Copies - Colder Associates Inc.

August 1992 Project No.: ,903-6372

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PREFACE AND INSERTION INSTRUCTIONS

The Elizabethtown. Landfill Final Draft RI/FS Work Plan datedMarch 1992 (Revision #1) has been modified to address USEPArequirements detailed in the USEPA Conditional Approval letterdated July 8, 1992. The revision marks to text have beenremoved and text and tables have been reprinted in final form.The Work Plan consists of four volumes as follows:

Volume 1A - RI/FS Work PlanVolume IB - RI/FS Work Plan Appendices A-GVolume 2A - Field Sampling Plan and Health and Safety

PlanVolume 2B - Quality Assurance Project Plan

The March 1992 submittal included a package of insertions withinsertion instructions for Volume 1 of the Draft Work Plan(Revision #0) dated June 1991. Volumes IB, 2A, and 2B werecomplete new documents for Revision #1.

The attached package of inserts have been provided for inclusioninto your copies of the Revision #1 Final Draft Work • Plan.Please remove the previous insertion instructions and follow theinsertion procedures detailed below.

Volume '1A

Revision #1 Binder Covers (found inside the plastic front andspine covers to the notebook) dated March 1992 should bereplaced with the Final binder covers dated August 1992.

The Revision #1 Cover Page, Cover Letter, Table of Contents, andExecutive Summary should be replaced with the final versionsdated August 1992.

The Revision #1 Text for Sections 1.0 through 8.0 and Referencesshould be replaced with the final versions which are datedAugust 1992. While not all Revision #1 text pages weremodified, it was decided that Final Text pages should replaceall Revision #1 pages to avoid a complicated insertion processdue to changing page numbers.

The Revision #1 Tables 1 through 16 should be replaced with thefinal tables. Revisions were made to Tables 11, 13, 14, and 15.

The Revision #0 Draft Figures 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 10-23, and 27 datedJune 1991 should be replaced with Final Figures 1, 2, 4, 7, 8,10-23, and 27 dated August 1992.

The Revision #1 Figures 25 and 28 dated March 1992 should bereplaced with the revised Final Figures 25 and 28 dated August1992.

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Volume IB

The Revision #1 Binder covers (found inside the plastic frontand spine covers to the notebook) dated March 1992 should bereplaced with the Final binder covers dated August 1992.

The Revision #1 Draft Cover Page and Work Plan Table of Contentsdated March 1992 should be replaced with the Final Cover Pageand Work Plan Table of Contents dated August 1992.

Volume 2A

The Revision #1 Binder covers (found inside the plastic frontand spine covers to the notebook) dated March 1992 should bereplaced with the Final binder covers dated August 1992.

The Revision #1 Draft Cover Page and Work Plan Table of Contentsdated March 1992 should be replaced with the Final Cover pageand Work Plan Table of Contents dated August 1992.

The Revision #1 Draft FSP Cover Page dated March 1992 should bereplaced with the Final FSP Cover Page (with signatures) datedAugust 1992.

The Revision #1 Draft FSP Table of Contents and Text dated March1992 should be replaced with the Final FSP Table of Contents andText. The revision marks (bold typeface and strikethroughs)have been removed.

The Revision #1 Draft FSP Tables 1 through 10 dated March 1992should be replaced with the Final FSP Tables 1 through 10.Revisions were made to Tables l, 2, and 6.

The Revision #1 Draft FSP Figure 4 dated March 1992 should bereplaced with the Final FSP Figure 4 dated August 1992.

The EPA Region ill QA Directives QAD011 and QAD013 should beadded to FSP Appendix A. QAD011 should be placed directly infront of QAD012 (already present) and QAD013 should be placeddirectly following QAD012.

The Revision #1 Draft HSP Cover Page dated March 1992 should bereplaced with the Final HSP Cover Page (with signatures) alsodated March 1992. Revisions were not made to the HSP.

The Revision #1 Draft HSP Table of Contents and Text dated March1992 should be replaced with the Final HSP Table of Contents andText. The revision marks (bold typeface and strikethroughs)have been removed.

The Revision #1 Draft HSP Tables 1 and 2 should be replaced withthe Final HSP Tables 1 and 2.

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Insert Final HSP Figure 1 (map to hospital) directly followingHSP Table 2.

The Revision #1 Draft HSP Acknowledgement of Review should bereplaced with the Final HSP Acknowledgement of Review.

Volume 2B

The Revision #1 Binder covers (found inside the plastic frontand spine covers to the notebook) dated March 1992 should bereplaced with Final binder covers dated August 1992.

The Revision #1 Draft Cover Page and Work Plan Table of Contentsdated March 1992 should be replaced with the Final Cover Pageand Work Plan Table of Contents dated August 1992.

The Revision #1 Draft QAPP Cover Page dated March 1992 should bereplaced with the Final QAPP Cover Page (with signatures) datedAugust 1992.

The Revision #1 Draft QAPP Table of Contents and Text datedMarch 1992 should be replaced with the Final QAPP Table ofContents and Text. The revision marks (bold typeface andstrikethroughs) have been removed.

The Revision #1 Draft QAPP Tables 1-17 dated March 1992 shouldbe replaced with the Final QAPP Tables 1-17. Revisions weremade to Tables 2, 3, and 7.

The EPA Region III QA Directives QAD011 and QAD013 should beadded to QAPP Appendix D. QAD011 should be placed directly infront of QAD012 (already present) and QAD013 should be placeddirectly following QAD012.

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VOLUME 1A

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION PAGE

PREFACE AND INSERTION INSTRUCTIONS i

TABLE OF CONTENTS iv

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION 41.1 Background 41.2 Purpose of Work Plan 4

2.0 FACILITY INFORMATION 62.1 Site Location 62.2 Site Operations History 62.3 Description of Facility 62.4 Current Response Systems . 8

2.4.1 Landfill Cap, Runoff and Sedimentation 8Controls and Leachate Collection

2.4.2 Gas Management System, 92.5 Topography, Surface Water and Climate 102.6 Regional Geology 112.7 Regional Hydrogeology 142.8 Regional Soils 152.9 Population Distribution and Land Use 15

3.0 SCOPING OF RI/FS 163.1 General 163.2 Evaluation of Existing Data 17

3.2.1 Disposal History/Source Characterization/ 17Landfill Classification

3.2.2 History of Site Investigations 203.2.3 Kitlinski Investigation 223.2.4 R.E. Wright Report 223.2.5 NUS FIT III Report 233.2.6 Phase I Hydrogeology Investigation 243.2.7 Phase II Hydrogeologic Investigation 28

3.2.7.1 Test Pits 283.2.7.2 Aerial Photograph Review 293.2.7.3 Geophysical Interpretation 3 03.2.7.4 Geologic Mapping 313.2.7.5 Drilling and Coring 323.2.7.6 Rock Logging 333.2.7.7 Solinst Waterloo Piezometer 34

Installations3.2.7.8 Private Well Survey 353.2.7.9 Private Well Sampling 363.2.7.10 Groundwater Chemistry Assessment 37

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VOLUME 1A

TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

SECTION PAGE

3.2.8 Site Geologic Conditions 383.. 2.8.1 Lithology 383.2.8.2 Structural Geology 40

3.2.9 Site Hydrogeologic Conditions 423.2.9.1 General 423.2.9.2 Groundwater Phreatic Surface 43

Contours3.2.9.3 Hydraulic Conductivity 453.2.9.4 Hydraulic Gradients and 47

Groundwater Flow Velocities3.3 Initial Evaluation o'f Public Health and 48

Environmental Impacts3.3.1 Groundwater Exposure Pathways 50

3.3.1.1 Past Studies on the Nature 50and Extent of Contamination

3.3.1.2 Results of Groundwater 51Assessment

3.3.1.3 Recent Groundwater Quality 57Results

.3.3.1.4 Groundwater Use 583.3.2 Surface Water Exposure Pathway 59

3.3.2.1 Nature and Extent of 59Contamination

3.3.2.2 Surface Water Uses 603.3.3 Ecological and Cultural Impacts 60

3.4 Preliminary Selection of Chemicals of 60Potential Concern

3.5 Preliminary Identification of Applicable or 61Relevant and Appropriate Requirements (ARARs)

3.6 Preliminary Assessment of General Response 62Actions3.6.1 Groundwater 633.6.2 Surface Water and Sediment 643.6.3 Air Discharge 653.6.4 Direct Contact to Waste by the Public 65

3.7 Definition of Data Gaps and Data Quality 66Objectives (DQOs) to Evaluate Potential Impactsand Remedial Actions3.7.1 General 663.7.2 Local Area and Regional Conditions 673.7.3 Geology 683.7.4 Hydrogeology . 693.7.5 Leachate and Groundwater Quality 71

Characterization3.7.6 Contaminant Distribution in 72

Environmental Media3.7.7 Ecological and Cultural Evaluation .733.7.8 Data to Evaluate Remedial Actions 73

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VOLUME 1A

TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

SECTION PAGE

4.0 PHASE I REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION 744.1 General Description 744.2 Task 1 - Initial Project Meeting and Planning 754.3 Task 2 - Local Area and Regional Conditions 764.4 Task 3 - Phase IA Field Investigation . 77

4.4.1 Task 3.1 - Geologic Studies 774.4.2 Task 3.2 - Hydrogeologic Investigation 794.4.3 Task 3.3 - Wetlands Delineation and 83

Cultural Assessment4.4.4 Task 3.4 - Environmental Sampling 854.4.5 Task 3.5 - Sample Analysis/Data 87

Validation4.5 Task 4 - Groundwater and Solute Transport 88

Assessment4.6 Task 5 - Phase IB Field Investigations " 89

4.6.1 Task 5.1 - Environmental Sampling 894.6.2 Task 5.2 Surface Water and Sediment 90

Sampling4.6.3 Task 5.3 - Sample Analysis/Data 91

Validation4.7 Task 6 - Phase 1C Field Investigations 91

4.7.1 Task 6.1 Environmental Sampling 914.7.2 Task 6.2 Phase 1C Sample Analysis/ 91

Data Validation4.8 Task 7 - Risk Assessment Review 924.9 Task 8 - Draft Remedial Investigation Report 934.10 Task 9 - Final RI Report 93

5.0 FEASIBILITY STUDY 945.1 General 945.2 Task 10 - Candidate Technologies Memorandum 945.3 Task 11 - Treatability Testing Work Plan 955.4 Task 12 - Development of Clean-up Goals 965.5 Task 13 - Development of Remedial Action 96

Alternatives5.6 Task 14 - Treatability Studies Evaluation 97

Report5.7 Task 15 - Finalize Applicable or Relevant and 98

Appropriate Requirements (ARARs)5.8 Task 16 - Initial Screening 98

6.0 PHASE II REMEDIAL INVESTIGATIONS 996.1 Task 17 - Collect Additional Data 99

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VOLUME 1A

TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

SECTION

7.0 FINALIZE FEASIBILITY STUDY7.1 Task 18 - Evaluate Remedial Action Alternatives7*. 2 Task 19 - Prepare Draft Feasibility Study

Report7.3 Task 20 - Prepare Final Feasibility Study 101

Report

8.0 PROJECT MANAGEMENT AND TIME SCHEDULE - 1028.1 Management Structure 1028.2 Time Schedule 1028.3 Schedule of Deliverables 104

REFERENCES 106

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Solinst Multi-Level Piezometer InstallationSummary Sheet

Table 2 Elizabethtown Landfill Well Data - Phase I and IIWells

Table 3 Detected Priority Pollutant Volatile OrganicCompounds

Table 4A Groundwater ElevationsTable 4B Hydraulic Conductivity ValuesTable 5 Horizontal Groundwater Gradients and Average

VelocityTable 6 Vertical Groundwater GradientsTable 7 Groundwater Monitoring ProgramTable 8 Draft List of Compounds for ConsiderationTable 9 Chemical Specific and Location Specific ARARsTable 10 Preliminary Water Quality Criteria ARARsTable 11 Field Investigation Program, Phase I Remedial

InvestigationTable 12 Field Parameters for Ecological AssessmentTable 13 Phase IA Sampling and Data Quality Objective

SummaryTable 14 Phase IB Sampling and Data Quality Objective

SummaryTable 15 Phase 1C Sampling and Data Quality Objective

SummaryTable 16 Levels of Quality Assurance and Analytical Data

Methodologies

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VOLUME 1A

TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Site Location MapFigure 2 Facility Location PlanFigure 3 Facility LayoutFigure 3A Leachate GenerationFigure 4 Geologic Site MapFigure 5 Site Wells, Borings, Piezometers, Probes and Test

PitsFigure 6 Regional Geology MapFigure 7 Legend and Symbol ExplanationFigure 8 Historic Sampling LocationsFigure 9 Interpreted Geologic Cross-Section A-A'Figure 10 May 1947 Photgraphic InterpretationFigure 11 September 1957 Photgraphic InterpretationFigure 12 April 1961 Photgraphic InterpretationFigure 13 October 1971 Photgraphic InterpretationFigure 13A Aerial Photograph of Elizabethtown Landfill,

October 1974Figure 14 Electromagnetic Interpretation Site MapFigure 15 Diabase Dike Exposure - Railroad CutFigure 16 Geologic ColumnFigure 17 Groundwater Phreatic Surface Contour MapFigure 18 Total Priority Pollutant VOAs, First Quarter,

1989 Concentration LevelFigure 19 Groundwater Chemistry Interpretation - East SideFigure 20 Groundwater Chemistry Interpretation - West SideFigure 21 Relationship of Bedding Plan Frequency, Lithology

and Unit ThicknessFigure 22 Variation of Hydraulic Conductivity with DepthFigure 23 Interpretation of ISO Concentrations of Total

Priority Pollutant VOAsFigure 24 Preliminary Potential Exposure RoutesFigure 25 Phase IA Field InvestigationFigure 26 Phase IB and 1C Field InvestigationFigure 27 RI/FS Management StructureFigure 28 RI/FS Project Schedule

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VOLUME IB

\ TABLE.OF CONTENTS•

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A RI/FS Consent Order Docket No. III-90-44-DCAppendix B "As-Built" Documentation for Landfill Cap and Gas

Extraction SystemAppendix C Diagram for Solinst SystemAppendix D Chemistry Data and GraphsAppendix E Private Well Survey ReportAppendix F lexicologist's Memorandum (January 24, 1992)Appendix G Groundwater Monitoring System Summary

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VOLUME 2A

FIELD SAMPLING PLAN

HEALTH AND SAFETY PLAN

VOLUME 2B

QUALITY ASSURANCE PROJECT PLAN

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FIELD SAMPLING PLAN

FOR THE

REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION/FEASIBILITY STUDY (RI/FS)

AT

ELIZABETHTOWN LANDFILL

August 1992

Signature Date

EPA Quality Assurance Officer

EPA Regional ProjectManager

SCA Services Project Manager

Contractor ProjectManager

Contractor Quality AssuranceOfficer

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION PAGE

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1

2.0 SITE BACKGROUND 32.1 Site Location 32.2 Site Operations History 32.3 Current Response Systems 5

2.3.1 Landfill Cap, Runoff and 5Sedimentation Controls andLeachate Collection

2.3.2 Gas Management System 62.4 Topography, Surface Water and Climate 72.5 Regional Geology ' 92.6 Regional Hydrogeology 112.7 Regional Soils 122.8 Population Distribution and Land Use 122.9 Previous Investigations 13

3.0 SAMPLING OBJECTIVES 14

4.0 SAMPLE LOCATIONS AND FREQUENCY 164.1 Phase IA RI 16

4.1.1 Groundwater 164.1.2 Soil 174.1.3 Leachate 174.1.4 Other Field Data Collection Tasks 17

4.2 Phase IB RI .184.2.1 Groundwater 184.2.2 Surface .Water and Stream Sediment 18

4.3 Phase 1C RI 20

5.0 SAMPLE DESIGNATION 21

6.0 SAMPLING EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES 226.1 Sampling Equipment Decontamination and 22

Waste Disposal6.2 Trenching, Drilling, Well Installation, 24

and Development6.2.1 Trenching 2 46.2.2 Drilling, Well Installation and 24

Development6.3 Groundwater Sampling 276.4 Leachate Sampling 286.5 Surface Water Sampling 286.6 Soil Sampling 296.7 Sediment Sampling 296.8 Ambient Air 306.9 Wetland and Terrestrial Habitat Evaluations 30

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TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

SECTION PAGEi

6.10 Hydrogeologic Testing 316.11 Field Measurements 316.12 Documentation and QC Samples 31

7.0 SAMPLE HANDLING AND ANALYSIS 33

In OrderLIST OF TABLES Following

Page 36.Table 1 Field Investigation Program - Phase I

Remedial InvestigationTable 2 Phase IA Sampling and Data Quality Objective

SummaryTable 3 Phase IB Sampling and Data Quality Objective

SummaryTable 4 Phase 1C Sampling and Data Quality Objective

SummaryTable 5 Groundwater Monitoring System SummaryTable 6 Phase IA Sampling - Target Analytes,

Analytical Methods, and Quality AssuranceSamples

Table 7 Phase IB Sampling - Target Analytes,Analytical Methods, and Quality AssuranceSamples

Table 8 Phase 1C Sampling - Target Analytes,Analytical Methods, and Quality AssuranceSamples

Table 9 Analytical Methods, Sample Containers,Preservation and Analytical Hold Times forAqueous/Leachate Samples

Table 10 Analytical Methods, Sample Containers,Preservation and Analytical Hold Times forSoil/ Sediment Samples

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Site Location MapFigure 2 Facility Location MapFigure 3 Facility LayoutFigure 4 , Phase IA Field Investigation, Phase I

Remedial InvestigationFigure 5 Phase IB and 1C Field Investigation, Phase I

Remedial InvestigationFigure 6 Sample Integrity Data SheetFigure 7 Chain-of-Custody Record

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TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix A Applicable Region III Quality AssuranceDirectives

Appendix B Standard Operating ProceduresAppendix C Well Construction and DevelopmentAppendix D Colder Techncial Procedures for SoilAppendix E Manual for Groundwater Sampling

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1.0 INTRODUCTION IThis Field Sampling Plan (FSP) has been prepared for theRemedial Investigation/Feasibility Study (RI/FS) at theElizabethtown Landfill (Site), located in West DonegalTownship, Pennsylvania. Section 3 of the RI/FS Work Plan(Volume IA) describes the scoping of the RI. This FSPdescribes in detail the sampling procedures and datagathering methodologies that will be utilized to achieve theData Quality Objectives (DQOs) described in Section 3.7 ofthe RI/FS Work Plan, to support the risk assessment anddecisions regarding potential remedial action alternatives.The following documents were consulted during development ofthe FSP for the Elizabethtown Landfill:

1. "Guidance for Conducting Remedial Investigationsand Feasibility Studies Under CERCLA", InterimFinal, USEPA, October 1988.

2. "Conducting Remedial Investigations/FeasibilityStudies for CERCLA Municipal Landfill sites,"USEPA, February 1991.

3. "A Compendium of Superfund Field OperationsMethods", USEPA, December 1987.

4. "Data Quality Objectives for Remedial ResponseActivities - Development Process", USEPA, March1987.

5. "Air/Superfund National Technical Guidance StudySeries, Volume I *• Application of Air PathwayAnalysis for Superfund Activities", Interim Final,USEPA, July 1989.

6. "Air/Superfund National Technical Guidance StudySeries, Volume II - Estimation of BaselineEmissions at Superfund Sites", USEPA, August 1990.

7. "Air/Superfund National Technical Guidance StudySeries, Volume III - Estimation of Air Emissionsfrom Cleanup Activities at Superfund Sites",Interim Final, USEPA, January 1989.

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8. "Air/Superfund National Technical Guidance StudySeries, Volume IV - Procedures for DispersionModeling and Air Monitoring for Superfund AirPathway Analysis", Interim Final, USEPA, July1989.

9. Consent Order (Docket No. III-90-44-DC, September28, 1990).

10. "Manual for Groundwater Sampling," revised, 1991.

11. "Draft Work Plan, Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study, Elizabethtown Landfill,Revision 1," March 1992.

The Consent Order is included as Appendix A of the Work Plan(Volume IB) . In addition, this plan is supported by USEPARegion III QA Directives (Appendix A) , Standard OperatingProcedures (SOPs, Appendix B) , Well Installation andDevelopment Specifications (Appendix C) , TechnicalProcedures (Appendix D) , and the Manual for GroundwaterSampling (Appendix E) for site investigations during PhaseIA, Phase IB, and Phase 1C of the RI.

Because the FSP is prepared prior to the beginning of anyfield activities, the FSP may be amended or revised severaltimes during the RI site characterization, treatabilityinvestigations, or during the FS. Revisions will be basedupon reassessing or rescoping the need for further fieldactivities. Any revisions to the FSP will be submitted tothe EPA Regional Project Officer and the SCA ServicesProject Manager for approval prior to implementation. Uponapproval, the amended FSP can be implemented. Minorprocedural changes may be made in the field with theconcurrence of USEPA or their on-site representative.

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2.0 SITE BACKGROUND

A discussion of the site location, the site operationshistory, current response systems, topography, surfacewater, climate, regional geology, regional hydrogeology,regional soils, population distribution, land use, andprevious investigations is presented below. Existing siteinvestigation data are reviewed in greater detail in Section3.2 of the Work Plan, and a discussion of known andsuspected sources of contamination, and potentialtransport/exposure pathways is contained in Section 3.3 ofthe Work Plan (Volume 1A) . Section 3.7 of the Work Plancontains a description of specific data gaps to be addressedby the RI, and the DQOs required for site characterization.Section 4 of the Work Plan describes the ways in whichsampling during Phase IA, IB, and 1C field investigations ofthe RI are designed to fill these data gaps. The scope ofthe RI field sampling/data collection program is summarizedin Table 1. DQOs for Phase IA, IB, and 1C RI sampling andanalysis are summarized in Tables 2, 3, and 4, respectively.

2.1 Site LocationThe Elizabethtown Landfill is a closed municipal wasteLandfill located approximately one mile to the southwest ofthe town of Elizabethtown in West Donegal Township,Lancaster County, Pennsylvania (see Figures 1 and 2).Access to the Site is via West Ridge Road, located southeastof the Site and an all weather Site entry road. Thecoordinates of the center of the Elizabethtown Landfill are40° 07' 56" North Latitude and 76° 36' 35" West Longitude.

2.2 Site Operations HistoryThe initial commercial activities at the Site involvedexcavation of sand and gravel from a pit located in thesouth central portion of the present Landfill. Thesequarrying operations occurred in the time period prior to

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approximately 1960 or 1961. Landfilling activities begansometime thereafter and ceased in 1973. The Landfilloperated under various owners until July 31, 1973 when theLandfill was closed by PADER pursuant to a Consent Decree.In September, 1984, Waste Management Inc. acquired SCA

iServices, Inc. Since 1984, Waste Management of Pennsylvania- Elizabethtown, a division of SCA Services of Pennsylvania,Inc., has operated a hauling operation and associatedfacilities on a small portion of the Site.

Figure 3 presents a plan of the Facility and shows thelocation of the main features. Waste disposal activities atthe Site originated in the 2 acre sand and gravel quarry,which operated at some time prior to 1961. Landfillingoperations in the sand and gravel quarry were reportedlycarried out by the area fill method, and by the trenchmethod over the remainder of the Landfilled area at theSite. It is believed that landfilling commenced sometimeafter April 1961 and continued until 1973 when the Landfillceased operation pursuant to a PADER order. Availableinformation indicates that no liner ,or leachate collectionsystem was constructed below the fill materials prior to orduring the Landfill operation.

Since 1984, the Site has been regraded and a compacted claycap and drainage layer was constructed over the northern 12acres of the Landfill (see Figure 3) . Appendix B of theWork Plan (Volume IB) includes selected as-builtdocumentation for the clay cap. As shown on Figure 3, aclay cap was not installed over the southern approximately 4acres of the Landfill (a thin soil cover and gravel pavingcovers the uncapped portion of the Landfill). Runoffdiversion ditches and a sedimentation basin were alsoconstructed at that time, as was a toe drain along thenorthern edge of the Landfill. The toe drain intercepts

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leachate and conveys it to a leachate collection tank (seeFigure 3) . A gas extraction system and flare station wereinstalled between October 1987 and April 1988 in response toelevated gas levels at the edge of the Landfill. Appendix B(Volume IB) of the Work Plan also includes selected as-builtdocumentation for the gas extraction system.

Additional information concerning historical Site conditionswas collected during the course of the Phase IIhydrogeologic study from historical aerial photographs.This information is presented in Section 3.2.7.2 of the WorkPlan.

2.3 Current Response Systems

2.3.1____Landfill Cap. Runoff and Sedimentation Controlsand Leachate Collection

As shown on Figure 3, a compacted clay cap and drainagelayer was completed over the northern 12 acres of the.Landfill (see Work Plan Appendix B, Volume IB) . Thiscapping was completed in two phases. The initial 3 acres ofcap were installed between October 1985 and July 1986. Thiscap was supplemented to meet design specifications whichrequired a maximum permeability of 1 x 10~7 cm/sec.Permeability was verified by an extensive program of shelbytube sampling and laboratory permeability testing. Theremainder of the cap was completed between July 1986 andApril 1987.

To further reduce the infiltration of precipitation andminimize erosion of the clay cap, surface run-off channelsand a sedimentation basin were constructed at the Sitebetween October 1985 and July 1986. Figure 3 shows thelocation of these channels and the sedimentation basin.

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The present leachate collection system, which was installedbetween October 1985 and July 1986, consists of a toe drain(excavated through the overburden to competent bedrock) andseep collectors along the northern edge of the Landfill.The seep collectors intercept leachate and convey it via thetoe drain to a leachate collection manhole located at thetoe of the Landfill (see Figure 3) . Leachate samples arecollected from the manhole, sampling point EMHOL, on a semi-annual basis.

The leachate collected in the manhole is transported offSite for proper treatment. A 21,000 gallon Frac Tank hasbeen constructed near the manhole and is being used forincreased temporary storage of leachate. Leachate iscollected on a monthly basis at a minimum.

Information indicates that the installation of the clay caphas significantly reduced the amount of leachate collectedby the toe drain at the Site. SCA staff have providedestimates of maximum leachate flow rates of 60,000 gallonsper day prior to the installation of the cap. The NUS FITIII report completed in November, 1985 provided an estimateof 8,000 gallons per day of leachate seepage from theLandfill. Current leachate production rates are understoodto vary between 2,300 and 67,500 gallons per month (asrecorded between the months of December 1989 and February1991).

2.3.2____Gas Management SystemBetween October, 1987 and April 1988 a gas management systemwas constructed at the Site. The system consists of 20production wells (W-l through W-20) connected to a series ofheader pipes which transports gas flow to blowers and aflare station. This gas system maintains a negativepressure in the Landfill thereby mitigating off Site gas

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migration and mitigating landfill gas emissions to theatmosphere. Gas vent pressures for 1991 are provided inAppendix B of the Work Plan. Gas extraction wells W-lthrough W-14 were installed in February 1987, while gasextraction wells W-15 through W-20 were installed in October1987*. Gas extraction wells W-l through W-7 (located aroundthe maintenance building) are not connected to the existinggas collection system and have been capped because verylittle to no gas was detected in these wells. Due to thislack of gas pressure, connection of these wells to the gasextraction manifold could have resulted in air being drawninto the refuse in this uncapped area. The location of thegas management system is presented on Figure 3. Details ofas-built construction of this system are provided inAppendix B of the Work Plan (Volume IB).

Gas migration around the perimeter of the Landfill ismonitored on a quarterly basis by developing probe holesusing a slam bar and gas detection equipment. Theeffectiveness of the gas collection system will be evaluatedduring the RI/FS Investigation.

2.4 Topography. Surface Water and ClimateThe Elizabethtown Landfill Site is located within theTriassic Lowland section of the Piedmont PhysiographicProvince. The Piedmont Province is an extensive, gentlyundulating province which generally slopes southeastward.In southeastern Pennsylvania, it is bounded by the BlueRidge Province and the Valley and Ridge Province to thewest, and by the Coastal Plain Province to the east.Prolonged erosion of the area has resulted in the formationof broad shallow valleys and low ridges, the softersediments eroding to valleys, the harder sandstone andigneous rocks forming the ridges. These ridges trend

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roughly parallel to the northeast-southwest strike of thesedimentary rocks.

The Landfill is situated on the northwest slope of an east-west trending ridge, which has an elevation about 540 feetabove mean sea level (MSL) (see Figure 2) . The land slopesnorthwestwards to Conoy Creek, which is at an elevation of420 feet to 440 feet MSL. Southeast of the Site, the landslopes at a similar grade away from the ridge which forms asurface watershed boundary.

Surficial drainage of the area is provided by a network oftributary streams arranged in a "trellis" pattern. The mainstream alignments are northeast-southwest .with tributarystreams generally flowing northwest or southeast towardsConoy Creek. The surface water streams in the vicinity ofthe Landfill flow northwestwards to Conoy Creek which flowssouthwestwards towards the Susquehanna River, which islocated a distance of about 6 miles from the Landfill. Onthe south side of the ridge, runoff flows southeastwards toa tributary of Conoy Creek which trends southwestwards andjoins Conoy Creek at a distance of about 1.5 miles to thesouthwest of the Site.

The climate of the area is relatively mild and humid. Theaverage precipitation observed at Ephrata, Pennsylvania,located approximately 23 miles east of Elizabethtown, isapproximately 43 inches/year. Average snowfall (about 27inches) is equivalent to about 2.5 inches/year ofprecipitation. Mean winter temperature is 31°F and the meansummer temperature is 72°F. The growing season averagesabout 160 days, extending from the beginning of May to earlyOctober.

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2.5 Regional GeologyRock strata within this region are of Triassic age(approximately 200 million years old) and are part of theNewark Group, comprising an interbedded series ofsandstones, siltstones and shales with minor amounts ofother sedimentary rocks. This sequence of strata is about6,000 feet thick. The contact with the underlying Cambrianquartzite or Pre-Cambrian igneous strata is typically inunconformity.

The general dip of the strata is towards the north ornorthwest at angles ranging from 20 degrees to 40 degreesfrom the horizontal in a simple homoclinal structure. TheTriassic sediments in the study area are composed of the NewOxford Formation and the overlying Gettysburg Formationwhich crops out to the north of the study area. TheElizabethtown Site is located stratigraphically within theNew Oxford Formation which has an estimated thickness ofapproximately 4,800 feet.

The New Oxford Formation consists of light gray, fine tocoarse grained, subarkosic, commonly micaceous, slightlykaolinized, sandstone interbedded with red, fine grainedsandstone, siltstone, and shale. The siltstones and shalesare reported to be slightly calcareous. ' The regionalgeologic map of the area indicates that a conglomeraticstratum crosses the Site. This conglomerate and coarsesandstone stratum, which trends northeastward, generallycrops out on the north side of the ridge and has beenextracted at several locations for sand and gravel. Sandand gravel was mined at the Site location from one of theseconglomeratic beds. It is believed that landfillingactivities at the Site originated in the pit created by themining.

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Bedding within the Site area dips towards the northwest atan average angle of 30 degrees, although dips ranging from18 degrees to 45 degrees have been recorded.

The boundary of the New Oxford Formation and the overlyingGettysburg Formation is transitional and, based onlithologic evidence, is placed where beds of light grayarkosic sandstone become subordinate to beds of red shaleand sandstone. This boundary, in most places, approximatelyparallels the strike of beds (trending N 50°E).

The New Oxford Formation has been intruded by massivediabase sills. These sills range in thickness from a fewhundred feet to about 2,000 feet. Associated with the sills

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are a number of cross cutting, long, narrow, diabase dikes.These dikes are typically 50 feet thick and are rarely morethan 100 feet thick; most are near vertical.

Johnston (1966) indicates that wells completed in diabasedikes and sills in Lancaster County have relatively lowcapacities of around 3 to 15 gallons per minute (gpm), whichimplies a low fracture permeability. However, a welllocated near Elizabethtown and completed in the New OxfordFormation, but immediately adjacent to a diabase dike,yielded 440 gpm when it was tested following itsconstruction. The literature makes reference to thepresence in some areas of baked, brittle and possiblyshattered zones in the portions of the New Oxford Formationadjacent to the diabase dikes. Such zones could exhibithigh permeability in certain localities, and this mayexplain the high yield found in the well near Elizabethtown.

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As indicated by excavation of a test trench and study ofexposures along a railroad cut (see Figure 2) , a diabasedike trending northeast-southwest forms the central spine ofthe ridge which runs along the southeastern boundary of theSite. The diabase is typically a fine to coarse grained,dark-gray rock composed of gray plagioclase and black orgreenish-black pyroxene. The diabase weathers into largespheroidal boulders, several of which can be seen in thegardens of properties along West Ridge Road. A railroad cutoutcrop exposes the contact of the sedimentary strata withthe diabase. Along these contacts, the sediments have beenaltered by the temperatures associated with the intrusion ofthe diabase. The hematite in the red shale exposed at thecut has been reduced to magnetite and the ro.ck metamorphosedto dark gray to black hornfels. Exposed siltstones havebeen altered to a light- to medium-gray, silicious hornfels.Quartz sandstone and conglomerate have been recrystalized tobrittle, light-gray quartzite.

2.6 Regional HydroaeologyGroundwater forms the major supply of fresh water in theregion. Infiltration of precipitation is the source of thisgroundwater. Water is usually yielded to wells from thindiscrete aquifers separated by aquitards. The water flowsmainly within fracture systems, bedding planes and joints,which dissect the rock mass. Private wells typically havelow yields (3 gpm - 15 gpm) however, at least one municipalwell and two deep wells at the Masonic Home (400 feet and500 feet deep) yield between 100 gpm and 440 gpm.

During the course of the year, the depth of the groundwaterlevels fluctuates, by about 4 feet to 6 feet, due toseasonal variations in the rate of net infiltration ofprecipitation. The rapid response of the aquifers, in

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periods of drought, frozen conditions, or rain, reflects thelow storage capacity of the aquifers.

It is believed that in the vicinity of the Site, groundwaterwill be mounded in the ridge to the south of the Landfill.This ridge probably forms a groundwater divide. Groundwaterwill therefore flow both northwards and southwards from theridge and thus tend to flow towards the Landfill from thisridge. This flow will be modified locally by topographybecause the groundwater surface generally reflects thecontours of the land surface, by the intrusive dike, and bythe influence of the interbedded aquifers and aquitards, andthe dominant fracture systems.

2.7 Regional SoilsThe soil series mapped by the Soil Conservation Service inthe vicinity of the Site area were generally sandy loams ofLansdale Series and Udorthents. Udorthents havecharacteristics that are too variable to be classified atthe series level but typically consist of gravelly loam inthe vicinity of the Landfill.

2.8 Population Distribution and Land UseLand use in the Site . area is mixed agricultural andresidential. Agricultural lands are located to thenortheast, northwest and southwest of the Site. The nearestoccupied residential home is located approximately 150 feetsouthwest of the Site.

The population within a one, two and three mile radius ofthe Site has been estimated at 1,417, 9,248, and 11,860respectively. Population centers within the study areainclude the city of Elizabethtown with an estimatedpopulation of 8,233 and Rheems with an estimated populationof 600. Population estimates were made using 1980 census

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information and through topographic interpretation (i.e.,3.8 people per occupied home).

2.9 Previous InvestigationsBased on the results of a FIT III report completed by NUS in1985, the United States Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) made a decision to list the Site on the NationalPriorities List (NPL) on March 31, 1989. Severalinvestigations have been completed at the Site to define thelateral and vertical extent and nature of groundwaterdegradation as well as to characterize the regionalhydrogeology. Data gaps including the final character-ization of the geology, hydrogeology, environmentalchemistry, and ecological systems still exist.

Considerable.information regarding the Site has already beendeveloped by several previous studies including:

o A monitoring well installation program, Kitlinskiand Associates, January, 1984;

o Regional Hydrogeology Review, R.E. Wright, Inc.,July, 1984;

o NUS FIT III Report, NUS, November, 1985;

o Phase I Site Characterization and HydrogeologyStudy, Dames and Moore, May, 1986; and,

o Phase II Hydrogeology Study, Goider Associates,December, 1989.

In addition to the above, several response action programscompleted by SCA have generated information regarding Siteconditions. The information generated by these documentshas been collated and reviewed (see Work Plan Section 3.0 ofVolume IA).

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3.0 SAMPLING OBJECTIVES

The objectives of the RI/FS at Elizabethtown Landfill areto:

1. Characterize the source(s) of potentialcontamination;

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2. Enhance the current understanding of the nature ofpotential contamination for the various routes ofexposure;

3. Conduct a risk assessment (to be completed byEPA) ;

4. Develop performance objectives for potentialremedial alternatives at the Site;

5. Define and evaluate the effectiveness of a rangeof potential remedial alternatives, including theexisting response measures; and,

6. Determine the range of remedial alternatives thatmeet the performance objectives.

A phased approach to the RI/FS is documented in the WorkPlan. Phase IA of the RI has been primarily designed torefine the conceptual hydrogeologic model for the site andidentify the nature of potential groundwater contaminationat the site including identification of Compounds of Concern(COC). Phase IA will also assess the limits of refuse,identify COC for soil in the uncapped portion of theLandfill, assess the potential presence of (and delineate)wetlands at the Site, and assess the potential for emissionsof volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to ambient air.

Phase IB of the RI will refine the assessment of the extentof COC in groundwater, assess the nature and extent ofpotential contamination of surface water and streamsediments, and collect additional data to support theecological assessment.

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Phase 1C of the RI will provide an additional round ofgroundwater monitoring data for COC in leachate, all sitemonitoring wells, and private wells.

Section 3.7 of the Work Plan contains a description ofspecific data gaps which need to be addressed during sitecharacterization to support the risk assessment andevaluation of potential remedial actions. Section 4.4 and4.6 of the Work Plan describe the ways in which samplingduring Phase IA, IB, and 1C field investigations of the RIare designed to fill these data gaps. Theobjective/rationale for various samples in eachenvironmental medium during 'the Phase IA, Phase IB, andPhase 1C RI are given in Tables 2, 3, and 4, respectively.

Additional objectives include adherence to protocol providedin this FSP, documentation of field sampling activities, andcollection of sufficient QC samples to ensure the integrityand validity of the data for use in remedial response andrisk assessment decisions. Field documentation proceduresare described in Section 6.12. The required number of QCsamples for most of the RI environmental sampling programsare presented on Tables 6, 7, and 8.

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4.0 SAMPLE LOCATIONS AND FREQUENCY

Environmental sampling will be performed in three phasesreferred to as Phase IA, Phase IB, and Phase 1C. Theoverall scope of the RI is presented in Table 1. DQOs forPhase IA, IB, and 1C are presented in Tables 2 through 4,respectively. Split samples may be collected by an EPAcontractor during any phase of the RI. These samples willbe collected separately and analyzed by a laboratory other

ithan CompuChem Laboratories. USEPA must be notified inadvance of the sampling schedule. Such notification shouldbe verified by consulting the project manager.

Available construction information for existing wells isgiven in Table 5. Well construction diagrams or field notesshould be consulted for new wells installed during the PhaseIA RI. .

4.1 Phase IA RIThe Phase IA sampling event will be used to refine theconceptual model for the site and select the COC ingroundwater and soil. Figure 4 presents the location of thePhase IA trenches, boreholes, and sample points. Table 6summarizes each matrix to be sampled, the parameters whichwill 'be analyzed (including method references) and the typeand number of quality control samples which will becollected.

4.1.1 GroundwaterSix of the existing groundwater monitoring wells (ED10I,ED12I, ED2R, ED5R, ED8R, ED9R) known to contain elevatedlevels of leachate constituents will be sampled during PhaseIA to provide data for selection of groundwater COC. Anupgradient well (EU14D) will also be sampled in order toobtain information concerning background concentrations atthe Site. The locations of these wells is shown on Figure 4

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and well construction/sampling information is provided inTable 5.

4.1.2 SoilSix soil samples (SS1 through SS6) will be collected during

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Phase IA to support the risk assessment for the uncappedsouthern portion of the Landfill. Three grab samples (SS1,SS2, SS3) will be collected from the southern uncappedportion of the Landfill. Two samples (SS4, SS5) will becollected from the drainage swales adjacent to the gravelpit. The sediments collected from these two locations canbe considered to be composite samples of soils exposed onthe entire uncapped portion of the Landfill. A sixth soilsample will be collected from Borehole ED20 to assesspotential near-surface soil contamination from leachatenorth of the landfill. Sample locations are shown on Figure4.

4.1.3 LeachateA leachate sample will be collected from the leachatecollection drain manhole present at the Site (EMHOL alsoknown as MHOL) under low flow and high flow conditions. Themanhole location is shown on Figure 4.

4.1.4 Other Field Data Collection TasksOther activities during Phase IA include:

1. Drilling/coring of bedrock, packer testing,installation of 15 new monitoring wells (ED15 throughED29) and 3 piezometers (PI, P2, and P3) to refine theconceptual hydrogeologic model for the site;

2. Assessment of the potential presence (and delineation)of wetlands at the site, and habitat comparisons forterrestrial, aquatic, and wetland environments;

3. Screening of ambient air along Site-wide traverses(three parallel to the north-south axis of the landfilland one along the perimeter of the Site) to assess thepotential presence of VOCs; and

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4. Excavation of 10 trenches to assess the extent ofrefuse and to locate the contact of the diabase dike onthe southern edge of the Site. The locations of thenew monitoring wells, piezometers, and trenches areshown on Figure 4.

4.2 Phase IB RIFollowing review of Phase IA data, the groundwater andleachate COC will be selected. The Phase IB groundwaterinvestigation will focus on the COC. COC for surface waterand stream sediments will be selected based upon datacollected during Phase IB. Figure 5 presents the locationof these sample points. Table 7 summarizes each matrix tobe sampled, the parameters which will be analyzed (includingmethod references) and the type and number of qualitycontrol samples which will be collected.

4.2.1 GroundwaterAs indicated in Section 4.1.4, 15 new groundwater monitoringwells will be installed at the Site during Phase IA. The 15new wells, as well as the 25 existing groundwater monitoringwells will be sampled during the Phase IB Study. Tenresidential wells (EM400, EM500, WILWD, RES01, RES03, RES04,RES05, RES06, RES13, and RES14) and leachate (EMHOL) willalso be sampled for groundwater COC during Phase IB.Samples will be collected for VOCs and any other analyticalfractions (e.g. metals, semivolatile organics) identified asCOC based upon the Phase IA data. Sample locations areshown on Figure 5.

4.2.2 Surface Water and Stream SedimentStream sediment and surface water samples will be collectedat eight locations (SW/SED-1 through SW/SED-8) during PhaseIB for Target Compound List/Target Analyte List (TCL/TAL)analysis to assess the area of potential Site impacts, and

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other physical and chemical parameters to support theecological evaluation.

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The surface water and sediment sample locations are shown onFigure 5. Locations selected for this sampling includeupgradient and downgradient (relative to the Landfill) areasalong Conoy Creek and along the spring discharges located tothe east and west of the Landfill. The exact location ofsurface water/sediment samples will be finalized followingthe wetlands/cultural assessment and discussions withrepresentatives of EPA. The need for optional additionalwork will be determined based on the results of thissampling.

Surface water and stream sediment quality will be assessednear spring discharges in the headwaters of the twotributaries to Conoy Creek which straddle the site. Thesesamples will assess potential impacts due to groundwaterdischarge. Samples will also be collected from these twotributaries just upstream from their confluence with ConoyCreek to assess any additional impacts from groundwaterseepage or surface water runoff in the downstream reaches ofthese.tributaries.

Surface water and stream sediment samples will be collectedat four locations along Conoy Creek. Two locations areupstream of the area of influence of the site and will beused to assess background conditions. A third samplelocation is at the midpoint between the two tributaries toConoy Creek, and will be used to assess potential surfacerunoff and groundwater seepage impacts in this area. Itwill also represent conditions upstream from the confluencewith the downstream tributary. The fourth location islocated downstream from all areas draining the site, and•will be used to assess overall potential downstream impacts.

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Based upon the surface water and sediment quality at theeight locations above, in conjunction with surface waterflow measurements at each location, mass balancecalculations might be used to assess potential groundwaterseepage impacts to the streams.

4.3 Phase 1C RIThe sampling program for Phase 1C is identical to Phase IBexcept that only groundwater and leachate sampling will beperformed. Phase 1C sample locations are shown on Figure 5.Table 8 summarizes the potential parameters which could beanalyzed (including method references) and the type andfrequency of quality control samples which will becollected.

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5.0 SAMPLE DESIGNATIONSamples collected for analytical testing will be designatedaccording to sample point identification, sampling round,sample matrix and facility name. The following code willserve as sample designation:

8 7 O / _ / _ _ _ _ _ _ / _ _123 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1. The first three characters (870) stand for theElizabethtown Landfill.

2. The fourth character will designate sample matrix

W - well pointC - leachateB - soil/sedimentS - stream/surface water

3. The fifth through tenth character will designatethe sample point identification, specific to thesite, e.g., EU14.

4. The last two characters will determine the phaseof sampling

IA - Phase IA of the RIIB - Phase IB of the RI1C - Phase 1C of the RI.

Sample labels and chain-of-custody forms will include noless than the above mentioned information. Final technicalreports from the laboratory should also include the sameinformation to assure sample integrity.

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6.0 SAMPLING EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURESCheck with the project manager prior to sampling to verifythat USEPA has been informed in advance of the plannedsampling event. Sampling equipment and procedures aredescribed below and are supplemented by USEPA Region III QADirectives (Appendix A), SOPs (Appendix B), WellConstruction and Development Specifications (Appendix C) ,Technical Procedures (Appendix D), and a GroundwaterSampling Manual (Appendix E). Where conflicting proceduresare given in Section 6 and the appendices, the procedureexplained or identified in. Section 6 of this FSP shallprevail, followed by the USEPA Region III QA Directivesgiven in Appendix A, then the SOPs given in Appendix B, thenthe Well Construction and Development Specifications givenin Appendix C, then the Technical Procedures given inAppendix D, followed by the procedures in the GroundwaterSampling Manual in Appendix E. The current revisions ofTechnical Procedures contained in Appendix D shall be usedfor the duration of the RI/FS unless a new revision issubmitted to the USEPA Project Manager for approval prior toimplementation. The Sampling Team Lab and Storage Buildingrequirements presented at the end of Appendix E do not applyto this project. The various procedures are identifiedbelow for each field task or matrix to be sampled.

6.1 Sampling Equipment Decontamination and Waste DisposalWater used for equipment decontamination and steam cleaningshould be obtained from a non-chlorinated potable watersource. The source will be tested for TCL VOCs and TALtotal metals according to SW-846 methods prior to use forthe project. A decontamination pad will be constructed atthe site to contain decontamination wastewater.Decontamination wastewater will be stored in an on-sitestorage tank for disposal by SCA Services of PA.

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All downhole drilling and sampling equipment used to installgroundwater monitoring wells, and the back end of the drillrig, shall be steam cleaned prior to use. Well screen andcasing shall also be steam cleaned prior to placement in theborehole. Extreme care should be exercised to avoid burnswhen operating a steam cleaner. Any downholeinstrumentation which cannot be exposed to steam (e.g.packer test equipment) shall be decontaminated with adetergent solution and rinsed with potable water before andafter use in each borehole or well.

Large amounts of soil removed from downhole tools, or whichaccumulates adjacent to the borehole, shall be stored incovered containers labelled with the date, containercontents, and borehole number pending identification offinal disposal methods by SCA Services of PA. Welldevelopment and purge water shall be contained in an on-sitestorage tank for later treatment and/or disposal by the SCAServices of PA.

Equipment used to collect samples for physical testing (e.g.grain size) should be visually clean but need not bedecontaminated using detergents.

Equipment used to collect samples for chemical analysisshall be decontaminated in accordance with the tests to beperformed. "Procedure for Decontamination of SamplingEquipment" given in Appendix B shall be followed. Thisprocedure is applies to all environmental sampling equipmentincluding new and disposable equipment.

Used personal protective equipment, or any other potentiallycontaminated solid waste, should be disposed of in closedcontainers and labelled as such including the date fordisposal by the SCA Services of PA.

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6.2 Trenching. Drilling. Well Installation, and Development6.2.1 TrenchingTen trenches, will be excavated using a backhoe during PhaseIA at the locations shown on Figure 4. Trenches T-l, T-2,and T-3 will be excavated perpendicular to the contactbetwe'en the diabase dike and surrounding sedimentary strata.Soil and bedrock conditions in the trenches will be loggedand the contacts between various units mapped. The degreeof weathering and fracturing of the bedrock near the contactwill be carefully described. Seven additional trenches (T-4through T-10) will be excavated along the southern, western,and eastern boundaries of the .landfill to assess the extentof refuse. The soil/bedrock conditions in these trencheswill be sketched and described, and the presence or absenceof refuse will be noted.

6.2.2 Drilling. Well Installation and DevelopmentGeneral ConsiderationsThe drilling program for the Phase IA hydrogeologicinvestigations is summarized in Table 1 and Figure 4, andincludes soil and rock drilling/sampling. Boreholes formonitoring wells will be drilled according to "MonitoringWell Drilling and Installation" given in Appendix D.Discussions relating to decontamination of samplingequipment and collection/preservation of environmentalsamples contained in that procedure dp not apply to thisproject. A variety of drilling methods for soil and rockare described in the Technical Procedures contained inAppendix D. The appropriate method for each task isidentified in the discussion below.

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All coring and core logging will be performed in accordancewith "Rock Core Drilling and Sampling" and "GeotechnicalRock Core Logging" in Appendix D. Special attention will bepaid to describing fracture systems and weathering observedin core samples. Soil samples will be collected at 5-footintervals in all boreholes using the Standard PenetrationTest. Soil samples will be described according to theUnified Soil Classification System in accordance with theprocedure given in Appendix D, placed in sealed glass jars,and stored on site along with bedrock core boxes.

Piezometers and monitoring wells will be constructed anddeveloped in accordance with the specifications given inAppendix C. Water used for all drilling should be obtainedfrom the non-chlorinated potable water source identified by .the project manager. The volume of water added to theborehole should be tracked with respect to the depth ofdrilling (and the time) such that assessments can be made ofthe necessary volume of water to be removed during welldevelopment. It should be attempted to remove an equivalentamount of water to that added during drilling. This mightnot be possible in low productivity wells. For deep well,if a large volume of water was lost during drilling throughshallow zones which are not screened in the finished well,only a volume equal to that added during penetration of thescreened zone need be removed. Low production wells will bedeveloped for a maximum of eight hours. Stabilization ofpH, temperature, and conductivity should be monitored, butshould be used as a secondary criteria for low productionwells.

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Angled CoreholeFollowing the trenching program, an angled corehole (EU15)will be completed near the location shown on Figure 4 inorder to intersect the contact of the diabase dike with thesurrounding sedimentary strata. The corehole will bedrilled using either NQ or HQ sized coring equipment.Detailed packer testing will be performed in accordance withthe procedure provided in Appendix B. The test intervallength will be determined based upon the bedrock variabilityas documented on the corehole log. Borehole EU15 will beabandoned using a bentonite-cement grout after packertesting is complete.

PiezometersThree two-inch diameter piezometers (Pi, P2, and P3) willalso be installed using an air-rotary drill rig near thediabase dike. PI will be installed in the diabase dike, P2will be installed in the contact zone with the surroundingsedimentary strata, and P3 will be installed away from thecontact zone in the sedimentary strata. The screenedinterval will be determined based upon the corehole log forEU15.

Monitoring WellsFifteen new monitoring wells will be installed during PhaseIA. The wells will be constructed using 2-inch diameter PVCwell screen and riser pipe in accordance with thespecifications given in Appendix C.

Shallow/deep well pairs (ED16/ED17, ED18/ED19, ED22/ED28)will be installed at the locations shown on Figure 4. Theshallow wells (ED16, ED18, and ED22) will be installed inthe shallow weathered zone of the bedrock. The deep wells(ED17, ED19, and ED28) will be drilled to a depth ofapproximately 200 feet, which is similar to that of nearby

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private wells. NQ core will be collected from the deepboreholes, and the hole will be packer tested. After packertesting, the hole will be reamed to 6-inch diameter usingair rotary equipment. The hole will be developed using aside-discharge bit to remove cuttings from the sidewalls ofthe borehole, and the well will be constructed. The shallowboreholes will not be cored, and will be drilled using a 6-inch diameter air rotary drill bit. A slug test will beperformed in each of the shallow wells after development.

Deep wells ED20, ED24, ED27, and ED29 will be completed inaccordance with the procedures described above for the deepwells in the well pairs. Shallow wells ED21 and ED23 willbe drilled and installed in accordance with the proceduresoutlined above for the shallow wells in the well pairs.Well pairs EU25/EU26 will be installed in a similar manner(i.e. no coring or packer testing).

6.3 Groundwater SamplingGroundwater samples will be collected in accordance with theGroundwater Sampling Manual given in Appendix E. Table 5lists the type of sampling equipment which is available foreach well. Most wells have dedicated purging/samplingpumps. For any wells which do not contain dedicated pumps,wells with pumps where the flow rate cannot be set less thanone liter per minute (for VOC sampling) , or new wellswithout dedicated pumps, disposable teflon bailers will beused to collect groundwater samples. A new bailer will beused for each well. The well will be purged using either aseparate bailer from the one used to collect samples, orusing a pump which has been decontaminated in accordancewith the procedure provided in Appendix B. The volume ofwater to be removed during purging of existing wells can bedetermined by consulting Table 5. Well constructiondiagrams should be consulted for new wells installed during

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Phase IA. Information for sampling of Solinst wells isattached to Appendix E.

Samples from residential wells shall be collected upstreamof any water treatment devices such as water softeners orchlorination equipment, if possible. Any aeration screenswhich might be present on spigots should be removed prior tosample collection. Basement or outdoor spigots oftenfulfill these requirement, but each system should be checkedto the extent possible and the owner queried forconfirmation. The required purge time can be determined byestimating the volume of water in the well (using availablerecords), the size of the storage tank, and the flow rate ofthe spigot. The source should be purged for a minimum of 15minutes prior to sampling. Residential well samples shouldnot be filtered.

6.4 Leachate SamplingLeachate samples will be collected in accordance with theprocedure provided in the Groundwater Sampling Manual(Appendix E) . Leachate samples from the collection systemmanhole shall be collected by lowering a dedicated bailer ora transfer vessel supplied by the laboratory down themanhole and subsequently filling individual sample bottles.Under no circumstances shall personnel enter the manhole.Leachate samples are not to be filtered for any analyticalparameters.

6.5 Surface Water SamplingSurface water samples will only be collected during PhaseIB. Protocol for surface water sampling are provided in theGroundwater Sampling Manual (Appendix E). Samples should becollected by working in a downstream to upstream manner. Atlocations where stream sediment samples are also to becollected during Phase IB, all of these media should be

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collected at the same time at each sampling station to theextent possible. Surface water flow measurements should berecorded at the time of sampling. Flow measurements will beconducted in accordance with the technical proceduresestablished by the U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau ofReclamation Guidelines as presented in the "WaterMeasurement Manual" (Revised Reprint 1984).

6.6 Soil SamplingSoil samples shall be collected using a disposable stainlesssteel hand scoop in accordance with "Sampling Surface Soilsfor Chemical Analysis" included in Appendix B. Samplesshall be collected within 6 inches of the ground surface,except for VOC samples which shall be collected at least 12inches below ground surface. A stainless steel hand augerwill be used to excavate the top 12 inches of soil forsampling.

All soil samples will be described in accordance with "FieldIdentification of Soil" given in Appendix D.

6.7 Sediment SamplingSediment samples should be collected in accordance with"Prbcedure for Sampling of Sediments" given in Appendix B.This procedure is similar to that for soil except that VOCsamples may be taken from surficial sediments. Samplesshould be collected in depositional areas of the streams asclose as possible to the locations shown on Figure 5.Preference should be given to collection of fine-grainedmaterials because they tend to contain a greater proportionof clay and oxide minerals and natural organic matter, allof which tend to adsorb organic contaminants and tracemetals. Care must be taken to avoid loss of fine-grainedsediments during removal from the water body.

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A single grab sample from as near the center of thedepositional area as possible should be collected for VOCanalysis. Samples from the center and opposite edges of thestream, pool, or basin should be composited at each samplelocations for non-volatile analytes. A stainless steelmixing bowl and cooking spoon are useful for homogenizingthe sample.

6.8 Ambient AirProcedures for surveying ambient air using portable direct-reading organic vapor analyzers are given in Appendix B.Three transects parallel to the north-south axis of thelandfill will be monitored. The perimeter of the site willalso be monitored. Measurements will be recorded in fieldnotes. Special attention will be paid to sustained readingsgreater than 1 ppm above background.

6.9 Wetland and Terrestrial Habitat EvaluationsA presence/absence determination and delineation of alljurisdictional wetlands within the project site will beperformed during the growing season (Phase IA) using thethree parameter approach (vegetation, soils, and hydrology)as outlined in the Federal Manual for Identifying andDelineating Jurisdictional Wetlands (U.S. Fish and WildlifeService). All delineated wetlands will be marked in thefield. Where appropriate, wetland location and extent willbe used to assess locations for surface water and sedimentsampling during Phase IB.

Site vegetation will be inventoried along upland traversesand in any wetlands which are identified at the Site.Species abundance, density and diversity will be recorded.

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The presence of intermittent streams and ponds at the Sitewill be assessed by visual inspection. It will be attemptedto perform this assessment within 24 hours after aprecipitation event lasting at least 12 hours.

Habitat comparisons will be performed for terrestrial,aquatic, and potential wetland areas of the Site. Off-Siteareas which are not potentially impacted by the Landfill andare in a similar setting to the Site areas will be used ascontrol environments for comparison purposes.

6.10 Hvdrogeologic TestingProcedures for packer testing and water level measurement inmonitoring wells are provided in Appendices B and E,respectively. Any water added to the borehole should beobtained from the non-chlorinated potable water sourcespecified by the project manager.

6.11 Field MeasurementsField measurements shall be performed in accordance with thedocumentation procedures described in Section 6.12 below,the calibration/measurement procedures provided in AppendixE, and the instrument owner's manual/operating instructions.The field probe measurement technique as described inAppendix E will be used to measure dissolved oxygen in thefield.

6.12 Documentation and QC SamplesDocumentation of adherence to FSP protocol is performedusing field notes, sample collection and chain-of-custodyforms, photographs, and field audits. All project paperworkwill be recorded in permanent black ink and will include theproject name and number, date, and name of the investigator.

Goider Associat"SR30I327

I

March 1992________________-32-_______________903-6372

The pages of bound field note books should be numberedsequentially. The collection of all environmental samplesshall be documented on a Sample Integrity Data Sheet (Figure6) . Photographs should be taken of key samples and/oroperations such as wetland samples, test pits, sedimentsample locations, etc. The photographs shall be labelledwith the photographer's name, date, and perspective.

Calibration of field meters should be documented in thefield notes. The model and serial number of field meters,and the supplier and lot number of all field calibrationstandards should be recorded along with themeasurements/calibrations.

When possible, sample locations should be marked with awooden stake labelled with the project name and sample pointidentification number using a water-proof marker. Flaggingshould be attached to the top of the stake and attached tonearby tree branches to aid the survey crew in locatingsample locations at a later date.

QC samples include trip blanks for VOC samples, samplingequipment rinsate blanks, field blanks, field duplicates,and matrix spike/matrix spike duplicate samples. The numberof primary samples and associated QC samples for eachenvironmental media during Phases IA, IB, and 1C of the RIare given in Tables 5, 6, and 7, respectively. Wheresampling equipment rinsate blanks are not practical (e.g.residential wells), field blanks (exposed to the atmosphereat the sample site and the sample bottles only) shall besubmitted to the laboratory.

Goider Associates, AR3Q1328

March 1992___________;_______-33-________________903-6372

7.0 SAMPLE HANDLING AND ANALYSISThe requirements for sample containers, minimum samplevolume, preservation, 'and analytical hold times foraqueous/leachate samples, soil/sediment samples, and airsamples are summarized in Tables 9 and 10. Information hasbeen provided for all the potential parameters which may beanalyzed in these two phases of sampling. Holding times arebased upon date of sample collection. The sampling teamshould strive to provide as much sample as possible to thelaboratory.

It is possible that carbon dioxide-rich groundwater sampleswill foam when placed in acid preservative VOA vials.Foaming will result in loss of VOC analytes. If thisoccurs, every attempt should be made to collect bothpreserved and unpreserved VOC samples. The lack ofpreservative should be noted on the sample label and chain-of-custody form. The project manager should be informed assoon as possible. The laboratory should attempt to analyzethe unpreserved sample within 7 days of sample collection.If this is not possible, the project manager shall becontacted by the laboratory to determine whether the acidpreserved sample and/or the unpreserved sample should beanalyzed.

A Sample Integrity Data Sheet (Figure 6) should becompletely filled out for each sample immediately after itis collected. Photographs and/or sketches should alsodocument samples where appropriate.

Following sample collection, preservation, anddocumentation, the samples will be packed into shippingcontainers following the correct chain-of-custody proceduresas described in Appendix B. Chain-of-custody proceduresgiven in Appendices D and E do not apply to this project. A

Goider Associates

flR3(ll329

March 1992____________;______-34-______________903-6372

sample chain-of-custody form is included as Figure 7. Thesamples will be packaged for shipping in a manner which willminimize the potential for breakage of sample bottles byusing bubble wrap, vermiculite, or other cushion materialwhich will not give off VOCs. Paperwork should be sealed

i

inside a plastic bag with a water-tight seal to preventdamage due to sample leakage, condensation, or melted iceused during shipping. Samples should not be placed indirect contact with ice or allowed to freeze. It isimperative that samples be stored in a location separatefrom fuels and decontamination solvents. Leachate sampleswill be shipped in a separate container from all othersamples.

The shipping containers will be sent to the appropriatelaboratory facility by priority overnight courier. In thisway, samples will be received at the laboratory asexpeditiously as possible and the potential for missingholding times for specific analyses will be minimized. Thelaboratory should be notified as soon as possible aftersamples are shipped. The laboratory will notify the projectmanager if expected samples do not arrive.

The samples collected for the Phase IA, IB, and 1C RIstudies will be analyzed for specific analytes in accordancewith the methodologies described in Tables 6 through 8 asdefined the following documents:

1. "Contract Laboratory Program (CLP) Statement ofWork (SOW) for Organic Analysis" (OLM01.8) datedMarch 1990 and revised August 1991;

2. "CLP SOW for Inorganic Analysis" (ILM02.1) revisedSeptember 1991;

3. "Superfund Analytical Methods for LowConcentration Water for Organic Analysis," datedJune 1991;

Goider AssociatesflR30l330

March 1992___________________-35-_________________903-6372

4. "Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water andWastes", July 1979 and revised March 1983;

5. "Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste" SW-846,3rd edition, November 1986;

6. "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water andWastewater", 16th Edition, 1985;

7. "Annual Book of ASTM Standards 1990"; ASTM, Volume04.08, 1990.

Field measurements such as temperature, dissolved oxygen,specific conductance, and pH shall be performed inaccordance with the procedures given in Appendix E and theinstrument owner's manual.

In order to achieve low detection levels for the RiskAssessment, "Superfund Analytical Methods for LowConcentration Water for Organic Analysis" dated June 1991(CLP 6/91) will be used for organic analysis wheneverpossible. However, samples with elevated levels of organictarget compounds can not be analyzed using the lowconcentration methodologies. The methodology references forthe Phase IA, IB and 1C studies are provided on Tables 6through 8, respectively.

During the Phase IA Study, the TCL VOC samples will beanalyzed using the methodologies specified in "ContractLaboratory Program (CLP) Statement of Work (SOW) for OrganicAnalysis" (OLM01.8) dated March 1990 and revised August 1991due to the high historical concentration of VOCs in thesemonitoring wells. The laboratory will attempt to analyzeaqueous semivolatile organics and pesticides/PCBs by CLP6/91. Soil samples will be analyzed by the OLM01.8 methodsbecause CLP 6/91 only applies to aqueous samples, and acorresponding low level CLP method for soils and sedimentsis not available.

Goider Associates5R30I33I

March 1992_________________-36-________________903-6372

As previously stated in Section 4.0 of this FSP, the PhaseIB and 1C COC in leachate and groundwater will not befinalized until the Phase IA study is completed andreviewed. During the Phase IB Study, the organic COC ingroundwater and leachate, and TCL organics in surface water,will be analyzed using the methodologies specified in CLP6/91 to the extent possible. The choice of methodology willdepend on review of historical data fdr existing wells andthe concentration calibration range specified in CLP 6/91.If historical data indicates that organic compounds are notpresent or are present at low concentrations (less than tentimes the concentration calibration range specified in CLP6/91) then CLP 6/91 methodologies will be used. Ifhistorical data indicates that CLP 6/91 is not suitable,then the OLM01.8 SOW will be used for analysis. Thelaboratory will attempt to analyze the samples collectedfrom the new wells using CLP 6/91. However, if it isdetermined that the methodologies in CLP 6/91 are notapplicable (i.e. samples have elevated levels of targetanalytes), the laboratory will follow the methodologies inthe OLM01.8 SOW. The leachate samples collected during bothphases of study will be analyzed for organic compounds usingthe methodologies in the OLM01.8 SOW.

A:FSPFINAL

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TABLE 5GROUKDWATER MONITORING SYSTEM SUMMARY

KEY

SAMPLE POINT TYPE, LOCATION, AND SAMPLING EQUIPMENT

WMI Well ID Designation currently used on ETCPart Il'l/EML equivalent

TypgFormer Well ID (if different) Any other designation that may have

been used in pastAgency Well ID (if different) Regulatory agency assigned designationActive/Inactive/Decomm. (A/I/D) Sample point is currently monitored

(A); not aonitored but not decommis-sioned (I); or decommissioned (D); seeWMI Manual for Grovindvater Samplings

'Source Code Sample point type:W* = groundwater wellC = leachate pointR = surface water runoff (stream,

river)L = lake or pond0 = outfallI = impoundment

*If well is a private, residentialwell, indicate so in COMMENTS.

Program Type Sample point is nonitored to meet:P (permit requirements)S (state regulations)F (federal regulations)C (consent agreement)A (assessment program)R (remedial action program)W (WMI requirements)NA (not applicable)

If sample point serves more than onepurpose, use comma between each type.

Sampling Freq. Indicate frequency of sampling:M (monthly) S (semiannuallyjQ (quarterly) Y (annually)D (daily) H (hourly)NA (not applicable)

If sample point is sampled atdifferent frequencies to meet morethan one program type, use commasbetween each frequency and presentthe frequencies in sane order asprogram types.

LocationOn-Site/Off-Sit.e On (sample point is on-site)

Off (sample point is off-site)Location Sample point location, on-site or

off-site, in reference to propertyboundary: N, S, E, W, HE, NV, SE, SV

N/S Coord. • N or S coordinate; example: 29520NE/N Coord. E or W coordinate; example: 28520E

UK (unknown)Formation at Screen Name of hydrogeologic unit monitored;

use abbreviation if necessary anddefine abbreviation in COMMENTS;NA (not applicable) for other thanwells and some stream samples;UK (unknown)

AR30I31*?

TABLE 5 (continued)MONITORING SYSTEM SUMMARY

KEY (continued)

•Gradient Sample point position relative toflow. For groundwater points:U (upgradient)D (downgradient)

I . Fq.r surface water points:U (upstream)D (downstream)UK (unknown)

See WMI Manual for GroundwaterSamplingC

Sampling EquipmentPurge and Sampling Equipment Type of purging equipment: M (QED

purge mizer); P (QED purge master);W (QED Well Wizard sampling pump);B (dedicated bailer); G (GEOMON) ;E (dedicated submersible pump)Type of sampling equipment: W (QEDWell Wizard sample pump). Usefollowing abbreviations: WP1100 =PVC body, PVC bladder; WP1101 = PVCbody, Teflon bladder; WT1100 = Teflonbody, Teflon bladder; WP1201 =PVC/316 stainless steel body, Teflonbladder; WT1200 = Teflon/316 stainlesssteel body, Teflon bladder; WP1101H =PVC body, Teflon bladder; WP1201H =PVC/316 stainless steel body, Teflonbladder. B (dedicated bailer). Usefollowing abbreviations: BP = PVCbailer; BSS = stainless steel bailer;BT = Teflon bailer. G (GEOMON);E (dedicated electric submersible);GR (grab); 0 (other - explain inCOMMENTS)

Sample Tubing Material Type of sample tubing:PET (polyethylene, Teflon lined)PE (polyethylene)PP (polypropylene)T (Teflon)KA (not applicable)

Filtering Equip. Type of filtering equipment used:IN (in-line); PR (pressure)

WELL ID CHART

See WMI Manual for Groundwater SamplingC

WELL CONSTRUCTION INFORMATION

Well depth (ft.) Depth to bottom of well from top ofcasing or Well Wizard cap in ft.;UK (unknown) ; see Well ID Chart andWMI Manual for Groundwater Sampling®

Bottom of Well Elev. (ft. MSL) Elevation of well bottom in ft. MSL;UK (unknown)

Ground Elev. ,(ft- MSL) Ground surface elevation in ft. MSL;US (unknown)

Internal Casing Material Casing material: PVC 40 (Schedule 40PVC); PVC 80 (Schedule 80 PVC); 304(304 stainless steel); 316 (316 stain-less steel); T (Teflon); UK (unknown)

Internal Casing I.D. (in.) Diameter (I.D.) of internal casing ininches; UK (unknown)

flR30!3U8

TABLE 5 (continued)GROUKDWATER MONITORING SYSTEM SUMMARY

KEY (continued)

Top of Internal Casing Elev. Elevation at top of internal casing inor " ft. MSL; UK (unknown); orTop of Well Wizard Plate Elev. Elevation at top of Well Wizard plate;(ft. MSL) this is the reference elevation used to

measure water levels in wells with WellWizard pumps; UK (unknown); NA (notapplicable)

Bottom of Internal Casing Elev. Elevation at bottom of internal casing(ft. MSL) (excluding screen) in ft. MSL;

UK (unknown)Internal Casing Length (ft.) Length of internal casing (excluding

screen) in ft.; UK (unknown)Internal Casing Stick Up (ft.) Length of internal casing above ground

surface (ft); UK (unknown)Top of Screen Elev. (ft. MSL) Elevation at top of screen in ft. MSL;

UK (unknown)Bottom of Screen Elev. (ft. MSL) Elevation at bottom of screen in ft.

MSL; UK (unknown)Screened Length Length of screen in ft.; UK (unknown)Screen Material Screen material: PVC 40 (Schedule 40

PVC); PVC 80 (Schedule 80 PVC); 316(316 stainless steel); 304 (304 stain-less steel); T (Teflon); UK (unknown)

External Casing Material External casing material: S (steel);A (aluminum); 0 (other); NA (notapplicable)

External Casing I.D. (in.) Diameter (I.D.) of external fpcotcc-IfcM) casing

Top of External Casing Elev. Elevation at top of external fprotec-(ft. MSL) fx) casing in ft. MSL; UK (unknown)Bottom of External Casing Elev. Elevation at bottom of external(ft. MSL) ' ftM*«Cti<ve) casing in ft. MSL; UK

(unknown)External Casing Stick Up (ft.) Length of external Ipntactive) casing

above ground surfaceConstructed to WMI Spec. (Y/N) Well is constructed to WMI specifica-

tions: Y (yes); N (no); NA (notapplicable)

Construction Date Date well installed; UK (unknown)Drilling Firm Name of drilling firm (abbreviate and •

explain in COMMENTS); UK (unknown)Drilling Method Drilling method used:

HSA (hollw stem auger)AR (air rotary)WR (wet rotary with water)WRM (wet rotary with bentonite mud)CT (cable tool")0 (other—explain in COMMENTS)UK (unknown)

Development Method Method used for removing fines and typeof pump used to evacuate well:AS (air surging); WS (water surging)and'A (air lift); W (bladder pump;i.e., Well Wizard); 0 (other—explainin COMMENTS); UK (unknown)

Packing Material Packing material type: S (sand);G (gravel); 0 (other); UK (unknown)

Packing Length (ft.) Length of packing material in ft.;UK (unknown)

Length of Filter Sand Above In ft.; UK (unknown); NA (not appli-Packing (ft.) cable)Length of Bentonite Pellet Seal In ft.; UK (unknown); NA (not appli-(ft.) cable)Length of Sand Filter Above Seal In in.; UK (unknown); NA (not appli-(in.) cable)

AR30I3U9

TABLE 5 (continued)GROUNDWATER MONITORING SYSTEM SUMMARY

KEY (continued)

Type of Grout - . Type of grout: BC (bentonite/cementf;V (Volclay® grout); 0 (other—explainin COMMENTS); UK (unknown)

Grout Length (ft.) In ft.

COMMENTS:

AR30I350

TABLE 5 (continued)

Groundyater Monitoring System Summary

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GROUNDKATER MONITORINGSYSTEM SUMMARY

NOTES

(1) Depth to water, temperature, pH, and specificconductivity valves for wells EDA01, EDA02, EDA03 andEUA04 taken from Fourth Quarter 1985 ETC SummaryReport. (Wells decommissioned in January 1986) .

(2) Solinst Waterloo Multiport Piezometer System -dedicated double check valve pump.

(3) Depth of well = ground surface to top of samplingport. •

(4) Top of casing elevation = top of manifold elevation.

(5) Normal ranges for multiport piezometers, EU05, RES01,RES02, EMHOL, EM400 and EM500 taken from the March1989 ETC Summary Report. Piezometer ED10S and EU14Inot sampled.

(6) See attached Table 1 for values.

(7) Normal ranges for ESD01, ESD02, and ESD03 taken fromthe March 1988 ETC Summary Report.

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APPENDIX A

Applicable Region III Quality Assurance Directives

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Buffet* NIX QAB004 Oct.. June 5, 1989

DATA VALIDATION DOCUMENTS

National and Region III guidance documents for data review are available throughthe EPA Quality Assurance Section in Annapolis. The current guidance is:

1. Laboratory Data Validation Functional Guidelines forEvaluating Inorganic Analyses, June 13, 1988. Annotatedfor Region III June 1988 (S2L1B2F2).

2. Region III Modifications to the Inorganic FunctionalGuidelines, June 1988 (S2L1B2F2).

3. Laboratory Data Validation Functional Guidelines forEvaluating Organic Analyses, February 1, 1988. Annotatedfor Region III June 1988 (S2L1B2F1).

4. Region III Modifications to the Organic FunctionalGuidelines, June 1988 (S2L1B2F1).

5. Region III General Guidance for Data Review, June 1988(S2L2B2F1).

6. Inorganic Data Summary Forma, December 1988 (S2L1B1F28).

7. Organic Data Stannary Forma, December 1988 (S2L1B1F29).

The national documents were modified and supplemented to meet the needs of theRegion III Hazardous Waste Management Division (HWMD) data users. The documentsprovide an overview of Region III requirements, describe supplementalinformation available to the data reviewer, delineate the lines of authority anddiscuss the various functions related to the actual data review.

Since the data validation function evolves with time, revisions to' thesedocuments will be required. In accord with these revisions, future directiveswill be issued.

All Region III data reviewers can obtain on* or more of these documents bycontacting Sue Stevens at 301/266-9180. Please us* the appropriate code listedby each document when requesting copies.

aR30i392

EPAREGION III

QA DIRECTIVESHWMD

Bulletin No. QAIXX36 ________________ _ ____________ Date: Mav 23. 1990 _____ , _________

REQUIRED SAMPLE CONTAINERS AND SAMPLE VOLUMESFOR VOLATILE ORGANIC ANALYSES

The purpose of this directive is to specify and clarify USEPA Region UJ policy for volatile organic (VOA) containersused for Superfund samples of all matrices. The number of VOA containers required for sample analysis andrecommended sampling and shipping techniques are also specified.

Containers

* Forty milliliter (ml) volatile vials with two-sided Tefion-faced/silicone septa are required for all Region ffi SuperfundVOA samples, regardless of sample matrix Four ounce jars with rigid Teflon liners are not to be used because theyhave leaked.

* A 150 ml vial with a two-sided septum is being considered for soil and solid matrices. If this container is evaluatedas acceptable, samplers will be notified. Until that time, this container is not to be used.

* If vials, septa and caps are new and certified contaminant-free, Le. still in packaging, they may immediately be usedin the field. For all other containers, the following decontamination procedure is recommended. All vials, septa andcaps must be heated b a 105" C drying oven for a minimum of 2 hours, cooled, and assembled in a solvent-free areabefore use. Solvent rinsed containers and septa with puncture marks are not to be used. Samples must not betransferred to VOA vials from other containers that have been solvent rinsed.

UTB couired Same

High ConcentrationRAS* RAS Analysis (oil, drum,Water Solid waste, or sludge)Matrix Matrix Matrix

No. for vials per sample 32 1

No. of vials per sampleused for QC (matrixspike and matrix spikeduplicate) 6 4 1

•RAS (Routine Analytical Services)

••If samples are shipped to EPA-CRL, and are preserved for volatilearomatic, an additional vial is required for each such sample. Contact JanetRoberson at 301/266-9180 for instructions.

AR30I393

Sampling and Shipping Requirements

* The sep'um must be placed in the cap with the Teflon section (thin, shiny layer) facing the sample matrix The cap'and septum must provide a secure and leak-free seal when placed on the glass vial

* Avo:d touching the septum with hands or contaminated gloves. Invert the sample vial after collection to verify theseal is leak-free.

* For water samples, the containers must be filled to capacity, with no bubbles (head space) present

* For soil and solid sample matrices, the vials must be filled to capacity and contain no significant voids or gapsbetween soil particles. Extraneous materials, such as sticks, leaves and rocks must not be included Avoid gettingsoil on the vial rim or cap threads, so fhat or the container will properly seal.

* Soil (solid) samples must be shipped inverted with the cap and septum downward. This arrangement allows the soilminimir^tmass to rest against the septum and minimir^t volatile diffusion during shipment.

* All volatile samples must be shipped with sufficient ke to maintain a temperature of f C while in transit

REMINDER: A tingle copy of this directive it provided to the individual designated to represent the coetnctor. It i* the responsibility of thatindividual to distribute the directive within the contractor orjanizitioo to appropriate project manafen tad Geld personnel.

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EPAREGION III

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• •

HWMD

Bulletin No. OAD007 ' Dates Julv 11. 1989

AQUEOUS SAMPLE PRESERVATION FOR VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (VOC) ANALYSES

The purpose of this directive i* to define appropriate times to preserve AQUEOUSsamples for VOC analysis, and to suggest techniques for the preservation. Thereare two reasons to preserve staples for VOCs: 1) to remove residual chlorine and2) to stop bio-degradation. Unless the water source is chlorinated, the presenceof residual chlorine'is unlikely. Very few Superfund sites are concerned withchlorinated water supplies. In contrast, aromatic compounds (benzene, toluene,etc.) are often a concern at Superfund sites. Bio-degradation becomes an issue dueto holding times. If samples are unpreaerved, the technical holding time for VOCanalysis per the Federal Register is limited to 7 daya for aromatic and 14 daysfor non-aromatic compound*. If preserved, the holding time for aromatics isextended to 14 days. Since the CLP SOW contractual holding time is 10 days fromsample receipt, the technical holding time may have expired before a contractuallycompliant analysis is completed. If the VOC contaminants of concern are only thechlorinated hydrocarbons (TCE, PCE, etc.), then qualifiers on the aromaticcompounds for expired holding times are inconsequential. If the aromatics are ofconcern, preservation may be critical for data integrity.

Once the need to preserve VOCs (in addition to keeping them at 4°C) isestablished, the preservation technique must be selected. Ascorbic acid is usedto remove chlorine in order to inhibit creation of trihalomethanes and otherchlorinated compounds (false positives). Hydrochloric acid (EC1) is used to stopdestruction of aromatics (false negatives). If both types of preservation areneeded, the residual chlorine must be removed BEFORE EC1 is added. Region IIIcurrently recommends two preservation techniques to retard bio-degradation and onefor removing residual chlorine. They are presented below with some generalinstructions. All preservation techniques used for a project must be defined inyour QAPjP and discussed with RSCC when scheduling samples. The type ofpreservation must also be noted on the Sample Shipping Log for those samples sentthrough RSCC.

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS1. When filling the vials, avoid passing air through the sample.2. Whan preservation is completed, seal the vial then invert it to ensure no

air bubbles are present.3. Label and package for shipping according to the instructions in the User's

•_ Guide to the Contract Laboratory Program- December 1988.

GENERAL QUALITY CONTROL . '1. Collect * to 6 vials at each location (see below for guidance). Verify the

preservation(s) worked on extra vial(s) from each of the sample locations.Discard the teated vials. Record the verification results in a fieldnotebook.

2. Trip blanks which accompany VOC samples oust be preserved using the sanepreservation technique(s) as the samples. ft R 3 0 I 395

3. Use narrow range (0 to 4) pB paper to measure pR.n(continued on back)

SUPPLIES !1. Ultrapure (better than reagent rr^de) hydrochloric ac*o (HC1)

1:1 solution2. Number of 40 ml vials needed at each sample location:

a) chlorine removal only: 5 vialsb) chlorine removal and pH adjustment: 6 vi<xSc) pR adjustment only: 4 vialsd) no preservation: 3 vials

3. A.C.S. grade ascorbic acid4. Bach DPD kit (use the total residual chlorine pillows)5. Disposable Pasteur pipettes

PROCEDURES

RESIDUAL CHLORINE REMOVAL (with or without pH adjustment)1. For each sample location suspected of containing residual chlorine, check a

practice sample with a Each DPD kit. Discard the sample.2. If residual chlorine is detected in step 1, add 25 mg ascorbic acid to four

(five if pH adjustment is also needed) empty 40 ml-sample vials. Immediatelyafter collecting a fresh sample, fill the vials. Invert closed vials to mix.

3. Verify removal, of the residual chlorine with the Hach DPD kit using one ofthe vials. Discard the vial. NOTEi effective removal of the chlorine mustbe verified before EC1 is added.

4. If preservation for aromatics is also needed (see discussion on page 1), add2-3 drops of 1:1 HC1 to all four remaining vials using a new Pasteurpipette. Ensure that the acid reaches the sample (does not run down theside of the vial), then invert closed vials to mix and check for bubbles.

5. Verify pH is <2 using one of the four vials. If pH <2, discard the testedsample. If pH is not <2, then repeat steps 4 and 5.

HCL PRESERVATION ONLYTechnique #11. Add 2-3 drops of 1:1 HC1 to an empty 40 ml vial.2. Fill the vial with sample. Invert closed vial to mix, then check with pH

paper. If pH is not <2, add additional BC1. Record the amount of acid.needed to get the pE to <2 in the field notebook. Discard the sample.

3. Add the needed amount of HC1 to three vials. Immediately after collecting afresh sample, fill the three vials. Avoid excessive overflow of the samplewhen filling. Invert closed vials to mix and check for bubbles. NOTE:Adding water to acid may cause "gassing** to occur, and some VOCs may belost.

Technique #21. Fill a vial with sample, then add 2-3 drops of 1:1 BC1 using a new Pasteur

pipette. Invert closed vial to mix, then check with pH paper. If pH is not<2, add additional BC1. Record the amount of acid needed to get the pH to<2 in the field notebook. Discard the sample.

2. Immediately after collecting a fresh sample, fill three vials. Add theneeded amount of 1:1 BC1 to each of the vials using a new Pasteur pipette.Ensure that the acid reaches the sample (does not run down the side of thevial), then invert closed vials to mix and check for bubbles.

GENERAL INFORMATION1. If well recovery is very alow and two bailers cannot be obtained in a

reasonable time period, then fill and cap all the needed vials with thefirst sample. Proceed with the above techniques, but open the vials brieflyto add the preservatives.

2. HC1 is corrosive to laboratory equipment, so add the minimal amount thatwill effectively preserve the samples.

RR30I396

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EPAREGION III

QA DIRECTIVES

N

HWMDi

./

FIELD FILTRATION POLICY FOR MONITORING WELL GROUNDWATER SAMPLESREQUIRING METALS ANALYSIS

The objectives of this directive are: (1) to formally state Region m RCRA and CERCLA policy which requiresboth filtered and unfiltered groundwater sample* for metal analyses; (2) to outline appropriate exceptions to thestated policy; and (3) to provide technical direction for the field filtration procedure.REMINDER: A singe copy of this directive it provided to the individual designated to represent the eontnctor. It is the responsibility ofchat individual to distribute the directive within the contnctor orpnization to appropriate project manajers and field personnel.

Concentrations of metal contaminants measured in unfiltered groundwater represent the total metals present in thesample. Filtered samples represent dissolved metals concentration and are often more representative of mobilecontamination (see exceptions below). Monitoring wells sometimes produce turbid water (water containingsuspended solids). The turbidity can be due to disruption of the adjacent geologic formations during well purgingor poor design and initial development of the well When particles containing metal species are suspended into thegroundwater and are not removed, they dissolve when the sample is preserved to a pH <2. High levels ofaluminum, manganese, and iron in unfiltered samples often indicate the presence of these particles. Withoutfiltration, concentrations of this mobile metal contamination in the groundwater are often over estimated.Therefore, it is necessary to take both filtered sad unfiltered sample.! to fully characterize the distribution of metalsat a given site. Since acid (low pH) may distort the distribution of metals between paniculate and dissolved species,preservation for dissolved metals samples must be performed after filtration. Because the oxidation state affects thesolubility of metals, filtration must occur immediately after sampling. \The exceptions to the policy requiring both filtered and unfiltered samples are:

1. Site specific geologic conditions where groundwater may transport large particulates and only unfilteredsamples are representative of mobile groundwater quality (for example, karst terrain or clean gravel fades).These site conditions must be fully discussed and documented in the Quality Assurance Project Plan (QAPjP).

2. When there is sufficient historical data (a minimum of four consecutive quarters) from the same monitoringwells that are to be sampled, then these wells may fall into one of the following exception categories:

a. If the historical information shows that the purging and sampling methods are the same as the methods tobe used at future sampling events, then either filtered or unfiltered samples as appropriate to the historicaldata are acceptable for future sampling in these wells.

b. If the historical information shows inconsistency between the filtered and unfiltered data, and high levels ofaluminum *re present in the unfiltered data, only filtered samples are needed.

NOTE: Extrapolation of historical data from a limited number of wells to all the wells at the site is not acceptablewithout a dearly justified rationale. All deviations from taking BOTH filtered and unfiltered groundwateriiamplea for metals must be fully described and justified in the QAPjP.

TECHNICAL GUIDANCE FOR FILTRATION OF MONITORING WELL SAMPLES FOR METALS ANALYSIS

IL. Designate an area in which the filtration process is to take place. This area must have an element and dust-free environment. When filtration apparatus is not in use, keep it covered to protect from airborne particles.Use either a glass or plastic filtering apparatus. Stainless steel is unacceptable since it can contaminate thesamples.

(over)

SR3G1397

2. Filtration must be initiated immediately after sample collection. Record both the time of sample collection andtime of filtration in the field notebook. Filtration must be completed before preservation to a pH <2.

3. A 0.45 micron filter is the required pore size for filtration. Other pore-size filters may be appropriate for sitespecific conditions. However, deviations from the 0.45 micron pore size must be justified and documented inthe QAPjP and field notebook. The polycarbonate membrane type is recommended. For highly turbid water,a clean glass fiber filter may be used as a 'pre-filter*. When a pro-filter is used, place it on top of the 0.45micron filter, then filter the sample using the normal procedure. Dispose of the pre-filter and record a generaldescription of the turbidity of the sample in the field notebook.

4. Each filter and filtration apparatus must be prepared before use since they often contain trace amounts ofmetals. Filtration with approximately 20 ml of a 25% nitric acid (HNO,) solution (3 parts water and 1 partacid) followed by three 20 ml rinses of trace metal free deionized (DI) water is required to remove any traceamounts of metals. The filtered liquid is then discarded before filtering each sample. Use the same DI waterand dilute nitric acid solution (Le, prepared from the same source, lot number and/or batch) to prepare thefilters for all samples and the field blanks.

5. Both a filtered and an unfiltered blank must accompany samples to the lab(s) for analysis unless only unfilteredsamples are collected and submitted for analysis. A duplicate filtered and unfiltered sample is alsorecommended.

6. All water samples, including surface water, filtered and unfiltered groundwater, and blanks must be preservedto a pH <2 with HNO,. Use a high quality acid such as Baker Instra-Analyzed or equivalent NOTE:Reagent grade acid is not acceptable. Verify that the pH of each sample is <2 with narrow range (0 to 2) pHpaper.

7. Document the lot number and manufacturer of the acid, the deionized water, and the filters in the fieldnotebook. This documentation will facilitate tracing the source of contamination when the data indicates thepossibility of a 4*y>nf»mtn«ti<v problem.

8. Monitoring wells with a very high concentration of solids (evidenced by a slow filtration rate) should be notedin the field notebook. This may indicate an improperly installed monitoring well

DATA INTERPRETATION

The concentration of a dissolved metal (filtered sample) should not wy-H its concentration as a total metal(unfiltered sample). If the dissolved fraction exceeds the total fraction by a small amount, it may be attributable toanalytical variability. Typical problems and their possible causes are listed below:

1. The dissolved concentration is higher than the total:

o When dissolved iron, zinc, aluminum, and copper are higher, then the filters may be a source ofcontamination. Investigate the rinsing procedure used for filters.

o When nearly all dissolved metals are higher, then sample middling is a possible source of error.Investigate the sample labeling procedure.

2. If the sample results are erratic, investigate the time lapse from sampling to filtration.

EPAREGION III

QA DIRECTIVES

• Bulletin No. QAD011_________________________________________August 3.1989

QUALITY CONTROL BLANK DEFINITIONS

The purpose of this Quality Assurance Directive is to present standardized worldng definitions of Quality Controlblanks generated in the field and laboratory. The use of these definitions is required in Region ffi QualityAssurance documents (e. sampling and analysis plans, work plans, QAPjPs, etc.) to ensure consistency.

Use of Quality Control samples is a significant aspect of documenting the accuracy of environmental and analyticalactivities. The Q.C. blank is frequently used in achieving t*"« goal.

The primary purpose of blanks is to trace routes of contamination. A number of blank types are routinely used inthe field and laboratory. Each type traces a different source of contamination.

Field blanks include a subgroup of blanks that are generated at the time of sampling. These blanks provide anevaluation of contamination from the sampling process through the analytical scheme. Field blanks include samplematrix blanks, sample equipment blanks, and trip blanks.

Sample Matrix Blanks are composed of analyte free materials which resemble the matrix to be sampled. Samplematrix blanks are transported to the field and exposed to the same conditions as field samples. Commonly referredto as a field blank, it is a tool for assessing contamination from the total sampling, sample preparation, andmeasurement process.

Sampling Equipment Blanks are samples generated from the sampling equipment in use. Equipment is tested forcarryover contamination before use and between subsequent uses by collecting a rinsate sample.

Trip Blanks allow the evaluation of contamination generated from sample containers and changes occurring duringthe shipping process. Samples are prepared prior to the sampling trip. Trip blanks are not exposed to fieldconditions. These are typically associated with the analysis of volatile organic compounds.

Not unlike field blanks, laboratory blanks also trace contamination. However, these samples identify contaminationencountered during the analytical process. The following laboratory blanks each provide information on potentialsample contamination encountered at various points during analysis.

Method Blanks correspond to the first step of sample preparation, providing a check on contamination resultingfrom sample preparation activities.

Extraction and Digestion Blanks are prepared at the beginning of the process*nd are carried through all steps ofsample preparation and analysis. ' • . •

Leachate Blanks are employed when a leaching procedure is used to prepare samples for analysis. This sampleprovides information on contamination from reagents, leaching equipment used in the laboratory, sample han-jlinand ambient sources.

.Reagent Blanks are prepared using method specific reagents, filter media, or other materials used for samplepreparation. These blanks are indicative of contaminants present in the reagents or analytical system.

Holding Blanks are usually composed of laboratory pure water and stored with a sample set in the same kind ofsample container. These blanks are analyzed at the end of the sample storage period. Analytical data providesinformation on cross contamination occurring in sample storage. Generally, holding blanks are analyzed only forvolatile organic compounds.

«»«>- AR3QI399

QADQllAugust 3, 1989

Page 2

-- measure the presence or absence of instrument artifacts. These blanks are usually associatedwith chromatographic analyses, atomic spectroscopy, or mass spectrometry.

.Cajibrytipn Blanks are prepared from the same reagents matrix used in standard preparation. These blanks arensed to zero the instruments response to background levels of anafytes in the reagent matrix.

For further clarification on the use and interpretation of blanks, please see the attached table, "Organization andInterpretation Chart for Blanks" (RRelativety Speaking, February 1989).

Attachment

AR30IUOO

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EPAREGION III

QA DIRECTIVES

j rDRINKING WATER ANALYSES BY EPA .500 SERIES METHODS

EPA 500 series methods are recommended for organic analyses of Superfund samples if the water sample is a homewell, public drinking water source, or if the data is to be compared to drinking water criteria. The following methodsare available, and promulgated or proposed in the Federal Register.

MethodNumber Title

502.1 Volatile Halogenated Organic Compounds in Water by Purge and Trap Gas Chromatography

5022 Volatile Organic Compounds in Water By Purge and Trap Capillary Column Gas Chromatographywith Photoionization and Electrolytic Conductivity Detectors in Series.

503.1 Volatile Aromatic and Unsaturated Organic Compounds in Water by Purge and Trap GasChromatography

504 1,2-Dibromoethane (EDB) and .U2-Dibromo-3»Chloropropane (DBCP) in Water by Microextractand Gas Chromatography

505 Analysis of Organohalide Pesticides and Commercial Poh/chlorinated Biphenyl Products in Waterby Microcxtraction and Gas Chromatography

507 Determination of Nitrogen and Phosphorus-Containing Pesticides in Water by Gas Chromatographywith a Nitrogen-Phosphorus Detector

508 Determination of Chlorinated Pesticides in Water by Gas Chromatography with An ElectronCapture Detector

508A Screening for Polychlorinated Biphenyls by Perchlorination and Gas Chromatography

515.1 Determination of Chlorinated Acids in Water by Gas Chromatography with aa Electron CaptureDetector

524.1 Measurement of Purgeable Organic Compounds in Water by Packed Column GasChromatography/Mass Spectrometry

524.2 Measurement of Purgeable Organic Compound* in Water by Capillary Column GasChromatography/Mass Spectrometry

525 Determination of Organic Compounds in Drinking Water by Liquid-Solid Extraction and CapillaryColumn Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

531.1 Measurement of N-Methylcarbamoyloximes and N-Methylcarbamates in Water by Direct AqueousInjection HPLC with Post Column Derivatization

Document Reference (EPA-600/4-88/039)

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4 DIRECTIVES

Bulletin No. OAD013______;_________________________________________July 25. 1989

CHAIN OF CUSTODY RECORD, SAMPLE TAGS, AND CUSTODY SEALSPOLICIES AND PROCEDURES

The. main purpose of this Quality Assurance (QA) Directive is to set forth and clarify the proper procedures forcorrecting errors and omissions on original legal documents, i.e., chain of custody records and sample tags.Additional clarification of related issues regarding the chain of custody record,' sample tags, and custody seals is alsoincluded.

REMINDER A single copy of this directive is provided to the individual designated to represent the contractor. It is the responsibility ofthat individual to distribute the. directive within the contractor organization to appropriate project managers and field personnel.

To promote consistency among the Region HI contractors, the policies and procedures outlined in this directive areto be followed in Region in. These policies and procedures meet or, in some cases, exceed the requirements of theNational Enforcement Investigations Center (NEIC) and have been reviewed by the Office of Regional Counsel(ORC). FAILURE TO FOLLOW THE PROCEDURES OUTLINED BELOW CAN ADVERSELY AFFECTTHE LEGAL DOCUMENTATION OF THE CASE.

CHAIN OF CUSTODY RECORD: THE MOST IMPORTANT CASE DOCUMENT

1. Errors and discrepancies discovered on the chain of custody record while it is still in the sampler'spossession can be corrected by drawing a single line through the error and entering the correct information. Eacherror discovered MUST be corrected by the individual who made the original entry and each correction MUST beinitialed and dated.

2. To correct errors or discrepancies on the chain of custody record after the samples have been shipped tothe laboratory, the sampler MUST write, and distribute a "Memo to File." This is simply a letter of explanationaddressed to the laboratory sample custodian defining and correcting the error or discrepancy. IT MUST BE IN ABUSINESS LETTER FORMAT AND HAVE AN ORIGINAL SAMPLER'S SIGNATURE. AN INITIALEDMEMO IS NOT ACCEPTABLE. A separate "Memo to File" MUST be written for each separate case number,task number, and laboratory. Also, do not combine separate case numbers or task numbers in a single "Memo to.FjSeJ A "Memo to File" that is written to a Contract Laboratory Program (CLP) laboratory MUST refer to thesite by the CLP case number and Region, e , Region HI, case #11555. DO NOT INCLUDE THE SITE NAMEAND LOCATION WHEN WRITING A "MEMO TO FILE" TO A CLP LABORATORY. Include all pertinentcase information. At a minimum, the carrier used, the airbill number the sample(s) was shipped under, the date ofshipment, the CLP sample number(s), the sample station location, the time and date of sampling, the sample tagnumber(s), and the document number which is found on the bottom right-hand corner of the chain of custodyrecord MUST be included. At least four copies of the original MUST be made with distribution as follows: theoriginal letter, which has the original sampler's signature, is sent by overnight carrier to the laboratory samplecustodian; one copy is placed in the contractor's central site file; one copy is mailed to the Regional Sample ControlCenter (RSCC); one copy is mailed to the EPA RPM for the site, and the fourth copy is mailed to the Region IIIsample coordinator at the Sample Management Office (SMO). Make sure all carbon copies are listed on theoriginal letter. REMEMBER NOT TO USE. THE SITE NAME. Upon receipt of the "Memo to File" by thelaboratory, it becomes part of the evidentiary file for that case.

Although there is no time limit for correction of the errors and discrepancies, the "Memo to File" MUST be writtenas soon as an error is discovered REMEMBER. SAMPLES AT CLP LABORATORIES WILL NOT BEANALYZED UNTIL ALL PAPERWORK DISCREPANCIES ARE RESOLVED.

QAD013July 25, 1989

Page 2

.** . 'For samples which are sent to the EPA Central Regional Laboratory (CRL) for analysis, the procedure forcorrecting the chain of custody record is the same as outlined above with the following exceptions: since there is noassigned case number, the site name .and location MUST be included in the "Memo to File." Also, there is no CLPsample number(s) involved, and SMO does not receive a copy of the "Memo to File."

3. To correct a sample omission from the chain of custody record, or in the event that a chain of custodyrecord did not accompany a sample shipment, a "Memo to File" MUST be written by the sampler which includes allthe information outlined in item #2. In addition, it MUST include all pertinent information as to how thesample(s) was(,were) collected, along with all entries from the field logbook regarding the custody of the sample(s).At a minimum, the sampling technique and equipment used, when the sample was in the sampler's physicalpossession, when it was placed in the sealed cooler for shipment, and any other pertinent information MUST beincluded THE LABORATORY COPY OF AN ORIGINAL CHAIN OF CUSTODY RECORD WHICH DIDNOT ACCOMPANY THE SAMPLE SHIPMENT MUST BE RETAINED IN THE CONTRACTOR'SCENTRAL SITE FILE ALONG WITH THE SAMPLER'S COPY. The "Memo to File" is signed, copied, anddistributed as in item #2.v

4. AN "AMENDED" OR "SECOND" CHAIN OF CUSTODY RECORD CANNOT BE SUBMITTED TOTHE LABORATORY IN CONJUNCTION WITH. OR IN LIEU OF. A "MEMO TO FILE."

5. The only time a photocopy of the original chain of custody record is sent to the laboratory is if the originalrecord was illegible and/or destroyed during the sample shipment as a result of leaking samples, melting ice, orother causes. In this instance the laboratory can request a photocopy of the original document to verify what wasshipped. This request for a photocopy MUST be initiated by the CLP laboratory through the RSCC or by the EPACRL laboratory custodian. The photocopy MUST be accompanied by a cover letter. The cover letter MUSTinclude the reason the photocopy was requested and have an original sampler's signature.

6. When listing sample tag numbers on the chain of custody record, or in a "Memo to File," the entire tagnumber MUST be written out for each sample tag; e.g., 3-114354, 3-114358, 3-114363. The only exception is if thetag numbers for a sample are in a consecutive series. In this instance the tag numbers may be listed as the first tagnumber through the last tag number, e.g., 3-114354 through 3-114365. The word "through" MUST be written out.A DASH M IS NOT ACCEPTABLE. ALSO. USING A DASH (-) PLUS THE LAST TWO DIGITS OF THETAG NUMBER IS NOT ACCEPTABLE, e.g.. 3-114354. -55. -56.

7. DO NOT FILL OUT CHAIN OF CUSTODY RECORDS AND SAMPLE TAGS PRIOR TO THESAMPLING ACTIVITY.

SAMPLE TAGS

1. A sample tag MUST be completed for and attached to each separate sample container, i.e., if two or moreVOA vials are submitted for a single sample station location, each vial MUST have its own individual sample tag.

2. Sample tags are controlled documents with serialized numbers and each sample tag MUST be accountedfor by the samplers. Each individual sampler is accountable for every sample tag that is assigned to them. Anylost, voided, or damaged tags MUST be reported to the site leader and documented in the field logbook. Allvoided or damaged tags MUST be retained in the appropriate file EXCEPT those sample tags which werecontaminated with a hazardous substance. Tags contaminated with a hazardous substance MUST be disposed ofproperly, along with any other hazardous waste from the site. However, these contaminated sample tags MUSTalso be documented in the field logbook and reported to the site leader. MAKE SURE THAT VOIDED ORDAMAGED TAG NUMBFPft AKft PBP-TED FROM THE CHAIN OF CUSTODY RECORD BEFORESENDING IT TO THE LABORATORY.

3. Errors and discrepancies discovered on the sample tags while still in the sampler's possession can becorrected by drawing a single line through the error and entering the correct information. Each error discoveredMUST be corrected by the individual who made the entry and each correction MUST be initialed and dated

4. The RSCC is notified by SMO, or the laboratories, when there is an error or discrepancy on the sampletags. The RSCC or the EPA CRL wiH, in turn, inform the sampler when there is an error or discrepancy noted bythe laboratory on the sample tags. To correct errors or discrepancies on a sample tag(s) after the samples havebeen shipped to the laboratory, the sampler MUST write a "Memo to File" as previously discussed under CHAINOF CUSTODY RECORD item #2. The same sample information for the sample tag(s) is provided for the

AR30U05

QAD0131989

Page 3

"Memo to File" from the chain of custody record or field logbook. The "Memo to File" is signed, copied, anddistributed to the laboratory and the other parties as outlined under CHAIN OF CUSTODY RECORD item #2.

5. If a sample tag is lost in shipment or was never prepared for a sample, a "Memo to File" MUST be writtenby the sampler which includes all of the information previously discussed under CHAIN OF CUSTODY RECORDitem #2. In addition, it MUST also include all pertinent information involving how the sample(s) was collected andall entries from the field logbook regarding the custody of the sample(s). At a minimum, the sampling technic andequipment used when the sample was in the sampler's physical possession, when it was placed in the sealedcontainer for shipment, and any other pertinent information MUST be included.

6. AN "AMENDED" OR "SECOND" SAMPLE TAG CANNOT BE SUBMITTED TO THELABORATORY IN CONJUNCTION WITH. OR IN LIEU OF. A "MEMO TO FILE."

CUSTODY SEALS

1. Each cooler MUST have at least two custody seals overlapping the lid and body of the cooler and onopposite sides of the cooler. They are placed in such a manner so that when the cooler is opened the seals arebroken.

2. Custody seals MUST be dated and signed by the sampler.

3. Coolers MUST also be sealed with strapping tape in such a manner that the cooler cannot be openedwithout cutting through the tape.

4. THERE IS NO SUBSTITUTION FOR CUSTODY SEALS. A HANDWRITTEN FACSIMILE IS NOTACCEPTABLE. Therefore, make sure you have enough custody seals before going to the field.

5. CUSTODY SEALS OR ANY OTHER TAPE MUST NOT BE USED ON THE LIDS OF THESAMPLE CONTAINERS THEMSELVES. The glue used in the adhesive of the tape may contaminate the sample.This is especially true of VOA vials where the adhesive would come in contact with the septum. NEIC ONLYREQUIRES PLACEMENT OF THE CUSTODY SEALS ON THE COOLER.

If you have any questions regarding the chain of custody record sample tags, custody seals, or the procedures in thisdirective, contact Annette Lage or the RSCC at 301/266-9180.

AR30U06

APPENDIX B

Colder Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs)

l.O Standard Operating Procedure for Decontaminationof Sampling Equipment

2.0 Standard Operating Procedure for Sampling ofSediments

3.0 Drillstem Packer Testing

4.0 standard Operating Procedure for Baseline EmissionEstimates of Volatile Organic Compounds/ Screeningof Ambient Air Using a Total Hydrocarbon Analyzer

5.0 Field Chain-of-custody

AR30U07

March 1992___________________________________ 903-6372

1.0 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE FOR DECONTAMINATION OFSAMPLING EQUIPMENT

The following is the decontamination procedure for samplingequipment (e.g., bailers, pumps, scoops).

o Steam clean the equipment if the heat will notcause damage. Exercise caution to avoid burnsduring steam cleaning. Do not handle theequipment while applying steam.

o Prepare a laboratory-grade detergent (e.g.Alconox) solution with potable water in bucket.

o Wear disposable gloves while cleaning sampler toavoid contamination and change gloves as needed.

o Disassemble sampler (if applicable) and scrub eachpart with the detergent and water using a brush.

' i

o Rinse with potable water.

o Triple rinse with distilled or deionized water.

o Collect all wastewater in a container fordisposal.

Goider AssociatesRevision #1 A R 3 0 U 0 8'

March 1992______________________________________903-6372

2.0 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR SAMPLING OF SEDIMENTS

2.1 General

o Before commencing collection of samples,thoroughly evaluate the site. Observe the numberand location of sample points, landmarks,reference, and routes of access or escape.

o Record pertinent observations. Include a sketchor photograph, where appropriate, identifyingsample locations.

o Prepare all sampling equipment and samplecontainers prior to entering site. Provideprotective wrapping to minimize contamination.

o Place sample containers on flat, stable surfacesfor receiving samples. Use sorbent materials tocontrol spills, if any.

o Samples should be collected in a downstream toupstream manner. Plan to collect samples firstfrom those areas that are suspected of being theleast contaminated thus minimizing the risk ofcross contamination.

o Collect samples and securely close containers asquickly as feasible. Where possible, make fieldobservations (pH, temperature, conductivity) atthe source rather than in containers.

o Follow the sampling plan in every detail.Document all steps in the sampling procedures.

o For potentially hazardous samples, dispose ofsampling gear as determined in the sampling plan,or carry it back to the contamination reductioncorridor for decontamination cleaning andplacement in a plastic bag.

o For potentially hazardous samples, deliver thesample containers and equipment to thedecontamination station for cleaning prior tofurther handling.

o Always be attentive to the potential hazard posedby the sampling procedures and the materialsampled.

Revision #1 Goider Associates A R 3 0 1 4 u "

March 1992 ________s__________________________903-6372

o Streams and lakes will likely demonstratesignificant variations in sediment compositionwith respect to distance from inflows, discharges,or other disturbances. It is important,therefore, to document exact sampling locationusing stable references on the banks of the streamof lake. In addition, the presence of rocks,debris, or organic material may complicatesampling and preclude the use of, or requiremodification to, some devices. Sampling ofsediments should, therefore', be conducted toreflect these and other variants.

2.2 Procedure; Scoops And Trowels (disturbed sample)

o Collect the necessary equipment, and cleanaccording to the decontamination requirementsgiven in Section 1 above.

o Sketch and/or photograph the sample area, or noterecognizable features for future reference.

o Insert scoop or trowel into material and removesample. In the case of sludges exposed to air, itmay be desirable to remove the first 1 or 2 cm ofmaterial prior to collecting sample.

o If compositing a series of grab samples, use aplastic (for inorganics) or stainles,s steel (fororganics) mixing bowl or Teflon tray for mixing asappropriate (VOC samples should never be mixed).

o Transfer sample into an appropriate sample bottlewith a clean (decontaminated) plastic or stainlesssteel spoon, scoop or spatula as appropriate.

o Check that a Teflon liner is present in the bottlecap, if required. Secure the cap tightly. Thechemical preservation of solids is generally notrecommended. Refrigeration to 4°C is usually thebest approach, supplemented by a minimal holdingtime.

o Label the sample bottle with the appropriateinformation using water-proof ink. Be sure tolabel the tag carefully and clearly, addressingall the categories or parameters. Complete allchain-of-custody documents, and record in thefield logbook.

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o Place the properly labeled sample bottle in anappropriate carrying container. As specified inthe Work Plan, use wet or blue ice to cool thesamples during shipping. Use a custody seal onthe shipping package.

2,3 Procedure: Hand Auger

o Follow procedures given in "Sampling Surface Soilsfor Chemical Analysis.11

2.4 Procedure: Composite Sample

o Collect at least three small, equal-sized samplesfrom several points along the sludge or sedimentdeposition area. Mark the location with anumbered stake, and photograph the location orlocate sample points on a sketch of the site.Except for VOC samples, deposit sample portions ina clean, wide mouth jar or bowl. Carefully stirportions together into one composite. VOC samplesshould be placed directly into sample jars withoutmixing.

o Transfer appropriate aliquots of the compositesludges or sediments from the wide-mouth jar to asample bottle. Attach identification label numberand tag. Legibly record all necessary informationin the field logbook and on the sample log sheetusing water-proof ink.

o Store the sampler and jars in a plastic bag untildecontamination or disposal.

o Pack the samples for shipping. Attach a custodyseal to the shipping package. Make certain thatthe chain-of custody forms are properly filled outand enclosed or attached. Cool the samples duringshipping using wet or blue ice.

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3.0 DRILLSTEM PACKER TESTING

3.1 General ,

The type of straddle packer testing to be used is thedrillstem type, originally developed in the petroleumindustry for assessments of reservoir properties. In recentyears, drillstem testing has become an increasingly popularmethod of assessing aquifer characteristics in theenvironmental industry. Drillstem testing has beensuccessfully used for aquifer characterization at othersolid waste landfill sites in Pennsylvania.

The widening acceptance of drillstem testing is due to itseffectiveness in determining aquifer properties accuratelyand quickly, allowing for greater coverage as compared toconstant rate withdrawal (or pump) tests alone. Theadvantages in the drillstem test over the traditional slugtest are many. The straddle packer drillstem test allowsfor the rapid vertical delineation of permeabilities as wellas hydraulic head estimates. In this way the verticalgradients of the system may be obtained as well as estimatesof permeability. In addition, the drillstem test produces amore sustained disturbance of the aquifer than an ordinaryslug test, and when used in conjunction with a downholeshut-in valve, the test interval may be totally isolatedfrom the atmosphere allowing for quicker and more accuratepressure responses. In addition, when correlated withdetailed coring data, the drillstem test permeability andhead estimates produce an accurate representation of the 3-dimensional flow system, providing information on the flowcharacteristics of the various geologic units and subsurfacestructures.

3.2 Theory

Various methods used in the analysis and interpretation ofdrillstem test data have been presented in both petroleumand hydrogeology literature. Streltsova (1988) andEarlougher (1977) (References 1 and 2, respectively) providea good overall summary of some of the most commonly usedanalysis techniques. Methods of analysis usually consist ofeither semi-log and/or curve matching techniques. Bothmethodologies are based upon the boundary value solutions asfirst described by Theis in 1935 (Reference 3).

3.3 Methodology

Figure 1 depicts the schematic layout of the drillstempacker system most likely to be used at the site. As shown,the straddle packer system is used with 3 vibrating wirepressure transducers. This transducer system allows thehydrogeologist to determine if the packers are leaking by

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monitoring the pressure in the interval between the packers,above the packed off interval and below the packer assembly,at all times. The downhole shut-in valve, shown in detailin Figure 2, may be closed to further isolate the testinterval from the atmosphere, thereby obtaining a quick andreliable static head level for each test interval. Headsobtained in this way may be used to construct the verticalgradient profile of site aquifer systems, as well as in theanalysis of hydraulic conductivity. The general testmethodology is as described below:

o After moving to the desired borehole interval, thepackers will be inflated and the downhole shut-invalve will be closed. the packers will besuspended by means of "N" type wireline drillingrods or equivalent.

o After insuring that the packers are properly setand the valve is closed, a volume of water will beremoved from the drill rods by means of a swabtool, nitrogen air lift, or bailer.

o After pressures in the test interval havestabilized and the proper volume of water has beenremoved from the rods, the shut-in valve will beopened, allowing water to flow from the testinterval into the rods. All of this activity willbe monitored in real time by means of amicrocomputer, which will be linked to the datalogging system.

o The interval will not be allowed to fully recoverbefore the downhole valve is shut. The ensuingpressure build-up in the test interval prior toshutting the valve will be recorded and this dataanalyzed by the semi-log methods described inReferences 2 and 3. The interval will be shut-infor at least 30 minutes.

o The period during which the shut-in valve is openis defined as a "flow period" and the time duringwhich this valve is closed is referred to as a"shut-in" period. Two (2) such flow and shut-inperiods will be performed for each test section.In this way, 2 estimates of static head, hydraulicconductivity, and skin/wellbore storage effectsmay be obtained.

o In some instances, such as in very tightformations, pressures do not stabilize rapidly,and may in fact require days or even months toreach true static conditions. In these cases,the interval will be left shut-in for a period

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between 30-45 minutes. Static heads in thesecases may be determined by the method developed byHorner (1951) and described in reference 3. It ispossible to project this steadily increasingpressure data to the 'O Horner-time' axis andreasonably determine the true static head of theinterval.

o Water will be added in shallow cases where thereis insufficient water in the rods to be swabbedand a 'reverse' flow period will be run instead.

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References

1. Streltsova, T.O., "Well Testing in HeterogeneousFormations, Wiley & Sons, New York, 413p., 1988.

2. Earlougher, R.C., Advances in Well Test Analysis.Monograph Series Vol. 5, Society of PetroleumEngineers, Dallas, Texas, 1977.

3. Theis, C.V.,"The Relation between the Lowering of thePiezometric Surface and the Rate and Duration ofDischarge of a Well using Ground-Water Storage",Transactions A.G.U.. Vol. 16, pp. 519-524, 1935.

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4.0 STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE ' FOR BASELINE EMISSIONESTIMATES OF VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS. SCREENING OFAMBIENT AIR USING A TOTAL HYDROCARBON ANALYZER

4.1 Purpose

The purpose of this procedure is to establish consistent anduniform guidelines for screening ambient air for volatileorganic compounds in support of baseline emission estimatesduring the screening phase of environmental siteinvestigations/audits.

4.2 Applicability

This procedure applies to use of real-time total hydrocarbonanalyzers (such as the HNu Model PI-101, the PhptovacMicrotip, the ThermoElectron OVM, and the Foxboro OVA).

4.3 Definitions

Ambient Air - outdoor air in the breathing zone of siteworkers, residences, or other potential receptors such aswildlife.

Baseline Emission Estimates - assessment of the flux ofgaseous volatile organic compounds into the atmosphere.

Real-Time Total Hydrocarbon Analyzer - an instrument whichprovides continuous measurements of certain gaseouscomponents in an air space, typically volatile organiccompounds.

Flame lonization Detector - an instrument detector whichtypically ionizes organic compounds in a flame, withsubsequent electronic detection of the ions. Thesedetectors respond to a wide class of organic compounds.

Photoionization Detector - an instrument detector whichionizes certain volatile organic compounds using ultravioletradiation, with subsequent electronic detection of the ions.Depending upon the energy of the ultraviolet lamp, theseinstruments typically respond to a limited number ofcompounds (especially aromatic compounds [e.g. benzene,toluene, xylene, chlorobenzenej and compounds with carbon-carbon double bonds). They typically do not respond tomethane.

4.4 Discussion

Screening of ambient air for volatile organic compounds(VOCs) is often performed during the initial phases ofenvironmental site investigations for a variety of reasons.The most common objective is to assess the potential for

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exposure of site workers to concentrations of VOCs inambient air which exceed applicable (health-based)regulatory limits. These screening data can also beindicative of hot spot areas at the site which should beevaluated for more detailed follow-up investigations.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) could be released into thevadose zone (due to volatilization from soil or the watertable) and migrate to the ground surface via diffusive oradvective transport. Diffusive transport is driven by aconcentration gradient between the source and theatmosphere. Advective transport is possible wheresubsurface gas is generated, such as a municipal wastelandfill. Ground emissions from these transport processescould result in detectable concentrations of VOCs in ambientair.

Depending upon the types of volatile organic compoundsexpected to be present at the site, an instrument with anappropriate detector should be selected. A flame ionizationdetector (FID) will respond to a wide range of compounds,including methane. A photoionization detector (PID) couldrespond to a smaller number of compounds, depending upon theenergy of the ultraviolet lamp. Typically a PID will notrespond to methane. Therefore, if the goal of a survey isto detect other compounds and ignore a high backgroundconcentration of methane, a PID detector should be used.

4.5 Ecruipment And Materials

a. Real-time hydrocarbon analyzer with associatedcalibration gases, regulator, and operatingmanual.

/b. Site base map.

c. Steel measuring tape and compass.

d. Data sheets and field book.

4.6 Procedures

Prior to arrival on the site, all equipment to be usedshould be checked to assess if it is in proper working orderand that the necessary calibration gases, operating manual,and accessories are included. It is highly recommended tohave a back-up instrument, if possible. The analyst shouldhave reviewed the proposed scope of work for the project, asdefined in a work plan or proposal, understand its goals,and identify any specific details of the survey beyond thosegiven below.

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The total hydrocarbon analyzer should be calibrated inaccordance with the manufacturer's recommendations.Preferably, the calibration standard which is used should bebased upon the analytes of interest for the particular site.For example, the Foxboro OVA could be calibrated to methanefor a landfill investigation, or calibrated to pentane for ahydrocarbon spill investigation. If no previous informationis available, the Project Health and Safety Plan or theHealth and Safety Officer should be consulted for instrumentcalibration protocol.

Upon arrival at the site, visually identify severallandmarks which are shown on the base map. For a smallsite, these landmarks might be visible throughout the siteand provide a constant reference point. On larger sites,several landmarks will need to be identified as the surveyprogresses. Field staff should be confident in theirorientation/location prior to commencing the survey. Tapeand compass measurements based on established Site datumshould be made when necessary to determine specific samplinglocations.

Atmospheric conditions can greatly effect the detection ofground emissions. The detection limits for real-timehydrocarbon analyzers are typically about 1 part per millionin air (by volume, ppmv). Therefore, if possible, thesurvey should be carried out under near-optimum atmosphericconditions in order to enhance detection of groundemissions. Increased concentrations in ambient air areexpected under calm wind conditions (typically less than 5miles per hour) because the emissions are diluted in asmaller volume of ambient air. Therefore, air temperatureand wind speed need to be recorded during, the investigation.Ground emissions are also typically greater under warm, lowpressure atmospheric conditions. This is because greatertemperatures enhance volatilization in the soil and liquidsurfaces (e.g., lagoons), and shallow soil vapors "breath"in and out of the ground as high and low pressure weathersystems traverse the area. The presence of snow will tendto inhibit ground emissions. Precipitation events can alsoaffect ground emissions with initial increases due todisplacement of gas by infiltrating water, and subsequentsuppression of emissions due to infiltrating water acting asa gas diffusion barrier. It is difficult to specify a timedelay after precipitation after which a survey should beperformed because re-establishment of maximum groundemissions depends upon a variety of factors including thedepth to the contaminant source, the grain size andhomogeneity of the soil, and the duration of theprecipitation event.

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The progression of the survey can be adjusted based upon thegoals of the project and the site conditions. Initiallyupwind off-site background measurements should be recordedfor comparison to on-site measurements. Typically, a seriesof transects across the site will be walked with continuousobservation of the analyzer readout with the instrumentsampling inlet located about three feet above the groundsurface. Due to the slow response time of some instruments,the analyst should walk at a slow pace, typically no morethan 1 step per second. The analyst should also stop andrecord readings about one inch above the ground surface atregular intervals (nodes), typically about every 100 feet.Any measurements greater than background should be recordedon the base map. Measurements should also be performed atlarge cracks in the ground surface, at the top of open pipesin the ground, in confined spaces, and any other areas theanalyst deems appropriate. Under no circumstances shouldthe analyst enter any confined space unless specificprocedures have been provided in the Health and Safety Plan,the appropriate air monitoring equipment is available (e.g.,combustible gas indicator, oxygen meter, toxic gas meter),and a second person is acting in a buddy system role.

Upon completion of the survey, the upwind backgroundlocation should be remeasured to assess if potential upwindsources have changed and/or instrument calibration drift hasoccurred. The instrument calibration should also berechecked immediately following completion of the transectsusing the same calibration gas used initially.

A short narrative should be recorded in the analysts fieldbook describing the job, recent and current weatherconditions (including estimated temperature, percent cloudcover, wind speed and direction, amount and time since lastprecipitation), any deviations from this procedure, detailssuch as transect/node spacings, and any observations theanalyst deems appropriate. All paperwork should include theanalysts name, date, site name, and the project number.

4.7 References

o U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1989.Air/Superfund National Technical Guidance Study Series.Volume I - Application of Air Pathway Analyses forSuperfund Activities. Interim Final, EPA-450/1-89-001,Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, July.

o U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1990.Air/Superfund National Technical Guidance Study Series.Volume II - Estimation of Baseline Air Emissions atSuperfund Sites. EPA-450/l-89-002a, Office of AirQuality Planning and Standards, August.

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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1989.Air/Superfund National Technical Guidance Study Series,Volume IV - Procedures for Dispersion Modeling and AirMonitoring for Superfund Air 'Pathway Analysis. EPA-450/1-89-004, Office of Air Quality Planning andStandards, July.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, andothers, 1985. Occupational Safety and Health GuidanceManual for Hazardous Waste Site Activities, October.

Owner/Operation Manual for the analyzer being used.

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5.0 FIELD CHAIN-OF-CUSTODY

5.1 Purpose

Samples are physical evidence collected from a facility orthe environment. Sample data generated during environmentalprojects may be used as evidence in legal enforcementproceedings. In support of potential litigation, chain-of-custody procedures have been established to ensure sampletraceability from the time of collection through completionof analysis.

5.2 Procedures

Chain-of-custody is usually initiated at the laboratory whensamples are prepared and .shipped to the project site.Sometimes chain-of-custody is initiated in the field by thesampling team. When • chain-of-custody is initiated at thelaboratory, the laboratory personnel responsible forshipping sampling containers will have initiated and signedthe chain-of-custody form and sealed the shipping containerwith a chain-of-custody seal. It is preferable for thecustody seal to be signed and dated by the laboratory and tohave a unique serial number which is recorded on the chain-of-custody form by the lab. In such cases, field staffshould check this information to assess the potential fortampering with sample containers prior to receipt in thefield. The field staff should acknowledge receipt andcontainer integrity by signing the chain-of-custody form,and noting any discrepancies.

It is preferable to use leiboratory-supplied samplecontainers. However, if a situation arises where the fieldteam uses any sample containers not supplied by thelaboratory (such as pre-cleaned and certified I-Chembottles), this should be noted on the chain-of-custody formfor the particular samples in question. It should be notedthat the laboratory might not stand by the reliability ofthe analyses if non laboratory-supplied sample containersare used.

Samples and sample containers must be kept under properchain-of-custody during field sampling. The NationalEnforcement Investigations Center (NEIC) of USEPA considersa sample in custody under the following conditions:

1. It is in your actual possession, or

2. It is in your view, after being in your physicalpossession, or

3. It was in your possession and then you locked orsealed it to prevent tampering, or

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4. It is in a secure area (such as a locked sitetrailer, or a locked site vehicle).

If custody of the samples (and sample bottles) is exchangedduring field sampling, such transfer must be documented onthe chain-of-custody form. The departing field staff shouldsign indicating the custody has been relinquished, and thearriving field staff should sign indicating responsibilityfor the custody of the samples.

Each sample bottle should be labelled with the sampleidentification number, project name or identification, thesampler's name and Goider Associates (as the laboratory'sclient), the sample date and time (military time), therequested analysis, and any preservatives added to thesample.

Samples should be packed into a shipping container (usuallya cooler) in a manner which will minimize potential breakageof sample bottles. This might include use of laboratory-supplied bubble wrap designed to fit the particular bottle,polystyrene chips, or vermiculite.

When shipping samples,to the laboratory, all sample bottlesand requested analyses should be noted on the chain-of-custody form. Where multiple analytical methods areavailable for a particular analysis, the specific methodnumber should be listed .on the chain-of-custody form. Forexample, groundwater samples for VOC analysis might beperformed by USEPA Methods 601, 602, 624, or CLP-RAS(contract lab program-routine analytical procedures).

The sampling technician should sign the chain-of-custodyform relinquishing custody to the laboratory. If called forby the work plan, be sure the samples have been preservedand shipped with ice. If samples are shipped by overnightcourier, record the airbill number on the chain-of-custodyform in the comments section. The field sampling crewshould keep one copy of the completed chain-of-custody formalong with a copy of the airbill. The chain-of-custody formshould be sealed inside the shipping container with thesamples. The courier does not need to sign the chain-of-custody form if the shipping container remains unopened withthe form inside. If ice is used to cool the samples duringshipping, the paperwork should be sealed inside a ziplockbag to prevent damage. If samples are hand delivered to thelaboratory by the field staff, the chain-of-custody formshould be signed at the laboratory when the samples aredelivered. If samples are hand delivered by the fieldstaff, the shipping container does not need to be sealed aslong as it is kept under proper chain-of-custody untildelivered to the laboratory.

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If possible, chain-of-custody seals should be signed anddated, and the serial numbers listed on the chain-of-custodyform. At least two seals should be used on each shippingcontainer. Check with the project manager to determine ifovernight courier pickup has been scheduled for the projectsite. If not, the field team should determine the nearestpickup (or drop-off) location.

Field staff should return their copy of the chain-of-custodyform to the project office as soon as possible. If it issent via U.S. mail or overnight courier, the field staffshould keep another copy of the form until receipt by theproject office has been confirmed.

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APPENDIX C

Well Construction and Development

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WELL CONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT

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Well Construction and Development A - ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PARTI INTRODUCTION......................................................,..............................................A-1

PART II GENERAL CONDITIONS.......................................................................................A-5

Section 2.1 Definitions .............................................„..............;...................„...... A-5

PART III TECHNICAL PROVISIONS....................................................................................A-15

Section 3.1 General ..............................................................................................A-15Section 3.2 Decontamination of Equipment and Materials............................A-19

Section 3.3 Drilling Procedures and Steel Casing Installation....................... A-22Section 3.4 Sampling of Formations, Water, and Materials........................... A-27Section 3.5 Well Construction Materials........................................................... A-29Section 3.6 Well Screen, Riser, and Sampler Installation................................ A-34Section 3.7 Well Development and Acceptance............................................... A-39

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Well Construction and Development A- 1

PART I - INTRODUCTION

Drilling and well construction services are generally subcontracted by the Consultant ofRecord, on behalf of WMI, in accordance with prevailing Master Agreements. Therefore, theonly contractual issue this specification addresses is the method of subcontractor selectionand reimbursement for drilling and well installation services.

Since the -consultant of record is ultimately responsible for adherence to this well'specification and the quality of the work products and deliverables, the selection of a iqualified drilling firm is the consultant's responsibility. WMI does reserve the right to}request documentation of the selected or proposed drilling firm's qualifications andexperience and to reject the subcontracting of drilling firms which WMI deems to beunqualified. Such rejections will constitute the basis for renegotiation of that portion of thecontract pertaining to drilling and well installation.

WMI expects the consultant to procure cost effective drilling and well installation servicesthrough the competitive bidding process. WMI reserves the right of prior approval to reviewand make recommendations to the consultant prior to the consultant's awarding the drillingsubcontract.

Drilling and well construction services performed at WMI facilities should be performed onprincipally a footage and materials basis in accordance with a previously submitted andaccepted schedule of fees. An example of a fee schedule that would be provided in a bidpackage is shown on Table A-L All drilling activities should be reimbursed on a per footbasis. The basic drilling footage rate must include, but is not limited to, any sample andtesting protocols which are specified as part of the scope of work, estimated drilling depths,estimated number of borings, decontamination of drilling tools between individual borings,and the cost of any basic safety monitoring equipment or personal protection clothing that isrequired by the drilling firm or its insurance carrier.

Separate footage rates should be provided for different drilling methods or equipmentrequirements. Footage surcharge fees should be provided for work performed in adverse

.AR30IU29

A - 2 Well Construction and Development

TABLE A-lEXAMPLE OF STANDARD SCHEDULE OF FEES

DRILLING AND WELL CONSTRUCTION

ESTIMATED EXTENDEDACTIVITY/ITEM UNIT RATE UNITS COST

DriUine and Samcline • ....... ..

• 8" hollow stem auger with' •'"'•'• continuous sampling

• 8" hollow stem auger withSFT sampling at 5 ftintervals

• NX rock coring with packertesting at 10 ft.intervals

• Footage surcharge foradverse weatherconditionsl

• Footage surcharge forLevel C personnelprotection

• Footage surcharge forLevel B personnelprotection

Well Construction andCompletion

On-Site Set-Ups and Moves

Well Construction Materials

• 2"0 Schedule 40 PVCcasing with flush threads

• 2" 0 Schedule 40 PVC wellscreen with flush threads

per event 2 events' • ' • " -: .'-:!.•:.. }'.'t.i;i • -..• < i

illLlperff ".'/•- 300ft '<<".; arri viiilhi. Ua.V...,

__ perft 150ft

per ft. 500 ft.

perft. 425ft.

per ft. 450 ft.

_ Lperft 500ftf "f' '• • • r • • •'.•. ' , { . ' • •

per well 10 wells

per set-up 10 set-ups

per ft. 450 ft

perft. 500ft,

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Well Construction and Development A-3

TABLE A-l (continued)

ESTIMATED EXTENDEDACTIVITY/ITEM_____ UNIT RATE UNITS COST

Well ConstructionMaterials continued

• No. 2 sieve size gravel __ per cu. 15 cu. yd.>7-pack V-T a '..••/ .t,,:;^ :• -.;;.- • .-.;.. ;..- ':••.'

pack •• • «• .-T! ;•• • ••• . .- . r...-r-r, yd./bag ,

• Bentonite pellets • __perSO 1550Ib.!Ib./bucket buckets

• Powdered bentonite __ per 50 20 50-lb.Ib. bags bags

• Cement __per 94 10094-lb.Ib. bag bags

• Alumiruzed protective __ per casing 10 casingssurface casings

• 2" 0 PVC well caps __ per cap 10 caps

• T 0 PVC end plugs - __ per plug 10 plugs

• FVC well centralizers __ per 80centralizer centralizers

Drill Crew Per Diem __-per man- 25 man-daysday

Authorized Standby __- per hour 20 hours

For purposes of this contract, adverse weather conditions will be defined as wind chill in-dex below 10° F or temperature humidity index (THI) above 92. Work is not expected tocontinue during periods of hard rain, sleeting conditions, when the wind chill index is be-low -20° F, or when the THI is above 108° F.

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A - 4 Well Construction and Development

weather conditions, in Level A, B, or C personnel protective attire, or for deep borings.Mobilization/demobilization, on-site moves and set-ups/ and well construction (includingdevelopment) should be reimbursed on a per event basis. All well construction materials andexpendable items (i.e., drill bits, auger baskets, core boxes, etc.) should be reimbursed on aunit cost basis. Authorized standby is the only item which will be reimbursed on an hourlybasis. ' -' ,,

To facilitate subcontractor conformance with this reimbursement method, WMI recommendsthat the consultant provide .the bidding firms with a formatted fee,schedule, such as that

* ' X ' ' - - W '" • - - _________ • •*•••!• . -*.* ". - . f< : * • ' • . '

shown on Table A-l, complete with the estimated units. The estimated drilling depths andnumber of borings should also be provided. . .'";.,-

Well Construction and Development . A - 5

PART II - GENERAL CONDITIONS

SECTION 2.1 - DEFINITIONS

2.1-01 AgreementThe contract between the Owner and Contractor including supplements andchange orders issued by the Owner's Representative.

2.1-02 Annular Space:>..*'., /i.lffM "K,' !»rt?T ik'V-' t"1* '•Tl! lid'- fjlf- 7":' -''t<'.~'•"".'- '<• '"'n r1' '''"Y

The space between two concentric tubes or casings, or between the casing and the• - , « . . i •"•. • •• -*-. • —•-.. . • , . * * . . .,--.•. wwell hole.

2.1-03 AquiferA geologic formation, group of formations, or part of a formation that is saturated,and contributes a significant quantity of water to wells or springs.

2.1-04 ArtesianA condition in an aquifer where the groundwater is confined under pressure.

2.1-05 ASTMThe American Society for Testing and Materials provides guidelines and standardsfor material testing. The address is 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103.

2.1-06 BailerA tabular hollow receptacle with a check valve used to facilitate withdrawal of fluidfrom a well or borehole.

2.1-07 Bentonite. A highly plastic absorptive, colloidal natural clay composed largely of sodiummontmorillonite and which is sold commercially in dry powder or pelletized form.

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A - 6 Well Construction and Development

2.1-08 Bid

The offer or proposal of the bidder submitted on the prescribed form setting forth

the prices for the work to be performed.

2.1-09 BidderAny person, firm, or corporation invited to submit a bid for the work.

2.1-10 Blow OutThe inflow of groundwater and soil into the well hole or Basing caused by adifferential pressure head greater outside the well hole or casing than inside,generally due to a lower water level inside the well hole 'than that of thesurrounding potentiometric level.

2.1-11 CasingTubular steel, finished in sections with either threaded connections or bevellededges to be field welded, which is installed to counteract caving of the drilled hole.

2.1-12 Casing, Flush JointCasing with squared threaded ends such that a fixed inside and outside diameter ismaintained across joints.

2.1-13 Casing, ProtectiveAnodized aluminum pipe with aluminum locking lid with provisions for a heavyduty padlock installed at 3 feet above ground surface to protect the PVC well from

' "'-I"' I-"->:••. •:-*•: . -•«.••• ' . . : • • . - • • - .. :,z--.i : .- .damage.

2.1-14 Casing, SurfaceA single section of clean black steel pipe used to stabilize the well hole near thesurface during the initial drilling of the hole. '

2.1-15 Cement

Portland Cement Type 1 meeting ASTM C150 furnished in 94 pound bags.

Well Construction and Development A-7

2.1-16 Cement Float Shoe

A plug or packer constructed of inert materials within the lowermost section ofpermanent casing fitted with a passageway through which grout is injected underpressure to fill the annular space. After the grout has hardened, the cement float

shoe is drilled out.

2/1-17 Centering DiskA flat, perforated disk constructed of PVC which slides over the riser and/or wellscreen and fits inside the temporary casing or hollow-stem auger to center the riser

,.-..K •-. ._K; c'.-I-uwithin the casing.

2.1-18 CentralizerSee Centering Disk.

2.1-19 Change Order

A written order to the Contractor signed by the Owner's Representativeauthorizing an addition, deletion, or revision in the work, or an adjustment in theContract price or the contract time issued after execution of the agreement.

2.1-20 ConductivitySee Specific Conductance.

2.11-21 Cone of DepressionThe zone influenced .by withdrawal of water from an aquifer by some artificial ornatural means such as a pumped well, leak, or spring.

•i

2.1-22 Confined Aquifer .Groundwater under pressure significantly greater than atmospheric pressure; theupper limit of the aquifer being the bottom of a zone of distinctly lower hydraulicconductivity than that of the material in which the confined water occurs.

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A - 8 Well Construction and Development

2.1-23 ContractorThe person, firm, or corporation with whom the Owner has executed the

agreement.

2.1-24 CuttingsThe fragments, particles, or slurry of soil or rock created during the drilling of thewell hole. .

•,.,-.. 4-..J.' -..,-in<-, • • -. .-;|r-' f!.:'-- ••••<•;•: :_.'•. >C ?.'TiF..1 "„ VV" i'"3'His.''.». '"'' "'• ' '' I»«i5 .19-J''

2.1-25 D.CDALA. ..-v -,.......The Diamond Core Drill Manufacturer's Association.

2.1-26 DrawdownThe difference in elevation between the static water level and the surface of thecone of depression at the time of development.

2.1-27 DrawingsRefer to the attached for drawing of single- and multi-cased wells.

2.1-28 Drilling FluidA water based fluid used in the drilling operation to wash cuttings from the hole, toclean and cool the bit, to reduce friction between the drill stem and sides of thehole, and to seal the sides of the hole to prevent loss of drilling fluids. NOTE:COMMERCIAL DRILLING FLUIDS WITH ADDITIVES ARE NOT TO BE USED.

2.1-29 Drive ShoeA forged steel collar with a cutting edge fastened onto the bottom of the casing toshear off irregularities in the hole as the casing advances, and to protect the loweredge of the casing as it is driven.

2.1-30 d-15The theoretical diameter of the soil particle in millimeters at which 15 percent of theparticles are finer and 85 percent are coarser.

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Well Construction and Development__________A-9i '

2.1-31 d-85

The theoretical diameter of the soil particle in millimeters at which 85 percent of theparticles are finer and 15 percent are coarser.

2.1-32 EngineerAn individual with a degree in civil engineering and having experience in theinstallation of monitoring wells, who is employed by the consultant.' ' ' '• ''

2.1-33 FilterA clean sand of selected grain size and gradation which is installed in the annularspace between the well pipe and the wall of the casing or well hole above the gravelpack and below the bentonite seal.

2.1-34 Geologist

An individual with formal training in the science of geology.

2.1-35 Gravel PackA gravel or coarse sand installed between the well screen and the well holeextending 5 feet above the top of the well screen.

2.1-36 GroundwaterNaturally occurring water encountered below the ground surface.

2.1-37 GroutA mixture of cement, bentonite, lime, and water which is used to form a sealbetween the borehole and well casing.

2.1-38 Hazardous WasteA hazardous waste as defined by the Resource Conservation Recovery Act (RCRA)in 40 CFR 261.3.

A - 10 Well Construction and Development________________

2.1-39 HomogeneousThe property of a material to be essentially uniform in its characteristics ofcomposition, texture, appearance, etc.

2.1-40 Hydraulic GradientThe change in static head per unit of distance in a given direction. If not specified,the direction of flow generally is understood to be that of the maximum rate ofdecrease in head.

... . • -^ v:i!rt a-i.i

^ftli'fi.'ie v-:.1 ::: r •*:i6ifc.i'•' '..'>>'••.•' •.:. -.-'.T .v:-- '.--• v? -- '• •'--• - ':•.' l>iUmL-t:~fy'.-- t2.1-41 Jetting

Water is forced down through the drill rods or well by means of the pressure pumpand out through holes in the bit or well screen. This water, being under pressure,creates a quick condition and allows the well or drill rods to sink into the soil orcuttings.

2.1-42 LeachateContaminated water resulting from the passage of rain, surface water, orgroundwater through waste.

2.1-43 Lower ZoneA readily defined soil strata consisting of a predominate soil type different from thezone(s) above it

2.1-44 Measuring TapeAn electronic water level indicator which utilizes the water "as a conductor toindicate submergence of a point containing an energized probe and a neutral wireseparated by a short distance.

2.1-45 Mud PanA metal tub into which the drilling fluid and cuttings are discharged and whichserves as a reservoir and settling tank during rerirculation of the drilling fluids.

. ^ Well Construction and Development_______ A-11

2.1-46 Oil TrapA filter and separator used to remove oil from the compressed air flowing out ofthe storage tank.

2.1-47 Owner

The legal owner of the facility for which the work is being performed.

2.1-48 Owner's RepresentativeThe authorized representative of the Owner who is assigned to the project and whohas the authority to bind the Owner to an agreement.

2.1-49, Packer . , . . .A device temporarily placed in a well which plugs or seals a portion of the well at aspecific level.

2.1-50 Perched GroundwaterGroundwater in a saturated zone of relatively limited horizontal extent which isseparated from the main body of groundwater by an unsaturated zone or thickzone of low permeability.

2.1-51 PermeabilityA measure of the relative ease with which a porous medium can transmit a liquidunder, a potential gradient It is a property of the medium that is dependent uponthe shape and size of the pores. The rate at which water flows through a soildeposit in response to a differential in hydraulic pressure.

2.1-52 pHr . t •-. . ; _ .. ..-, , .. .. ., v. ._..„ ,; .. . - , . < .The intensity of acidic or alkaline condition of a solution; the symbol for thelogarithm of the reciprocal of hydrogen ion concentration in gram-atoms per liter. ,

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A-12 Well Construction and Development_______________________

2.1-53 Potentiometric LevelThe level in or above a confined or unconfined aquifer at which the pressure isatmospheric. This level is determined at a location by the static water level in amonitoring well screened in the aquifer.

2.1-54 ReamingThe process of enlarging the well hole to remove geologic material from the sides of

- .is:r!V-i..vs/»*(v.'r.Tfr ?'--;^.the well hole.

2.1-55 Revert(R)An organic polymer drilling fluid additive of high viscosity manufactured by theJohnson Well Screen Company. NOT TO BE USED PER WMI SPEOFICATIONS.

2.1-56 RiserThe pipe extending from the well screen to above the ground surface.

2.1-57 Seal TamperA heavy cylindrical metal section of tubing which is secured to a cable that slipsover the riser and fits inside the casing or well hole which is used to tamp thebentonite pellets, gravel pack, or filter.

2.1-58 Specifications «

The instructions to bidders, the general conditions, the special conditions, and thetechnical provisions. r ' " \.

2.1-59 Specific ConductanceThe potential for electrical conductivity of a water sample at 25°C as expressed inmicro-ohms per centimeter.

2.1-60 Standby

Authorized periods of shut-down whereby drilling and well installation stop byorders of the Owners Representative.

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Well Construction and Development A - 13

2.1-61 Static Water LevelThe vertical elevation of the top of a column of water in a monitoring well which is

no longer influenced by effects of installation, pumping, or other temporaryconditions.

2.1-62 Stick-upThe vertical length of the portion of the protective casing which protrudes above

,iy the ground surf ace. -, " . . ,,,.,,.

2.1-63 Subcontractor ' •-•• -i: <..-.,.- •••'•.\.m-.r; r.'n rAn individual, firm, or corporation employed by the Contractor or any othersubcontractor for the performance of a part of the work at the site, other thanemployees of the Contractor.

2.1-64 Transmissivity

The rate at which water of prevailing kinematic viscosity is transmitted through aunit width of an aquifer under a unit hydraulic gradient.

2.1-65 TremiePipe

A pressurized pipe or tube used to transport the flow of grout from the surface intothe annular space beginning at the bottom of the annular space and proceedingupwards. (NOTE: HORIZONTAL OR SIDE DISCHARGE IS REQUIRED.)

2.1-46 Uniformly Graded ,A particle size distribution of a soil which consists of the majority of particles beingof the same appropriate diameter.

2.1-7 Upper Zone . . .A soil strata consisting of a dominant soil type different from the zone immediatelybelow it.

A - 14 Well Construction and Development ______'_______

2.1-68 UtilitiesService lines or equipment located above, upon, or below the ground surface usedfor conveyance of electricity, natural gas, petroleum, communications, storm water,waste water, potable water, etc.

2.1-69 Washout NozzleA device utilized at the end of a string of casing equipped with a'check valvethrough which dear water or grout can be injected to wash out drilling fluids andcuttings from the annular space.

2.1-70 Water Cement RatioThe proportion of the weight of mixing water in pounds to weight of cement inpounds.

2.1-71 Water TableThe surface in an unconfined aquifer at which the pressure is atmospheric. Thislevel is determined at a location by the static water level in a monitoring wellscreened in the aquifer.

2.1-72 Well HoleThe open subsurface hole created by conventional drilling methods.

2.1-73 Well Protector' : ' ' See Casing, Protective. • :-''"'•

2.1-74 Well ScreenCommercially manufactured pipe or cylindrical tubing with slits of a uniformwidth, orientation,, and spacing.

2.1-75 Zone of Saturation

The zone below the water table or below the top of a confined aquifer in which allinterstices are filled with groundwater.

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A - 16 Well Construction and Development

survey. If the source is a well, include the log for the well with the

monitoring well logs. If the well log is unavailable, do not use that source.The source of water must be analyzed by the Owner before it may be used.

E. Depth of Well and Screen Placement

r ' 1.'* Determine the elevation of the top and bottom of the well screen':':>::v' "referen< toMSLi.0.1foot "'•?' ''"••' ?ir s

2. Deterinine the bottom of the drilled hole referenced to MSL ±0.1 foot.

3. The dimensions of the casing, riser, and well screen should be reportedin inches.

4. All elevation data should be shown on the well log.

3.1-02 Permits and Utility Clearances

A. Licensure. The Contractor should be legally qualified, and, if necessary,licensed to install wells in the state or county in which wells are beinginstalled.

B. Utilities. The Contractor should ascertain that well construction does notinterfere with overhead and underground utilities. Do not proceed untilutilities are cleared. If a field tile or other feature is encountered, stop and ",

"•' ' notify the Owner's'Representative for instruction as to whether to abandonthe hole or modify the well casing.

C. Permits. Where permits are required by the State to install wells at aparticular site or location, the Owner's Representative or Contractor should

" obtain all permits required. The Contractor should also be responsible forcompliance with all conditions of the permit during installation of the wells.

Well Construction and Development A - 15

PART III - TECHNICAL PROVISIONS

SECTION 3.1 - GENERAL

3.1-01 Well Locations and Dimensions

A. General General well locations are provided on the Permit or in the Scope of*t$K. -•. Js < :. .~ . _'•• .../.-. •-- .>•,. .. .4*.*...* ..... -».-• . >•.!.. ..... f

Work. Prior to drilling, the Contractor and the Consultant of Record should^ .4'» W4,...WH. jUy l'- Mi-.- , / -iL L. 4. , , .,..

establish the exact location" of each well by conventional field inspection;"-,•-

methods, giving consideration to the requirements established by the Local,State, and Federal Agency permit requirements so as to avoid utilityinterference and to provide useful data and an accessible well. Subsequent to

! . . iy •

well construction, the exact location and elevation at each well should beestablished by conventional survey methods.

B. Surveying. The Contractor should determine:

1. Horizontal coordinates of wells to an accuracy of ±1.0 foot, relative to thefacility grid.

2. Ground elevation at well to an accuracy of ±0.01 foot MSL.

•. . ... v . 3. .Elevation of top of weU casing and top of protective casing to an. accuracy of ±0.01 foot, _

•-.. ,!/' •.._. . , u. "... .'.-": :'•• -. - .,:. ..i. i, :

C , A benchmark and horizontal control on the facility property will be providedby the Owner. All surveying will commence at the provided control and willtraverse to the well and back to the control using standard closureprocedures. A copy of the field notes should be furnished to the Owner.

<- •

D. Water. The source of water to be used, if any, will be identified by theOwner's Representative. The Contractor should locate the source of water by

. Well Construction and Development A - 17

D. Conflicts. All work should be done in accordance with applicable Federal andState regulations; however, if a conflict between these specifications and other

regulations exists, the Contractor should request clarification from theOwner's Representative.

3.1-03 Documentation

A. General. : This section covers • the • record keeping procedures anddocumentation required for the acceptance of a well by the Owner's

" ' r •'•" Representative. WMI has developed standard forms for borehole logging anddocumenting well construction details. Additional forms summarizing dailydrilling and well construction activity are also available from WMI Districtoffices. These forms should be utilized by the Contractor. Submission ofnonstandard documentation or Contractor's forms in lieu of the WMIstandard forms will result in rejection of the forms by the . Owner'sRepresentative. Copies of these forms are provided in Appendix D, alongwith detailed instructions and completed examples.

B. Surveying. The surveyed location and elevation data on the well as specifiedin Section 3.1-01 should be presented on the log of the well hole. Coordinatesand MSL elevation references should be utilized unless other instructions aregiven by the Owner's Representative.

C. Well Hole Logging. A geotechnical engineer or geologist should be presentduring the well drilling, construction, and development operations torepresent the Contractor and -to document the field work. Theengineer/geologist should direct the sampling, log the well hole, documenton-site testing activities and results, and maintain daily records of theContractor's activities. A typed boring log should be developed from the fieldlog and the laboratory test results (see Appendix D for standard boring logs).A daily drilling summary should also be prepared using WMI standard formsand submitted to the Owner's Representative.

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A - 18 Well Construction and Development

D. Well Construction Record. The Contractor should develop an as-builtdrawing of the well showing the elevations of the ground, the static water

level, top of riser, top and bottom of gravel pack, top of seal, length ofpermanent steel casings, strata, etc. The diameter and thickness of the casingand riser, the well screen slot size, and any other pertinent information shouldbe presented on the WMI standard forms presented in Appendix D. The

-v,, format of the sketch should be ink on mylar, or comparable n.":«.•«..•.-:: '..• ••-• $'«••-•. ?• ^ ••«-.:«iSf-wos v.'ft v.i t-Miufm noiifitasceO&jpb.:..,,- V-U...E. ... Well Recovery Graph. -A well recovery, graph should be presented on the well

construction record. If recovery is instantaneous, it should be noted on therecord. A tabulation of recovery test readings should be furnished. Theinterval of readings will vary depending on the aquifer characteristics, andthe Engineer should establish the pattern of readings that is appropriate (referto Appendix D).

F. Number and Disposition of Copies. Four copies of the typed well boring logand the well construction record should be furnished to the Owner'sRepresentative (refer to Appendix D).

G. Examples. Example boring logs, well construction records, and well recoverygraphs are attached (Appendix D). • •. ..,

3.1-04 Measurement for Payment , . , •.. ._.,, • .: '

A General This section describes the methods to be used to determine the, quantities and units of work completed and for which payment will be made

by the Owner to the Contractor for all work and materials required toconstruct the wells.

B. Mobilization. Mobilization includes all work preparatory to arriving at thesite including the purchase and delivery of materials; clearing utilities;surveying the well locations; transporting the drill rig, tools, engineer, and

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Well Construction and Development A-19j '

operators to the site; and the removal of all unused materials, all equipment,and personnel from the site. Removal of, trees and construction of temporary

roads is not included in mobilization. This cost is based on time and materialsin accordance with the fee schedule. If the work is terminated by the Owner'sRepresentative for failure of the Contractor to adhere to the specifications orbecause the method of well drilling proposed by the Contractor provesinfeasible, then the Contractor should be paid only for a prorated portion ofthe amount bid for mobilization. 4< The prorated amount to be paid formobilization should be based on the percentage of wells completed andaccepted by the Owner's Representative, except that.the minimum paymentfor mobilization in the event the contract is terminated before the Contractorbegins drilling in which event no payment should be made. No othermaterials including wells which are abandoned, incomplete, or which are notaccepted by the Owner's Representative.

C. Monitoring Wells. Monitoring wells which are drilled, fitted with a wellscreen and well pipe, and developed in accordance with these specificationsand accepted by the Owner's Representative should be paid for at the unitprice bid for monitoring wells, measured from ground surface to the bottomof the well, screen, which payment should be the total compensation for allwork and materials. No other payment will be made and all other workincluding documentation, well development, and field and laboratory soilstesting should be considered incidental to the unit price established formonitoring wells., Any special laboratory soil testing work should be aseparate unit price.

SECTION 3.2 - DECONTAMINATION OF EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS

3.2-4)1 General• •

This section covers the decontamination of equipment, tools, and materials utilizedin the well construction.

A - 20 Well Construction and Development________________

3.2-02 Condition of Drill Rig and Equipment

The condition of the equipment should be such that contamination is not created.Leaking seals, hoses, pumps, or tanks containing oils and fluids other than watershould not be permitted.

3.2-03 Procedures to be Used for Cleaning Equipment •• •brtii twJskjmoo ci-'fv ~!(f. «•;..... r.wj-.sq. •sfi K*I fr::1. *d hiuo..:. Tyfi stttl 'r:,

rKt-rvft- rA. v'All cleaning is to be performed on site.' > • "' '• ---net..,

B. Remove all drill rods, augers, samplers, and other equipment except that inthe tool boxes of the rig which will not be utilized in the operations. Colorcode or lock the tool boxes as a precaution to prevent contaminated tools frombeing used.

C Steam dean the drill rig utilizing water only from the source designated bythe Owner's Representative or another approved source. Sample the waterused in the process and retain the sample for 90 days after well completion.Record the name, model, and serial number of the steam cleaning unit.

• • •'- D. Lay drill rods, augers, casing, samplers, pipe wrenches, etc, on horses or:>v.i" -V- other supports and dean until all visible signs of grease, oil mud, etc., are

' rj '*'>• ''removed. Use brushes as required. ' " - -". »

E. Do not use greasy gloves when handling tools after deaning. Surgeons'gloves or new dean cotton work gloves should be used. - - •

F. Do not use new painted bits and tools which will leave paint chips in the hole.

G. Pumps-dean water tanks, pumps, mud pans, hoses, induding hoses andtanks used to transfer water from the source to the drill rig tank, Le., pickuptruck water tanks.

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Well Construction and Development _________ A-21

H. Fittings on the drilling equipment may be greased and fluids may be added to

the equipment with care before cleaning. Precautions should be taken toprevent contamination of the well with oil and grease. Lubricants should not

be used on the drilling and sampling tools or fittings thereto.

3.2-04 Decontamination of Materials

A. Use only new materials that have been certified by the manufacturer (refer towit Ir. - ^ " ' tagged" ceinent" 'peered"1' Dentonite" uTbagsf or bentonite

.' h'*< jj- 1 T,f ••Vj •.'•"-;?<••= ••j- •.-;"" -&*'"• ""h fTVn"** !/•"••;protectors should r>e used. ~._ * ... .n. . i,

B. Use PVC pipe for riser and well screen which has cured and is free ofplasticizers. Oil should not be used during the factory threading operations.

C. Factory cleaned PVC pipe should be supplied. Workers should use cleancotton gloves when handling riser and well screen.

D. Steam clean the protective well casing and any casing pipe which was notcleaned and properly sealed by the manufacturer.

E. Water used in drilling and grouting operations is to be obtained only from thesource designated by the Owner's Representative.

3.2-05 Decontamination of Well DeveloPnient Tools

'A. All pumps used In well development should be steam dearied with the waterspecified in Section 3.2-04E. Pumps which leak or otherwise may causecontamination will not be used. Electrical tape should not be used to bandpumps. Bands should be stainless steel or plastic ties. ' : "

B. Only compressors equipped with operable oil traps and a filter should beutilized. The oil trap and filter should be of a design approved by theOwner's Representative.

A - 22 Well Construction and Development ________________

C. Nitrogen gas, ii utilized, should be regulated before it enters the well. Thesource of the nitrogen should be identified in the report.

SECTION 33 - DRILLING PROCEDURES AND STEEL CASING INSTALLATION

X „

33-01 General

a*y.er5-<?eatin8 a. stable, ppen, vertical well hole for installation of thewell screen and riser. The method listed on the Bid Form should be utilized except

. i. .1 ' .. - '. .'.: -./ . . • . • *

• if the method indicated is unsuccessful in which case the Contractor should notifythe Owner's Representative and the Contractor should stop work.' If the methodproposed by the Contractor is unsuccessful, the Owner's Representative mayterminate the contract, in which case the Contractor should abandon the hole. TheContractor will be paid only for the prorated mobilization. Abandoned holesshould be grouted by the Contractor in accordance with Section 3.3-10 and thisshould be incidental to mobilization. Following contract termination, the Owner'sRepresentative may negotiate a new contract with the Contractor or other Biddersto construct the wells.

3.3-02 Prohibited Methods

Addition of drilling fluids containing chemical additives or organic matter duringthe drilling of the well hole such as Bariod® (East mud) or Revert® is prohibited.Mixing of water or cuttings from upper zones with lower zones is prohibited, and

,. . . any drilling method which has the potential to cause such mixing should not beutilized. ' • ( ' - " • _ - -

33-03 Preferred Drilling Procedures

Whenever feasible, the Contractor is encouraged to utilize drilling procedureswhich do not require the introduction of water or liquid drilling fluids into the well

Well Construction and Development A-23

hole. In general, the following drilling methods are listed in decreasing order:

1) drilling with hollow stem augers is the most preferable method; 2) air rotarydrilling with an oil filter/trap; 3) cable tool methods and other percussion tooldrilling methods may be attempted in hard, consolidated formations; 4) reversecirculation drilling fluid is preferable to wet rotary drilling; and 5) wet rotarydrilling with clear water only and insertion of temporary flush joint casing aresubject to approval of the Owner's Representative, with particular considerationbeing given to the procedures used to prevent mixing of upper zones with lower

33-04 Double Cased Wells

As shown on the drawings or where conditions warrant, the use of permanent steelcasing installed to prevent mixing of upper zones with lower zones is encouraged.

Conceivably, several permanent casings may be required. Installation ofpermanent steel casing should be completed prior to drilling into a lower zone. Acement float shoe should be utilized in grouting the annular space between thewell bore and the permanent steel casing except when the casing is driven and atight seal is created between the well bore and the steel casing. When a steel casingis installed in a predrilled' hole and then driven, the driven length of permanentcasing should be at least 3 feet. An alternate procedure to the use of a cement shoe,and always when permanent steel casing is inserted in a predrilled hole and drivenbelow the bottom of the predrilled hole, should be to fill the predrilled hole withgrout via a tremie pipe, insert the casing and drive it while the grout is still plastic.The grout inside the casing may be washed or drilled out, except that during theperiod between 15 hours and 48 hours after mixing of the grout, the casing shouldnot be disturbed.

3.3-05 Hollow Stem Auger Drilling

Where a monitoring well screen is to be constructed in a saturated, permeable zoneof soil under low or no artesian pressure overlain by a continuous zone of low

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A - 24 Well Construction and Development_______________j ~ : '

permeability soils free of saturated interbedded zones of permeable soils, hollowstem augers may be utilized to drill and stabilize the well hole. The insidediameter of the hollow stem auger should be at least 1.33 times the outsidediameter of the well screen and riser. Only hollow stem augers with water-tightjoints should be utilized.

i . - iv; When "blow out" occurs, the hollow stem auger should be filled with water fromthe approved source, and a three inch diameter split spoon, sampler or otherdecontaminated tool driven into the "blow put" to carefully dean the hole. A rollerbit or jetting should not be used to dean the hole. . ... L •••.

33-06 Rotary Drilling with Clear Water and Temporary Flush Joint Steel Casing

A. General. This technique utilizes temporary steel flush joint casing to stabilizethe well hole, rotary drilling to cut and pulverize the formation, and dearwater as a medium to cool the bit and wash the cuttings from the well hole.This technique requires a large source of clear water; a drill rod with a largeinside diameter, a high capacity, high pressure pump; and a drill with hightorque and weight This drilling technique is encouraged where the depth ofwell hole exceeds the depth to which hollow stem augers are adaptable;

,.... , where sandy, bouldery, or gravelly soils or-weathered bedrock must be•' »- :•-.. penetrated and temporarily cased to create an open well hole. . .

.. B. Tools to be Utilized . . . . . . . ,..,, , ... ._ ,'""'• '' • -'• '• - • - . . L: •.•!-:•-•': %, , :,?.'<:.• ."• . ..-HK* ;•./"../ . r

1. Only flush joint steel casing with an inside diameter at least 1.33 timesthe outside diameter of the screen and riser should be utilized.

• " "• > . •.

2. The roller bit or drag bit should create a well hole no more than 3/8 inchsmaller than the inside diameter of the casing. Preferably, these bitsshould be of the side discharge design.

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Well Construction and Development___________A-25

3. The drill rod should have a minimum inside diameter of 1.375 inches.

4. The water swivel should have a minimum inside diameter of 1.25 inches.The pump hose should have a rninimum inside diameter of 1.50 inches.

5. A settling tank and screens may be used if the pump creates an up holevelocity of 100 to 150 feet per minute. Note that the velocity will depend'oh the"inside diameter of the casing and the outside diameter of the drill

nt-mtf-'': V, »•• £V5( '"'; «»•*••* «*•" !>•*.«" r.«"** *..»r»r»r« w» •'.•.•'. .'iKHir af.Sf <(»•.• ?r* .-,T ..>.., > - - " ' - - • nxi as weiiastherJumpcapaaty.^' v-tf '-.~>Io/; Hf«w fi/\, ;:;•;:'..•>:'.:> "•."." »''i. ~.;:vr

" 4C., Procedure. The well hole should be drilled and the casing driven in

increments of 5 feet maximum. The addition of bentonite should not bepermitted. Blow out should be counteracted by maintaining the casing full ofwater at all times. Bentonite powder may be added at the surface to theoutside of the casing to lubricate the outside of the casing and facilitateremoval. The rotation speed and rate of bit feed should be such that theformation being drilled is ground to medium to fine sand sized particles. Thesize of particles removed is related to the up hole velocity.

3.3-07 Air Rotary Methods

A. General This technique utilizes temporary and/or permanent steel casing,rotary drilling, and compressed air as a medium to remove cuttings from thehole.' The technique is only useful in hard formations where the rotary bit isnot subject to plugging: The system requires a large air compressor, a largeinside diameter drill pipe, a conventional water'swivel, and large diameterhoses. The use of this method is encouraged when drilling at least 20 feet ofmedium to hard bedrock and coring is not required. This technique isespecially useful where loss of water would be a problem if the hole wasdrilled wet rotary.

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A - 26 Well Construction and Development __________

B. Tools to be Utilized

1. Steel casing should be set to create an open stable well hole down to thetop of bedrock or the hard strata to be drilled by the air rotary method.

2. The compressor should deliver a rninimum of 400 cfrn, and suffident.;-.,:. , .. , . pressure to create up hole, velocities of at Jeast 3 feet per second. The

compressor should be equipped, with, filters to trap oil and other foreignmaterials from entering the well hole. xr

3. The drill rod should have a minimum inside diameter of 1.375 inches.

4. The water swivel and hose should have a minimum inside diameter of1.25 inches.

C. Procedure. The rotation speed and drill advance rate should be low enoughthat cuttings are blown out of the well hole and do not clog the casing.

3.3-08 Cable Tool and Percussion Principles of Operation

A cable tool rig uses a heavy, solid steel chisel-type drill bit suspended on a steelcable which, when raised and dropped, chisels or pounds a hole through the soil

. •.,,.- r. and rock. When drilling through the unsaturated zone, some water may be addedto the hole (refer to.Section3.W)1D for source of water). The cuttings are

.. _ . suspended in the water and then bailed out periodically. - . •t •- , • • ..

When soft caving formations are encountered, it is necessary to drive casing as thehole is advanced to prevent collapse of the hole. Often the drilling can be only afew feet below the bottom of the casing. Because the drill bit is covered throughthe casing, the hole created by the bit is smaller than the casing. Therefore, thecasing (with a sharp, hardened casing shoe on the bottom) must be driven into thehole. The shoe, in fact, cuts a slightly larger hole than the drill bit This

Well Construction and Development A -27

tight-fitting drive shoe should not, however, be relied upon to form a seal from

overlying water-bearing zones.

3.3-09 Reverse Circulation

The common reverse circulation rig is a water or mud rotary rig with a largediameter drill pipe and which circulates the drilling water down the annulus and

'up the inside of "the drill pipe (reverse flow direction from a direct mud rotary).HUT "-.c,;niXThis type of-rig is* used for the construcfioh f large capadrjTproduction waterrnrv. bs.*,<wells'ahd is hofsuited for small, waterquality sampling." These techniques may be

utilized subject to approval of the Owner's Representative.

3.3-10 Grouting Abandoned Well Holes

A. General. The purpose of properly abandoning a well hole is to prevent thehole from acting as a channel for contamination or vertical movement ofwater. The abandonment must be done in a manner that will not impairoriginal water quality of the aquifer. All well abandoning procedures shouldbe in accordance with state and local regulations.

B. Procedures. All cased wells in unconsolidated and consolidated formationsshould be completely over drilled 1.5 times'larger than the original boring.The well hole should be grouted.completely using a pressured tremie pipe

1 (side discharge) method and a grout mixture as specified in Section 3.5-05.

SECTION 3.4 - SAMPLING OF FORMATIONS, WATER, AND MATERIALS. . . r. ''•' :*•":-,•"" ^ ' <. • '-.' ,-' -." .

3.4-01 General

This section covers sampling the soil, bedrock, and groundwater. Geologicsamples are required to determine the strata thickness and type and to provide theinformation necessary to develop a log of the well hole. Material samples arerequired to evaluate specification compliance. -• -

A - 28 Well Construction and Development_________________

3.4-02 Sampling Interval and Type

A. Continuous soil sampling is preferred, particularly in cohesive andsemicohesive soils. At a minimum, soil should be sampled at regularintervals not exceeding 5 feet except that a minimum of two samples shouldbe taken m any strata in which a monitoring well screen is to be set. Sampling

'.-,•--, • '- - should be performed in accordance with ASTMD1586 or 1587. Place.. I ' V 1 J fc, » 4. » .» , , f - *, '-

nwi>r.-OGASTlVIpl.l58<5isamplesjn,8 ounce Paragon jars. andtfseaL Exposed portions of: ;o; ..samples taken in accordance,, with, ASTM D J1587 should,be sealed with

nonshrinking - wax. ., . ,

B. Bedrock. Continuously core the zone of bedrock in which well screen is to beset, NX size or larger. At least 80 percent of the core run should be recoveredexcept when the RQD is less than 25 percent, in which case 60 percent corerecovery is acceptable. Core should be placed in commercial plastic,cardboard, or shop-made wooden core boxes and properly identified withcore loss blocks provided.

C. Roller bit and percussion drilling cuttings should be logged at 3 foot intervalsand sampled at 10 foot intervals, place samples in jars, and label if coring isspecifically omitted by the Owner's Representative.

..D. ,;When drilling through old refuse or under other unusual conditions,sampling requirements will be at the Owner's Representative's discretion.

E. Water quality samples should be placed in bottles provided by the Owner.

F. A sample of the gravel pack should be placed in two (2) 8 ounce Paragon jars,labeled, and retained by the Contractor for 6 months.

G. A sample of the filter should be placed in two (2) 8 ounce Paragon jars,labeled, and retained by the Contractor for 6 months.

Well Construction and Development A-29

H. A sample of the plastic grout from each grouting operation on each wellshould be placed in an 8 ounce Paragon jar, labeled, and retained by the

Contractor.

3.4-03 Testing and Storing of Samples

A. Cohesive samples should be tested for moisture content and Atterburg Limits.

B. . If applicable, granular,soil samples from the strata in which the well screen isset should be tested for particle size distribution, ASTM D 422.

C. The core, after placement in the core box and marking, should bephotographed and color prints furnished with the report

D. All soil or rock samples should be stored at the site until final site closure.The consultants may remove these samples to an off-site location for detailedinspection and analysis, but all samples must be returned to the WMI SiteManager. Inasmuch as these samples constitute the primary means ofdocumenting the site subsurface conditions, they should be treated in thesame manner as a permit document. The Site Manager will, therefore, beresponsible for the storage and maintenance of these samples.

E. Other testing such as consolidation, permeability, and soil watercharacteristics should be performed at the Owner's Representative's requestonly. ,

F. Water quality samples should be stored for 180 days by the Contractor.

ft R 3'0 U 57

A - 30 Well Construction and Development____________

SECTION 3.5 - WELL CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

3.5-01 General

This section stipulates the well construction materials induding well screen, riserpipe, well protector, gravel pack, grout mix, and water. All materials used inconstruction should be free of chemicals, paint, coatings, etc., that could leach. All

L . rr >. P v i - materials should be decontaminated in accordance with Sections.2-04.'• . • • • ....' _ _ . . . . , , . ^ ... . ... Vy,...** *-...

3.5-02 Well Screen

Continuously slotted PVC plastic well screen should be utilized, unless directedotherwise by the Owner's Representative. The diameter of the well screen shouldbe as shown on the drawing. Well screen should be furnished in 5 foot longsections or longer. The bottom plug should be threaded and should withstand allinstallation and well development pressures without becoming dislodged ordamaged. Unless instructed otherwise, typical screen slots size is 0.010 inch on allwell screens.

3.5-03 Riser Pipe

The riser pipe should consist of PVC pipe meeting ASTM D1785 with flush jointthreads. Schedule 40 or 80 pipe, as designated on the drawing, should be utilized.The interval between joints should be 5 to 20 feet Trilbc" Monitoring Well Pipe®

•<

with Teflon® taped joints and without "0" rings should be permitted in lieu of *Schedule 40 PVC pipe.

A. Threads are to be in accordance with DCDMA standards or, by independenttests, the manufacturer should demonstrate equivalency of the threaded jointto crushing.

i

B. All joints should be Teflon taped.

Well Construction and Development ______A -31

C. Glued joints of any type should not be permitted.

D. Rivet joints should not be permitted.

E. The slot (screen) size should be determined relative to the formation andgravel pack in which the screen is to be set. The Contractor should make thescreen selection based on field sieves.

•;., :ubirto-p>i.'.. y g length of me screen should be(as shown on'the 'drawings. A minimum- -v" i;"r!'° length of 5 feet sK6uld be provided.1:> "'; "•* "<;) c- ™w

3.5-04 Permanent Steel Casing For Permanently Double Cased Wells

A. The diameter of the casings in multi-cased wells should be selected so that a2 inch annular space is maintained between the casing and the borehole.

B. The minimum wall thickness of steel casing should be 0.125 inches.

C. The ends of sections of casing should be threaded or bevelled for welding.

D. All casing is to be new black pipe free of interior coatings.

3.5-05 Grout Mix ~ ' ' r -

A. Cement. Cement should be Portland Cement® Type I in acconformance withASTM C150. The cement should be delivered to the job site in 94 poundsacks. The use of Hi Early® Type ffl Cement and other quick setting cementsis prohibited unless authorized by the Owner's Representative.

B. Water. Water should be obtained from the source designated by the Owner'sRepresentative.

A - 32 Well Construction and Development _____________________

C. Hydrated Lime. Hydrated lime should be ASTM C 207, Type S, furnished insacks. Hydrated lime should not contain air entrainment additives.

D. Bentonite. Bentonite should be powdered Sodium Bentonite furnished insacks without additives.

E. Proportions. Cement should be mixed with water in the proportions of five to

t ;• ?**. £*Hon? $ water P? ? °f. cement:- Wyd&teQ IH?? y. J?* substituted forcement up to ten percent by volume. ,; Between twpzand four pounds ofbentonite powder should be added to the mix for each sack of cement used.

F. The grout should be thoroughly mixed with a paddle type mechanical mixeror by circulating the mix through a pump until all lumps are removed. Groutwhich is lumpy should be rejected.

G. Grouting Lines. All hoses, tubes, pipes, water swivels, drill rods or otherpassageways through which the grout will be pumped should have an insidediameter of at least 050 inches.

H. Grouting Procedure. Grout should be injected under pressure to displacewater and cuttings from the level immediately above the seal placed abovethe screened zone up to the top of the well hole. Grout injection should bedeflected to the sides and continued until dean grout flows out the top of the

,. wellhole. . . . ., . ... .__ , '

» • • . - ' i. • ; > • • • . . • :. — :. . c».r . : ' f'tL ., Grouting of Multi-Cased Wells. For wells that penetrate multiple aquifers,

WMI requires the installation of multiple or telescoping casing utilizingspecial grouting and construction techniques. WMI requires that a minimum2 inch annular space be maintained between telescopic reductions (Le., a2 inch diameter screen will require first setting a 65 inch diameter casing inan 11 inch diameter boring). After the outer boring has penetrated not lessthan 2 feet of the first targeted aquitard, an outer casing is lowered to the

3RSOU60

Well Construction and Development A-33

bottom of the boring. A tremie line is then installed through an inflatablepacker and this entire assembly is lowered through the casing to within 3 feetof the bottom of the casing. After the packer is inflated, grout is injected

through the tremie line until the entire annular space between the casing isfilled and the grout returns to the surface. The casing string may have to belifted 1-2 inches off the bottom of the boring to facilitate the even distributionof grout in the annular space. The grout should be allowed to cure for not lessthan 48 hours before drilling through the grout plug at the bottom of thecasing and advancing the borehole through the next aquifer. This step is

•••/.;•• I.---- repeated for eadi separate aquifer unit Upon reaching the final target depth,the inner casing and screen is set through the outer casing. Subsequent to theplacement of the gravel, filter packs, and bentonite seal, the remainingannular space is grouted in the same manner as described in Section 33-05H.

J. Grouting Set Time. The, well should not be disturbed for at least 48 hoursafter grouting to allow the grout to set up and gain sufficient strength.

l

K. Samples Required. Samples of grout should be taken inaccordancewith Section 3.4-02H.

3.5-06 Gravel Pack

Gravel pack is the material placed in the annular space around the well screen.

-r A. Gradation, r Gravel pack should be uniformly graded,sand or gravelcomprised of hard durable particles washed and screened with a partide sizeat least four times the d-15 size (15 percent of the soil is finer than the d-15) ofthe formation and no more than four times the d-85 size of the formation soil

B. Purity and Decontamination. If necessary or directed by the Owner'sRepresentative, the gravel pack should be decontaminated in accordance withSection 3.2-04.

A-3,4 Well Construction and Development_________,____________

C. Samples. Samples of gravel pack should be retained by the Contractor for6 months in accordance with Section 3.4-02F.

3.5-07 Filter Pack

The filter is the layer of material placed in the annular space between the gravel'••• ' pack and the bentonite seal '-. - •:.'••. *- •• i • -..,•..

:ft: Jv'.. --J1£'• .. .. U.U. _£ij=.uJ• . • ' . * • , ' v£-

''.'•*' T'-- A irGradation.ff:!SThe"xfilter:'should be uniformly graded-* fine sand with a100 percent by weight passing the No. 30 sieve, and less than 2 percent byweight passing'the 200 sieve.

B. Samples. Samples of filter should be obtained in accordance withSection 3.4-02G,

3.5-08 Bentonite Pellets or Chips for Seals

Bentonite pellets are a commercial product consisting of compressed bentoniteballs and sand.

A. Composition. The Bentonite pellets should be from a commercial source freeof contaminants. ;'!'- *• • ' - . • ... ... ....

B. Size. The diameter of the pellets should be less than one-half the width of the.ft i•-,r annular space into which they are to be placed. t'"?!-

Bentonite chips' are a coarse grade Wyoming bentonite consisting of a naturalsodium base bentonite.

A. Composition. The pebble-size chips of bentonite should be natural unalteredmineral with no contaminants or added chemicals.

Well Construction and Development A - 35

B. : Size. The diameter of the chips should be less than one-half the width of the

annular space into which they are to be used.

SECTION 3.6 - WELL SCREEN, RISER, AND SAMPLER INSTALLATION

\ •

3.6-01 General

This section covers the placement of the well screen, gravel pack, seals, and~" annular grout in a well holer The spedfications'relative to drilling and temporary.stabilization of the well hole are covered in other sections. This section indudes

.*

removal of the temporary casing and placement of the permanent well protectorand sampling system.

A. Stable Borehole. A stable borehole should be constructed prior to attemptingto install the well screen. If the borehole tends to cave or "blow out," theContractor should take steps to stabilize the well hole before attemptinginstallation of the well screen. Boreholes which are not plumb or are partiallyobstructed should be corrected prior to attempting the installations described

herein. Jetting or driving the well screen should not be permitted.

B. Sequence. The sequence of operations described herein should be adhered tounless a specific agreement is made with the Owner's Representative.

3.6-02 Assembly of Well Screen and Riser

A Handling. The well screen including the bottom plug and/or wash outnozzle approved by the Owner's Representative should be decontaminated asdescribed in Section 3.2-03 immediately prior to assembly. The workmenshould take precautions to assure that grease, oil, or other contaminants donot contact the well screen. The workmen handling the well screen shouldwear a new pair of cotton or surgical gloves while handling the well screen.To prevent kinking of the threads, no more than 15 feet of screen or riser pipeshould be assembled above ground.

AR3GU63

A - 36 Well Construction and Development________________

B. Teflon Taped Joints. The male threaded part of each joint should be wrappedwith Teflon® tape. Joints should be tightened by hand; however, if necessary,decontaminated pipe or chain wrenches may be utilized. The well screen andriser will be inserted into a well hole which is at least partially filled withwater.

C. Ballasting the Riser. The well screen and riser should be ballasted to.. .. , .counteract the tendency to float in the borehole by continuously filling the

- " - •• • • • •• •; <•. .- •... •' .-- -.,- . •• : . •>..'•. ,V- f>J. —'ii. ' t. F. ^, string of riser pipe with water from the approved source. Preferably water"' ' • • ** *• * . ? /. —x '• .. -v>. - :. ; >I-.«>T-. .. •. *

should not be added, but the riser should be slowly pushed into the water inthe borehole with the aid of the hydraulic ram and held in place with chainsas additional sections of riser are added to the string.

3.6-03 Setting the Well Screen

The well screen should be lowered to the predetermined level and held in positionby suspending the string of riser pipe or, if the string tends to float, bymanipulating the hydraulic ram. On deep holes where the weight of the string of

t

riser pipe is significantly more than the flotation force, care should be taken to keepthe riser pipe plumb. The riser should extend above grade at least 3 feet. The risershould be trimmed to the proper length after the grout is in place. If theplumbness of the riser is especially critical or the well is extremely deep, a 10 footpipe section at 0.90 times the inside diameter of the casing should be lowereddown the inside of the riser to verify that the riser is not kinked.

•!--....

3.6-04 Placement of the Gravel Pack

A Volume of Gravel Pack. The volume of gravel pack required to fill theannular space between the well screen and the well hole should be computedand carefully measured out The gravel pack should typically extend 5 feetabove the uppermost row of slots in the well screen or to 5 feet above the topof the granular zone being monitored, except where limited separationbetween aquifers occurs.

RR3G

Well Construction and Development______ .A-37

B. Centering the Well Screen. The well screen should be centered in the well

hole and temporary casing by pouring in approximately ten percent of thegravel pack then placing a centering disk over the riser and tamping the disk

into place with the seal tamper. The remaining gravel pack should be placedin increments with centering disks as required to assure that the well screen iscentered. The level of each layer of gravel pack filter and seal should beverified and recorded.

•.'.•. r. ••'.'-.",- v: >>ito l <•". ;•.<•'•"•.: ro '. ..«..: ..iV»ji. ••,• r -•> • ;,••:•••'••

tlunoi. **£*'•. WitKdrawal of Temporary Casing/Augers.*While holding the riser pipe'with the drill rig, the temporary casing* or hollow .stem augers should becarefully withdrawn such that the lowermost point on the casing is exactly atthe top of the gravel packed portion of the well hole. This may beaccomplished in increments; however, after each increment, a centering diskand the seal tamper should be inserted and slid down to ascertain that thegravel pack has not bridged and raised during casing withdrawal operation.If necessary, the gravel pack should be tamped back into place with thecentering disk. Check the level of the gravel pack relative to the well screen.Additional gravel may have to be added after auger withdrawal.

3.6-05 Placement of the Filter

A volume of filter sand which will extend a distance of 2 feet up the annular space"'' from the top of the gravel pack should be carefully measured out. The filter shouldbe poured into the annular space through a dean, flush threaded, 1 inch PVC pipelowered to within 3 feet of the placement interval. If the level of water in the wellhole extends above the gravel pack, the seal tamper or a jetting tube should be usedto stir up the filter and prevent the segregation of the filter as it settles in the waterin the well The bottom of the temporary casing should be raised to a level at leastfive but no more than 10 feet above the gravel pack. Where conditions warrant, thefilter may be eliminated. The Contractor should evaluate the need for the filterconsidering the gradation of the gravel pack, the hydraulic head, and the potentialfor grout intrusion into the gravel pack.

A R 3 0 I U 6 5

A - 38 Well Construction and Development________________

3.6-06 Placement of the Seal

A volume of bentonite pellets to create a seal three to 5 feet long should bemeasured out and carefully poured into the annular space. If the bentonite seal isbeing constructed above the water level in the well hole, exactly five gallons ofwater should be poured into the annular space. The seal tamper should belowered down and utilized to tamp the pellets into a cohesive mass of day.Alternatively, a heavy bentonite slurry may be carefully trended into the annular

!+'4K; Tjar. S. . c-:.i 01. J.. . v« .:•.-. . . . . . - - , *iV, 3: :• . J. ,j.._ ,•

. , space to form the required seal ,-j'i i/iuono 7*-^..^ ....:. • v-.v^ . . ... i . .f-;...... -i .,<:; ,;/: ut:; .-.irxn. *,

3.6-07 Grouting the Annular Space-Single Cased Wells

A. Volume of Grout. The volume of grout required to completely fill the annularspace between the seal and the ground surface should be prepared in theproportions specified in Section 33-05. The volume should include aquantity to compensate for losses. The end of the tremie pipe should beequipped with a deflection plate or side discharge to prevent displacement ofthe filter and gravel pack materials.

B. Injection Procedures. The grout should be injected via a tremie pipe (sidedischarges), the opening for which is temporarily set immediately above the

••.,-,<-• . , . . • seal The grout should be pumped into the tremie pipe continuously until it... . flows out at the surface.

.„, tj! C.p Casing Removal The temporary casing/auger, .should be removedimmediately and in advance of the time when the grout begins to set Casingremoval and injection may proceed concurrently provided the top of the

. column of grout is maintained at least 20 feet above the bottom of the casingand provided injection is not interrupted. If casing removal does notcommence until grout injection is completed, then additional grout should be

* •-

periodically poured into the annular space so as to maintain a continuouscolumn of grout up to the ground surface.

Well Construction and Development__ A-39>j

D. Grout Setting and Curing. The riser pipe should not be disturbed until48 hours after grouting is completed except for water level measurements

made using an electronic water level indicator. Trimming of the riser pipemay be completed while the grout is plastic or at least 48 hours after the holeis grouted. Trimming should not be attempted during the interim period.Precautions should be taken to prevent pipe cuttings from entering the riser.

.•• ; • . • - • • . ' . •-. ..- .• y . • • • • • • . . . • •?•-.•. : - -.,. :.

••••••. ' •"•" • i 7 •" r. .";:•'J." ' . -• 'V '"<'.;- '- . >.""<•- •..%!-• 're.'-t. .". ~"ir.*:". \-iilt..:i>3.6-4)8 Well Protector

r•'.;><'•:•:••;' frO J.'cV-" v<? >•'««;.)•*"< .*"--*?Anodized aluminum well protector, as shown on the drawing, should be set in theneat cement. The well protector should be positioned and maintained in a plumbposition. A 6 inch dearance between the top of the riser and the well protectorshould be maintained for the sampler. This can best be accomplished by placing a6.0 inch piece of trimmed or notched 6 inch wood stock between the well riser andthe cap. Grout which has overflowed the well hole should be carefully removed soas to prevent the formation of horizontal projections (mushrooming) which may besubject to frost heave. A 1/4 inch diameter hole should be drilled in the wellprotector 6 inches above the ground surface to permit water to drain out of theannular space. Dry bentonite pellets should be placed in the annular space belowground level. Coarse sand and pea gravel should be placed in the annular spaceabove the dry bentonite pellets and hole to prevent insects from entering throughthe drill hole. •

•<•. • • r • , -> * • . _•; j..' f •-. . . • ':r '„:. * ?'3.6-09 Installation of the Sampler

The sampler is to be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructionsafter completion of well development.

AR30-U67'

A - 40 Well Construction and Development_______________

SECTION 3.7 - WELL DEVELOPMENT AND ACCEPTANCE

3.7-01 General

This section covers the purging and development of a newly constructed well, themeasurement of the well characteristics, and the initial sampling and on-site waterquality testing. Also described is the acceptance criteria for a completed well .

3.7-02 Pumps for Well Development . ". t •. • . , , • • ;.:.. r. vx " r, •'. •»: :i.. •. . .,.- . - ::>.' :..;.- -i- £-»5a.< ;. -

A General All wells should be pumped or evacuated using filtered compressedair or nitrogen to produce representative formation water. This sectiondescribes the approved pumps and appurtenant works to be utilized indevelopment of monitoring wells. All pumps and other devices used in welldevelopment should be decontaminated as specified in Section 32-05.

B. Submersible Pumps. Submersible pumps should include electric motorpowered centrifugal or positive displacement type pumps which are operated

\

under submergence. If a submersible pump is utilized for well development,it should be of a type and capacity such that it can pump water from the wellcontinuously for a period of at least fifteen minutes without shutting off.Backpressure or other methods may be utilized to accomplish the desired rateof pumping. The pump should be capable of being turned on and off

*• (••*.• -r;? i:. •<• t \itr.zti- W.w.tinstantaneously to create surges in the well The pump should be fitted witha check valve... •«,-•] :," "..-.'Itr. • •''••;•,'''•>•••;""' '" '• , ' • '-r"~; - •

" •' v' "".'. '' ' *C, Bladder Pumps. A bladder or diaphragm pump is a type of pump which

operates under the cycling of compressed air. The compressed air cyclinginflates and deflates a diaphragm which creates a pumping action. Bladderpumps approved for well development should be capable of pumping atleast 1 gpm continuously when installed in the well.

Well Construction and Development A-41

D. Jet Pumps. A jet pump utilizes the Venturi principle to create subatmospheric

pressure which allows a suction pump to be utilized below a depth at whichsuction alone would not normally lift the water. Jet pumps approved for welldevelopment should be capable of pumping at least 3 gpm continuouslywhen installed in the well.

E. Suction Pumps. Suction pumps should not be utilized in wells the depth ofwhich exceeds 20 feet Suction pumps used to develop wells less than 25 feetdeep should be capable of pumping at least 5 gpm continuously withoutpumping the well dry in less than 5 minutes.

F. Bailers. Bailers should not be utilized for well development except after anapproved submersible) bladder, jet, or suction pump has been installed in thewell or compressed air or bottled nitrogen has been used, and the rate of wellrecovery is so slow that these methods are ineffective.

G. Compressed Air. Compressed air supplied by an engine-driven compressorequipped with an approved oil trap and filter may be utilized provided thesource of compressed air is capable of evacuating 50 percent of the column ofwater from the well once every minute.

H. Bottled Nitrogen. Bottled nitrogen may be utilized provided a regulator isemployed and the system is capable of evacuating 50 percent of the columnwater from the well once every minute.

3.7-03 Periods of Well Development

A General Well development should be continued until representativeformation water free of the effects of well construction is obtained.Representative formation water should be assumed to have been obtainedwhen pH, temperature, and conductivity readings are stable and the water isdean, and the minimum periods of development specified herein have been

A - 42 Well Construction and Development

completed. Testing of pH, temperature, and conductivity should beperformed by the Contractor; however, the Owner may perform the testing ordirect others to perform the testing which should not relieve the Contractor ofhis responsibility to develop the well until acceptance.

B. Period of Development The minimum period of well development should bein accordance with the following guidelines depending on the welldevelopment procedure selected. • - - .

1. Pumping with a Submersible Pump. Four hours.

2. Pumping with a Bladder Pump. Eight hours.

3. Pumping with a Jet Pump. Four hours.

4. Pumping with a Suction Pump. Four hours.

5. Compressed Air. Four hours cycling at two minute intervals.

6. Bottled Nitrogen. Four hours cycling at two minute intervals.* '

. 7. Bailers. Eight hours continuously alternating two men. This method tobe used only if all other methods prove infeasible.

3.7-04 Well Recovery test

A well recovery test should be performed immediately after development by theContractor. Readings should be taken at one minute intervals until the well hasrecovered to its static water level

Well Construction and Development A-43

3.7-05 Well Acceptance

A well will be accepted by the Owner's Representative when development hasbeen completed in accordance with these specifications, and the documentationrequired under Section 3.1-03 is furnished to the Owner's Representative. Once a

i

well has been approved, ,the-Contractor should be relieved of any further

responsibility for the performance, maintenance, or testing of that well.• ' ' '

ft '

A - 44 Well Construction and Development

WJU. MOMTCMMO WBJ

Well Construction and Development A-45

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A-46 ' Well Construction and Development

ALUMINUM PROTECTIVE COVER«/ LOCKING CAP

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6" CLEARANCE

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TOP OF THREADMINIMUM ABOV

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FOR SAMPLER ""j

ED PVC CAP 5't GRADE ;SLOPE GROUND -AWAY FROM- iGROUND -T^

1 /nSLOPE CEMENT/ICNTONITCGROUT AWAY FROM CASK.PREVENT INFILTRATION , 1

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CREATE A MUSHROOM WHICH WILLBE SUBJECT TO FROST HEAVE.

Z'OIA. PVC RISER PIPEw/ THREADED CONNECT!TEFLON WRAPPED

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GRAVEL PACK ———————— • —— -."•

vJOHNSON PVC CONTINUOUS SLOT WELLSCREEN ^ t>

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—————— 4" OIA. ANOOIZEDALUMINUM CASING

, PEA GRAVEL AND/COARSE SAND MIXTURE

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