Cold Weather Operations, Special Report, 1st Marine Division, Korea

8/3/2019 Cold Weather Operations, Special Report, 1st Marine Division, Korea

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KOREAN WAR PROJECT

COLD WEATHER OPERATIONS, SPECIALREPORT ON 1ST MARINE DIVISION [REINF],

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Headquarterslit Marine Division (ReiDt). ntJ'c/o lleet Post OttlceSan Franolsco. California5/tu1975Ser O}~1-513 FEB 1951

From:fo:Via:SubJ:EnOl:

2. Enc10eures (2) through ( J . 4 . ) are forwarded to ahow the cold wea-ther trainin& measures taken b)" th1. oOJllQaDd. It i8 pointed outhoweorer. that the D1T1s1on had been in coabat since 15 sep~: : : : ! , . ' : : =s!:t:~~l:::fo! : ! ! P between 1--=1:;:4 W~~AI;~~:'~:.eparate4 locationa 1n Borth Eorea in " against -.,thKorean torc.s and the COl'North of The assemblT ot uu1taor 1D41Tidual. tor the conduct of cold tra1n1nc was C&l"I"ledout to the tullest extent posaible UDAlI" c1roumatancea. .3 . Temperature. 1n the lW4HtJIG- CK)S l I JN USmVOIR area~iDg theperiod 13 NOTember- 15 December 1950.


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5/tkY1 9 7 5

res_l1. arotl0 001141lo_. !he llOYaell' from 1 U D A M - I t tolWUI JBG vas ezeov.t_ erral' 50 111110 ot D8J'I'OY _utes... 1 '0&4 .hom lUDAIUI I ' 0 CBUlGl lU . I 'G- lU !,'_ abaraoter1.e4 ~ a GOIlUmanatl'Ollt-.l attack III coDJuotton with a NaI' gaar4 ac~OIl u4COYeriDg acac . .. . on tbe flank. agaIll.' , : m . agre.d.,.. ad.4et'l'IIllDe4 .,.. Dvtltg W. pmod, the u.ottoal 41spo.tUoa .ot watt both Oil tbe I I lB rChu4 In holc U .D C po.t,to .. ..- RAaA l lD - I l )& 1 1 4 Imo.m. was n.ch that llldl.,.t41lal.s weN nqulHCl to b. 011 theIt actt.,..l, 1 I IC8&e4 v1th the .... tONe' onr lollS perlo4s ofu_ clUl' lJPg ~oth aq I ! I I l4 ught vitil 110 o~tul V to &Tatl tJlea..1..... of w a : r I I l _ etatt... when tne' 'bIt., as 'wt__ Ill"cu. ot the vitharawal of the 5th aD 4 7th lWiaa. from t uD .AM- I l toHAaARU-B l . tbe c onU JJ Il O 1I I l lO f tI Ie a' ot the c ol .. . . &D4 the tDtanV71 I D i ' . precluded a:q po lttllt7 of \he 118. of ,., _,. ot wand.Jtf;.tatloDlt. rue vas allo \rae of th. DIOY_.' trOll BAGAllU...Jlo1O!O-BI aIId . theDe. to the lWUIUlIl a I ' . . . . On aI'J'lTal of a s . , . atB&GARU...JI. KO!O-U aDd the lWIlI'. 6 1 ' _ . wery ettOI" .. IIa4e toprorlde W . I 'I II t: a c atatlona aDd hot f004 alll1 c1I ' t I Ik tOI' r.t1aftdDc per-ItODalto the 1111it of the ezl,UD aD d lmpl'O't'tae4 taotlt.U 5. Proll the 4at. of the 1aD41ug at WCBSAB . 2 6 - 2 1 Octob.r. to la-olud. 15 J)ecabel', the Dirtaloll fl'taoaate4 19a au .. ot ft"01' btte_SI..15 Deoellbel'. a n addS. tloDal 622 c a . . . . _ . \ l 7 of lIl_r DaWn,baYa been ho.~1 Wised as a I'enl' of 1ledtca1 lapectloa. heldatter arrS.Tal. til \he l o i A S A l f area.6. III lRIIIIDaI'7.tt 19 CO_tdRed \bat the peJ>aea... of mst bitecasual"el Is DOt exO 1T8 wheD \he foUowt. faoMl'l are ooDetunda

a. Lack ot ti_ID vh10h to coD 41aot thoro. 0014 ,,_~ertratDi. progall.b. L a c l I \ ot PI'MOU e%penaDOI ,he 1a30000V of the ,...80DDe l 1.0014weathel' oper~tlo_.

!.c. .~oId" ~1loth1ug It_ fVD1ehed were 'basel OIl a-p o a r _ of :1a4t.'f'lcblala to vet colA nther thaJl loISpel'1ou ot expo . .. . to ur_ 4 I ' : r col4.4. faotlcal 81t_tloDS. wbtoh due to ~ aD4 oonUIIIDU uelVae,t.1oA pr~.llted contima .. Of~. 1_ u a u , eptlored.

atrph .. varmirIC tent., ezo~ O f c1,~, . t o . , .

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: . .5/'-1~75

!he m a J O l " 1 \7 of tnst 'blte casea. ..\1_ted at ~. 0aDb. attributed tothe.. ._. 1m:poeed tactical 81t_tloT . In new of the toregoll1g factorl, 1t 1. oon.14.. ed. \bat tbecontrol aD d cl1lo1pllDar7 .. aures to preY_t 1ID4_ 0014 11l3W7UDder exlreme17 MyerSe weather aDd tao\1cal ooDCl1tlona w . . .exercised in a COJIlIIIeDdableaJDlerb7 the officer. and nOD-comr.:1al1onedofftc ... ot \hie comll l8DCl.

I_ I 011..... p. Smu..OL IVER P . st.:! D

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A lmEA XRAY XRAY. OOLD; 'F .ATHER OPERATIONS. 1Sf MARINE mVIS ION SPli lOIALAOTION IDPatT. PHASE 111. GmERAL

Place, CHOSBINReservoir Area..Date.: BOYembe!"1950 - 11 December 1950T,eratur.s: Temperatures r8!tged from aboYe freel1l'Jg to 250 belowsero.pec1al DOte i8 _de of the fact that duringthi. 6OUon the Di-vision encountered both wet-cold and dry-cold coJld1tiona. Dry cold OOD-dl tlou were predoJD1Dal1tduring moet of the operation. Snow com! tionaranged from Interm1 ttent snow In the ear17 phases to ~tmeral .nov con-dl Uone of from 2 to 5 lDChe. in depth later on.Terrain: Y.OuntainouB; one main road wh1ch II&1'kedthe route of advanceaDd tor a time vas used as the J.ISlt. Much of the road "a. tortuoua, narrovand lce and snow ooated. Atter \he MSRwal cut the D1T1a1on vas suppliedbT air drop.PREVIOUS TRA IN IN G IN COLD WrATHER OPERA 'l'ION S

1. Cel'Wn elements of the DiVision had partiCipated in amal.l Bcale coldweather exercieea. Thi8 previo_ training was of 11m ted. value due tothe fact that seTer. temperature had not besn expertenosd. However. thegeneral opinion was that even the 11111i\8deJ;PerieDCehad been ot value tothe unite concerned. especially' in connection vi th care and maintenanceof material.2. A n Army 'J4 Oold Weather feu .pent a few dqa J D O Y 1 ~ trom un1t to unitinstructIng group. 1n the use of oold weather olothiDg.II . THE OOLD W7A 'rH r..'{ OP .ERAT IO l ~ FRG ! T Im STANDPOt., OF T~ IN D IV IDUAL A lIDHI S } 1 . I J l J i i . t E i W

This secUon oontains 1Dt01'1llatlon which was collected b7 questioninguni t oonmanders aD1 .tatf personnel who were active parUclpantB in theeub~eot operation. With the ezception of General. SU!JP17 Equipment. abreakdown of the fuDctloniDg of specialised equipment will be set forthin later paragrapha aDi arranged by Suppl Depar_nt Cludftcation torcls.r1t7.A .. Heat, Shelter, Clothing, and Ration.

The factors 1n general provide the liT1Dg necel.itte. for theind1vidual. Manne. and ln combination form a _30r factor contributingto hie etficiency and oomfort in cold weather.

1. Heat and. Sheltera. Tentage and .toTes. The wramidal tent wi fih the 1941stove vas uted where p0891ble to provide varm1~ tents for the combatt.roops. General17. an attempt 'VaS made to yro9'ide 1 tent per platoon.Personnel were rotated fro. \he penmeter defeue 8a frequently as thetactical a1 tuaticn allowed. I t i. the conlentIUSo~ participant. In the

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A t u m x X RA Y X lA Y. C OLD \.rA ~H ER O P:RA S:IO NSoperation that the wraml c1a l ten' aDd the Ml.9'l-ltent etew. are too he&\Tand buJ.lq tor this use. I t va. stated that a light "--n tent ie neecled.t O J " UtI. by ' combat UD1 te operat1Dg 1n cold weather, that a .-11el" stoTewitil nfilcient heat Olltput i8 needed tor u. with a tent 01 thi. fwpe;that durable metal tent piD8 an a .. , tor p1toh!UCwat. OD fnscgroUDd. !

2. J'ood aDd liater.. Batio_ - It 1. gell8Z'allT acoepW, tbat a .. req1d.rnOYer5.000 ~ode. a dar tn au-.el'O w_ther aD d theNton 8hoIIld readyearaticm ant ODehalf. !tor. eJ'Ie1"Q' 1. reqa11'84 to oyercolIe tbe ..., obstacle.posed by oold weather. Food fal'Dlued the mea 1n thi. op.... tlon clepelldec1oathe altuati.o.. SOllIeunite "81'8 able ' 0 teed ko' ]I ratio .. tvs. . . a dq o s -hot 0 ratio_. UDlt. ~t " ... tn conUIl1IOUIccmtacn Vlth the eD.eIl9 were~le to ce' hot food ~ menw ho wen illpost & lOB I on \he b1&h prouII4.Theae meD. baA been furnlshed the C raUon prior to IIOY1Dgout b11t vere UMble' 0 eat the meat compoDeD'a becaue theT weft tro.en. As a result, on17 the -Bunt . t8 8JU l the tnt, were con81l1leci.I' vas r8OO1lllllellde4hat tor ooGaalcme where heat vas e1 thel" notaYal1abl. or ttl's. "ere impractical. so_ lleat COmpODeJlt eithor of a aeltheaUng tn. ~ & dr7 Ileat or enerQ glY1Dgtood bar be !)J"OYlded.It V&9 also mentloned that small UD1tfeedinc (tlre team sise)"as desirable tn cerWn 81tuationa and that equipment ehoQld be made &vall-able tor this. ,70r un1t teecl1Dg ot ~ _1 1tvaa general17 acceptedtbat a 25 0 _n _bile galle)' i8 needed. This wal4 tac1lt tate aDd speed 'Upfeeding ot a hot meal whlch 1. 80 yltal 111 co14 weather opuatloDa.b. Water - Water froze tilthe water trailer.. 5 gallon C8D8aDd cute... !he tank trailer llDllel's1onheat .. s wuld aot thaw the inatdelhell 0:( lce .h1ob tormed In the vater l aDk. aD d consequentl1' vater couldnot be vtthdrawn from the yalYea wltho1lt buildS. a tire beneath the tra1ler.All yalYa. 8I1Clplpl. were frozen aol1dlT. 'rose caD'a .. 'were. dispoaed otb 1 ' t.he men In J I I 8 D T ~.'I IaDd lnd1Y14u.le had to nb.lst on SIIOW. A t requtre-Illent tor some tpe ot'\he1'll&l UD1' to be u..ed 1111il the canteen was expre.sed.Reoommendation. on the water trailer and ll1111ersloneater ,,111 be made laterIn the report.

3. Cloth!.a. 700tcear - the Shoe Pac which was desigDeClprlmar117 for

wet cold uae was toUDdwho117Wlsatisfactor)" tor use ln the low temperatureseJlCOUDtered. D ue to its waterproof nature _c. ad.,.. perspiratlon wasgeneral aDd JI IaD7 caees ot frostbit. resulted. espec1al17 111 those caseswhere the lndlY1dual cUdnot cbaDge bis BOcks aD d 1nlo1e.. In add1tlon. dueto poor 1t, lack of support. and poor durabll1ty theT were not sstistactoJ7tor the long mrche. eBOO_tved. Tho lnd1Y1dual. ' I J ' h o wore boots 01" fieldshoe. and oyershoe_ made out much b.tter.


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/ '(~~EX X RA Y' X RA Y. C OLD WF A1HER OPZRA 5.'IOD S

b. Headve&l' - The V 1c g e r 1 '11 1e r mittenahell v a. alao con-sidered to be an uuaU.fac'to17 1t_aa 1t vas BOt va:rm'no11Ch.c. B~ clo~ .. The vet co14 1ID11 ' ona ~h the parka tnewercoat prOYlded the m l J l 1 1 n 1 l ' 1 l amount of lnnlat10a for ke.pl~ V&1'1I . Hov-ner. due '0 1t. bUlld..a. anA \he 41ftlea1t.y In ...eDUlaUDC vhea the .1a-41,,141181vas exert1. himselt, l' 18 D O ' coas14en4 to be .. auver. Ieaddt'lon, 'Ile Jacket. tleld. pile or the ..... , alpaca llD8Cl was recpd.red. _1 \her

01' which "ere ava1la'bl. In quanti U.e. the onrooa'. pa1'ka We 1. oon.lclerec1.to be too lODe, heaY7. 8Il4 r .. tr1cU..... !he __ tor a .tn_ ot the ka1"_type was au kDovn.A. SleeplDCbee - 1D general the l3act eleepSDC,IIOWltain ...Q)Dalclered '0 be ,he Dest 1t_ ot all. It.a 1lH4 tor alHplJIC. vand.DCtee'. aDd tor kee;:ll&casual"'e. V8. I '1D. "or 'he lOWH' '-.Perat .... eDOOUDt -ered,l' va. D O ' warm eD .OUgh . hovwv. tho who nppl_te4 S .t vitil the: 58&, aleepll1C, wool ade out Ter, weU. T tW Antlc aleeplllC bee ahould b.sra1labl. tor sublera cond1tl0De.e. I' 'Wasthe ,e.eral oplJd.on \hat a r eq1 l11"8MJ l t en.t. to r

aD lDflatabl. fmeulatecl pad tor use UDderthe Il.epl. bee tn oold weatheroperation.; tMa to Fond. lnsulation and oolltort tor the 11141v14ual..R E C o r . a D I W > A ' l' I O N S :1. It 1. reco.l!lIJlU4ecl th&tall pertS..D8D' It... 11.tedteow aDd. shown 1nReY1aioD 10. 1to the Table of 411OV8DCes,Yo11l1l81 1UIIIler Arctic ClothingaDd Equlpment be procured and stocked by the Mart_ Corps tor operations 1ncold weather, whe~er "et cold 01" dry co14. From \a1k1. with otticers whohave had prevloua experience in cold weather u4 from the experiences ofthi.Dlv1810nl' is hard to Jv.8t117a requlr_ent tor both w_t-oold aD d drT-co14 clotb1. except in the O&S8 ot toow..,..Article Bo. ITl iX R8IIa!'D4 3 5 2 CookSet, Mountain 'lor tire ' e am l l e sB -1~ 1D conJIDCt1onw I t - b u r n e r , s t o v e .4361 ,attens, Arctic, M-19~ w/lMert D.lete IIItteD,e h e l l trigger

tlDg"" from 'J :IJ"4 3 5 4 Jacket, lntermecl1ate "/Uner Delete Ja.cket,ne14. M1910D dHood trom 'J !IA4354-5 Hoodt/Jacket lnterme41ate4 3 8 9 Trousers, intermediate, w/llur Del_te. trou8er9~fle14. cotton, ODtrom '/A4381 Suspenders Armhole Delete 8 Q e ~ e n d e r 8- .

- 3 - trousers t~ T / A


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AN NEX X RAY DAY. COLD \1~RER OPDA .!l 'IO N S4352 Drawers, wimer. 1 4 1 9 5 0 Dele'e. Drawersa4 1UIilerah1rt.wool from 'rIA4 3 8 9 VDdtlJ'.h1zo'. willW. I Q , 9 5 04 3 7 6 R81'k&. OU81'. v/111Jllr D.l Oywcoat.PaJ"b \7pe troll'll"4 3 8 9 !JtcnJaen. out.... 'tI/l!fJC' fbe .Pa:rka aII4 voaaenoutal' to be 8Yall.abl.1.oaa. ~ ez....' ..... nre aD d toriaU.t4ua1. expo.eel

'& 0 the aold. tor 10JICpel'104.,1... 5.n'174uV.4 3 6 6 Pad. insulated. sleep! lnf1atabl.vp.4 3 4 7 :Boo,. arcUc. telt ror 4r.r-cold U . . oDlrNO'J.'EzIt 18 l"eoommeDde4that the &boy. clotb.1Dc 1t .. becaUlle ot theirlightness 111velght. good de.ign .. lt pertai_ to lna1aU. the 11ld1T1d.ual.and eaee vl tb which t h e J r ~ b. -vent11atecl. . & " . tor both ve\-cold a:aA 4 : & 7 -cold ooDi! tlons. Iawae. ot cwerheat1nc b~'ot the d1ttlcu1 t7 ln TeD-tllst1Dg v1 th the wet-cold UDtt01"llposed proble such ae Parkas trosensUtt from p.rsplro.tlOD. reaultlDg tn extr_ dl.00mtort to mentn W. COD-d1tlon. fh. gaeral opinion 1. tbat the overshoe, ~ 01' 5 buckle 1n conJunc-UOD with a fleld shoe large eDO 'QCbto pel'II1\ wean. ski . c o k . , Is a 'betterJolutlon tor the tJpe weather conditlon. _tb7 the DiT1e1on \ haD . 18 theShoePac. T he .4laadYaatap to W olutl0. vvu14 'be utra we ighto S er1C 11.1consideration should be glT to .1;a.nda.zod1liatloDD d v.a. ot tile mountainski 'boo'~f~.h1.8 W. weather aDd terrain. Jt i8 the Op1Jd.o. ot tho.e whohaYebad prfl'l'l0U8 uper1e.. ill oold watbe that 1 .t v0Dl.4 ha.... 8,,"_4 thepvpOI.. It 1. a racce4 boot with vld.6 ODe caD wea r ou (1) pair cuhS.oa.oled .ockl. tw o (2) patr ak1 80eb. aDd ODe (1) pall" ot tel, inlolea. "ordr7-oo14 ooZM1lS.ou the Doot. arctic, tel tt.reooaaellded.2. It 1. recOIDI I1 .Ddec l tba, the po8.1bll1.V of 1I81Jtg . _ I t heaUDg r8 t10128torteed11lg in ca where heat 18 80\ availabl. be 1.e.ttc&te4. !he pZ"G-blam ot bulk 8114we1cht \hat 18 aeoeaear117 ad4e4 to proY14e selt conta1M4heat tor Pl"OlIQ't1o_telT 1 tood. m a . Y l8ke th1. llpraC1;lcal. Another 801lPtion Idcht be i.WDg \he arctic Vall I'&tloa. or cOII,Po_' thereot as aD_ere-_ or sun1.-val ration - rue rattoD _. be eat.n w1 thou' recour.. toheat. It contata a hiebl3 coDCutrated meat aD d yoeg.table bar which 1.not \00 palatabl. but it would do the 30b.3. It 1. recoaeDdecl that the lat Marta .D1-vle1oD be pJ'O't'ldeda prototTpemodel at ~ 250 man 1I IO'b11ek1tohen tor test when ara11able.

B. Mcwemea '


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,A !iN :M : X RAY xaar , C Cl.D U ~Tlli-~ O P:.F 1J.U tIO N S r "

1. On toot - not oDlT b7 reason at the taottcal requirements,but also to r purpoae. of keep1zc W8Z'II. lIOYeII8llt 011toot was a IIQ8t. ruenl reaa1n .0Ul~'GCh t1ae at ccwered"hid..wl~ in.talle4 hea,tqe~u1pmelll'are ara11able.2. i'naBPOJ'''',,"on - A....a11abl. VUaponat.iOll 1. req1dNd _o oarrrWOUIM'1ed ,neoe 'Ba17 cP,91l aoh as 'eDta&a. food. VM POD a, ."'I I"'loa, . 'oTe., . t c . fhe.pnera1 00_ . " I. that adL\1Uozal Waupona' tOD t.no-quirec1. tor cola. VMULeI' oJ)ezoatlou. When m" are OD the IIIOY. tid. tzoau..porta.tloJl .ho1ald b. attached to tbe rec1m._ tor pqpo... ~ baultlC ..,.u!tloaal OI"pJdo eq1d.pMa\Nqldncl.3. Dlcc1rc b -.A. aol,MOIl ' 0 th. PfO'l- of aiat_ & tabol.1. -e4ec1. Af_ opua__ all d6I l' Molt_116 to I hoan \0 41 c III a'aleht. !bII 1_111_ to cope with tld 1.. ,loa _. 008t11 ' . 1 . a J t & . ptot.are _ecled aD4 UDd4 be ..u...t.1a1Il. OD .. -.s. ot .. ,.. fire t-.fhi.oDIT l'U"....l' eo1. 8 "..1_ .. s.. tQe of aplod....1. reqUIredthat 1 1 I I p l .Jl u4 ....be " ' U . " " the Suxperlea0e4 1D1linaual.~. IIl41T1411al low al IA load C&I ' I ' J1 . . eqaSx-- -a. 7 t~ the , repeated __ a' __ the Impoaalb111t ofa IIaD c a : r Z " 7 1 D c a hea"7 pack aDd l~. a 1 I I 0 1 I J l ' . at gear ODhi. back and atthe .... '1_ upeatlag him to b. abl. to ttcht. !hi.load ... , be l1ght..a.,oti1emao the lur will be tlU'OWD &1187. I' 1. reGOJDmeJl4eclhat'the an be re-quired to baTe 111his posH.dOD. olll.7 that clotb1ac aotual .17 worn by him wi ththe exception ot eztra aocka. exva. 1uol aDda sleep1. bee. A qSMal ofclothtDg e.zcbar.tg , be eet up ' 0 illftN \bat vh_ tl:w tactical .1tuaUon

pel"m1'8. clean 010\11 ~e pl "OY1decl \b.e combat wa1' a ot the Dirt8tOll by theSemee Battallon, Bat1D"8 l lT . & problem of 8111_ ad. aYaS.labtllV enterslato thls. How_ar. mo.t uD1t. f Oa.t 1f a t. c o o taritf at 81 was fur-Dished tbeT WO'Il14Dakeout. !be ldea ~ tvDl.MJlC a MIl ODeoomplflt. out-t1' ot cloWIlC V1th \he a4d1UODl _IlUOMd abw... looke' all as ~th04ot ecoD01D111mg OD 010*6 1Da8D l11Oh s .VaolothlJfC 1. d1apos ed of du e to& be 1nab111t7 of the _a to oaft' It. llepleJd .... ' rates tor clothtJIC .. ,be lDCJ'ea8e4 in ol'der to 1nnre an adequate a'ock to allow the c1otid.. e:Do-~ .,..'em to tuDctlOD. Al.o. clothe. wea r out maoh tas'" ill cold wea-ther, .epectalll' lOok.. AD . .. wer to the lOck p"0bl- mlgh' vel1 b. a .,. ..ot tundah1. olean BOcks when ~the da117 ratl0. are Uatm.

'b. lt1DleroUtlcomp1aill'. v ..cL. coDC8rzd.. ,he present Marl_Corpa pack. '!he cooen_. 1a \hat a packboarc1. shorter In leDgth vith quickre1ea strapa, 8hou1d'be dev.loped '0 nplace the pr.s.' pack. l~ mo8' lD-.-=ee, the F en' pack board was preferred f~ oold veather writ._! ami 1tvas t.1' that the packboard p1"1D01ple ooal! b. carrle4 tbroach to -.ke-l~ a_'lafactoZ7 ltell tor ~ear a1"OWI4 ue. In W. oo.. eo'lOD l' va8 a.en as betDS118.4with a wat.l"pl"Oot conta1_r wh1ch could hold a .leeplDc bag, lDtlatab1.pad, .nra socke, . ' c . and t _ ~blaBke' p a d a . be4dlng roll., aD d the use otthe co, coul4 De el1ld.iB'e4. the cot vai cone1d_e4 & lumry 1tel1 and should0Dll' be ueel when lD a garriJlOa s1_HOD.

5. Rate. ot Movemen tRepeated __ au vee M4e OODOera111C the ett.cta ot co14weather a8 related. '0 tbe eftloie.., ot pG'sODDelaDI1 .qu1~n'. All veapontlaad VaD8pOrtaUOIL are reduced 1D ef:tlc1.aq b7 the oold weather as are per-eoDDe1 . OperaUo_ 1 n I I I ' be slowed 4 0 v n lJ1oriel' t!Ia.~ 1Jd.1Y14ual.can b.


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I JmEX X R A Y DA.t. 0QLl) \l~Hm ~anal1cnre4 to cet; wanl, 10 that propenatate __ of W8;JODI u4 nJdo1ee oanb. partonK. aD d 80 tba, the loctlUo .apport Gall btp up. !hi. '1M .le-

o -~, -, &1.1ov tor the .. '\iDC up aJ I4 nb_.......... td a I ... 0aIIp. ! -:Bu. 081lPvoa14 b. p! 'O"f '14e4 vlUa she1 ter uA _, whl_ wa14 allow tor eqtd.p.. _at 11&11\,- __ tor op.:raUoa of 1atm41711Ud.tl eto. AU \heM taotion __b. 'aDD 1 ooul4eNUqa 1D ft&arlac u.. a1I 4 .,... oalOlllaUo.. Hew... , be oalaGlaW tiltaw ot ' iM J'at.ber W J a D t4 til"". be ,...1)1- 1.how 1nc 1\ vlU take ' 0 ae\ tI'OIl 0 _ place to _ 0 . . . . . . . . . . . u.a hOw ...IISl 1\ 1e be\vMD ~ p1aaed.

c. !MdmMI au4 He Mpee!!utOOIllpalV ooma"ere atated UJa ' cU.tt ...... illU ae pIIploal 00Jl4l \lOllof men \)7equAl oovld 'b. Vaot4 \0 the actin'l .. ~ tIae . . . , . n . . . . . . . . .\ban ..,er 1.a4arah1p u4man IIU8geJDID' probl_ are aoca'_tec1 1 7 \be colAweather. The .11m10Z' otHoer a D A ICO vln.... '0 ftIPU'Yl.e the IIdIl.\eDallOeaD d care of all o1o~ aD d eq:alpllla\ & 1 1 4 the pI'O'bl_ fd t n I r P I 1 7 . 0 0 . . . . . lI.lll han \0 kDOW aDl keep & 00. __ 0-..Oil \laI _ak]. aa4 pbrelcal eoa-cU.Uon of each ot hie Mil. M a,\c Id1 tC _ , _ _ of Ute ~.,.\ea. a ....nabla 1It\ll. to plcle a J J 4 . . . 81a' a weUe OM 1 , helphl 1. pnnaUDCco14 weather \181\1

III TlIlCBnC& .L A ID BEA. ' f ! !QJJ1PZmr!1. Go.. e1a. For the paI'pO ' ot W. repaI'\. the \echldO&1 aD d he8r7equ1pMJlt ell.Pl07e4 b7 the 1., Karia. Dl't'1a10D. tD 1.. recent co14 veatb.el'Gpuat10n 1. dinAH. 1n~ the to11owlDg oatecoJ'te.. (1) 0J0dDaDa' , (2) MotorTransport. (3) S1pal. ad. (4) EDIluer.b. The 41fftcal"n DOOUDtw_. aD d JlecGlDlleJl4aUoDl ~or J " e J D e C 1 1 a l .ac\1on, 111.", oue., btwe been pl'et'1oual7 npone4 OD J a J G 1 . l of \he equip_Dt.paJltt.cularlT b1t which baTe been the abJect of 0014 weather 'ed.oollCluote4 ' b 7 ."arlo_ .emoe8 ot the Jil11 tarr .tabl1.....c. Itt. conddere4 tbat -.1Q' of the cl1fft014Un enccnmurec1.couldbaY. b.en &11m&'1d ~ e111d._tect _ttNl7 h&c l wfftctent .... been &1'&1labl.1n "hlch to properl tratn persomiel and 80. Pl"epaN.( wintma.) equipment torthe COMuot of a 0014 'Weather. Ilountain warfare oampetp.4. fh1. r~ Genera onl7 thos.lececl of .quipment with whichd1tt1cu1tl upenace4 weN reported. to \h. Speo1a1 Co14WeatMr S~.

20 Or4Dallce .. , .. 1al (Small An..)a. CU'b1ne. cal 30 H l aD d M 2.

(1) Ot all 'l:.e We&pODS .lq)lOl'ed the carbine rece1ved the mo.'&4 88 crlt1ct ... aD d had t.he lov ' user accept.abll1V ot I J 1 J 7 ued b7 the1D4S:nd1aa1. Verbal repons 1Dd1cate that IIBD7menabandoned rul veapon aD dptalt.d up the as.n cal . 3 0 M1. "hen the Carb1_ faUed \0 t'lmct.lon. TheIDOlt common oompla1llt 1DClu4e4 tho toUow1Dg:


11/29

ANNEX X R . U ' DAY. C OLD WEA .'l 'H EJ:lO P~ TIO JIS(.) 'allve ~o feed ro'Gll4.e(bo1' ltayedpartla1l ope) .(b) FaUve ot bol' to lock. _

"eapon \0 tail to tire.(c) G_ezoa1 l1 ' sl1tg1th MUon i& 001 4 .v_the.(4.) J'a11v. of the J O rou4 IIaC&Ilu ' 0teed 1f 1'111edvith J I IOr 'e "'.laD 20 r cnmds.( e ) fh. t Q e l ' l o D l d D e O . l l i _ ' t d r aRtoDatl0tire 14t la . a v.,poa ot U a. oarbiDi ~./

(2) I' 1. reCOJlllla4e4that _tad , ,_ be ooDduotedwith the Carb1_ 1IDderdr7 cold cod'loa. to 4.tel'll1_ what caa be 4 0D eto .11111_" the alf1maUoMot tbtl weapon. I' 18 po_ttlbl. that re-placing the pres en' operatillg eprl.w1~ one of greater atlffDes. andA modification to 1mpart a oorreapondlnc17 greater tbrut" ,he gallpiaton might .0lT. the problem. It 1. farther reoommend.a that aa longC o . the oarblBe remains in 1ta present fora, appropriate action be 1D1-Uated to replace 1tv1th the 1-'-11l1ne when operatiDg 1n c 1 r T cold areae.

\). 1i1ne. cal 3 O Mo. l .(1) In ,_eralt fev complain'. "en reported concern!DCthis wea90n. !rhole I10st colllllOnconcerned a1uggish la'ta1 action andthe bolt bet. frozen c10aed. 1I1YeaUcatlon bal ~ea1ed \hat the 1ntro-duction of bOW 8D4 d . 1 r ' tnto the vorktDC part. when the weaponwas botaccounted tor _ch of the d1fflcu1.. It wal al.o det8l'llined tbat dif1:1-cult.7 ln openlmg the bolt. aD4 .1~.h action could be attributed to thefor_tlon ot d . tro.'. part1ou1.8Z'17 in and 8l"OUJI4 the gas qlindel" an4operatlDg rod plawn. as the weapon cooled. ott after f"lrlug. The cool1srg

ott procee8 fostered oondensatlon vh10h t~ to l c e and rime trost.~ol'8 treqQeDtlJ froze 80 tightly olosed that It was DeCestBr.r to beat theoperatlllC haD4l. Tio1_tl1' v1til a rifle _" to open the act1_a.(2) It 18 cOD8idered. tbat the abO'f'eoonditlon c10esnot re-neet a _chaDloal det101enq on the part ot the weapon. It doe. bovrrerrenect a l e1"1oUI I concUion, cOIIIIIOnn cold weather operations, tor whichtroop. maat be pregared and lndoctrt_ted \0 insve the MCbe.t d.egree o'tlnd1'Yldl1al.veapon care attainable.

c. Rifle, au'oa'lc, cal ...30 :8roVD!nc, It.191BA2.(1) I D41v1duals experienced d1tf"1culV vith this ".apon

in dll"ect proporUon to the oare 1t ,,-asgt.,.en. )1aD7 of \he weaponswere abandontMltor lncon.letent opern"t1oll or irreparable stoppages. fiiaJ17r e p o r t , were r e c e i . e d of sluggish action, malfunction of masas1ne teed.failure to look and f1re. and fallure to extract.(2) M a r : v of the maltunGUona repor\ed. were ..rldentl.7 the 1"'"sult of .now and mollJture haYS. gotten iato the vorltlztg parts and eTentu-ally f01"Jlll~ ice. Change. 1n temperature caused fOl"llatiolll of Ice in \hebutter group. and the inner S'Cll"faceo'! the recel.er. In 10lle cas IUtfl-olent 1ce bullt up ln the locld.mg reoesa to preYen' the 'bolt lock from

aea'1ug. Thie cond1tion O&u.sedhe weaponw ta11 to fUe~ and. the W e A 1 ) o nbecame inoperable. I


12/29

r

A . l m E X xaA Y X RA t, OOLD WEA fHm OPllRA .T1O BS(3) In an attap' ~ al.1W1ate .tt'mlctiOD8 eo.. indlT1dual..placed veapoDalDear t1rel 07: took them '.0 \he I1MpiDgUpwi'h thea.!rhe ueual re.lIt, of .uc'h practice. vas an .... _aUon ot the toratlOD. oflce th l"oUCt : .011 ' ,he workiDC paJ"te ot the veapo.. as a zo.nl' of oondoen.t lonand. chaztg. ot t.mporatlu'e. .

4. Machine CUM:.(1) Jor \he pVpn ot th1e report the MachSu PH emp1~on the operati. Vlll b. d18C'Ua.a. ~ one ceaeftl beadt unc. the'ba.le cbar&cteJ1..tloe ot 'Mle weapone are alllllar, &lid the aa1f'aII.ct10n8 dueto cold weatMr "... 11kewl .. 11111118.(2) the MObl_ gaM uae4 on thl. op.~\1on were Uletollov1ng mod.l.: C a l Gun, JDaOb in e . oal 30. B r oV ld . M191741 .(b) G u , m aohtae , cal 30. : B r OVD lDC . M1919.\4.na1bl (0) Gun. -.chiDe, cal 50 . ~0V Jd . M2, heaT7'baz7el, flexible.(.3) In geDH'al 1... 4Uflcu1 tr' was u.perlenced 14th themachine ga.D8 ae a result of oold. weather tban v t . other Q'pe. of auk_ticand sem1-au\o_tlc IMll &nil. All of the veapo_ laa4 .adenaSe. to b1ngg1eh in actIon. Ocmalderab1, 41tfU1'" waa expert ... , in maintainiJtCproper heaclapace, a normal cold weather conU "on.(~) A Feat deal ot cU. t t tc :a l t7 V&8 exper1eDCed vlth ,her.;1917A1(vater-cooled.) pn. In te.pbg aaU-tr .... 101uUon In the waterJacket. A great ~ fallve. ot the barrel pack1_ OCC1D"Z ' e d . reeulUac

1n 10 ot the ooolaDt. 1twa. reported that after all the _&llabl, an" ...h>eeze (a short npp17 tem) was expeD llec1. ~ pa cr_ fill_ tbe _terJacket. with 41,se1 t\1el a. aD emergerac,y.measure. Senral,..... were reA-dered pe1"IIIaMDt17 1Ul8emceable tor lack of aoolaM. there be1_ Deltherwater nor anU-fre.Be 801uUoa aTa11abltl.(5 ) It 1. ftOOJrllleA4e4 u a a , the 81 Ipp17 of a 110ft eu1 tablepacldDg tor ti. weapon 'be aonaiderea., .epeclal17 tor oold weather use.It 1. alec conatdered that, ItMoels817. a mo41floatlon to the barrelpacklDg gl&D4 be ma. c l . In order that retention of the coolaDt. e.pec1alqanti-treese solutlon. can be assured.(6) It was reported that a JlllJDberot the M1919A.4(air cooled)

CUDSbecame ro1a'lyelY IMtt.ct1Te due to l N r DO d . out barr.I.. Spar werenot a'l'&llable In sCllDecases. b~use. due to the -extra welght. I1I l crewswere torced. to abandon the spare. c1ur1Dg their arduous cllmb1Jtgabout ODthe preolpS \au tena1n.(7) All model. ot machinepuwere reponed to haY. 'weakclr1ylDg rod spl'lXtg.. It 11 conddered that th1. oondltlon _ 8 due to10 l l e extent to troa' aD1 10. t ozoma t loD . aDd to 1mproper lubrication 1 1 1 . .


13/29

A ..1 1l1 EXX R AY D A !. C OLD W FA 'l 'RER O PD .'\ .TIO HSDO proper oold "eaUler labricaat. wen aTa1lable for UIT napou.

(S) fhe -0301' dU'fiaul._' repol'\ec1 ooDftl'D1DC tiae .50 calibermachine CUDva. ,he general. .1Ugg1alme , lJd.Ual fall... ' 0 feed uatl1wumed. UP. aDd. c1lff1cu1\J' in aiaW,Jdac b e a d . , . . . fba .. 41ft1cal'le.appeared to bold va. hovwer. f. all _W. of aeoh1- I ' I1I I8.(9) 1, waa repoJ'W UIa' \be 1.' :Ba"allon. 5\h Mart captured a mod.elMl919J.6 .)0 cal. 8aCh1_ caa trOll ~ ChiM... !hl. wea -pon 18 the lip' &11' coo1oc1.~ ban.a 1nIt.' .took Iim11er to that of aBrova1rc Automauc ll1tle. the "eapctll J'.ce1.e4. ,be ml' faftllab1. cOllllleJltpo ibl. re1atl .... to lack of co14 .... ther IIalhDCUOD.. I' was c1a1lle4that thi. WeapOIl ftncl kDow ~ta1 ot appzoz1llate17 51(..000 Z'OaI I4e. !M8figure Il8l' ".11 b. OTereet1aa'ecl, hov... r I l' 001Il4b. ,o1.lb1.. e1nee ,hegun Vat equipped v1th a St.111 te 11aed 'barr.l. Rooke' La1mchere

(1) fhe follov1llg t;nea of rocket launcher. were emp101'e4during the op.ratiOll: (a) LaUDCher. rocket. 2.36. 1 l9A 1(b) Launcher. rock.'. 3.5". H2O(2) VeZ7 litUe d1f:ttco.lt7 was ezpez1..noed with either otthe.e weapons dlrec\1T a'trtbutalll. to cola.. I twas reported, howeYer,that during period. of low temperature the flight of the proJectile was810ved up vi\h a ooneepon41ng cleareae. In r8J7&8. 1t 1. NOOIDttDded thattM. matter be i....Up'.d. ' 0 pron or dlQroY. to M ob.e"ation In anettort to prori4e e1th.J' better ammnt Uon or an alter_ .. rauge . c a l .If the r equ1 J ' emen t e%1.te.(3) !he penonn.l ulug the .... po_ .tated that accozod.1sagto TMinstructions the minimum ~e1"ature at which the }auJlOh.. aresuppo.ed to be fired 18 _200 (F) because of \he iucreaeed back-blast ettect"Operator. ot the launchers commented that at _100 (J') thq suttered mltl ...ple face lac8ra\1ons at a mlDOr Datun which bad a demora11s1Dg effect. Itwas ind1cated \bat a proper tace maek had been fur.Dl.hecl ear17 in the cam-palen. duriDg the nmmer montha. but that til.,. wer e not required in tfa!'II1temperatl1r and had been \brown awa;r because of the heat aDd the add!tton-al burden tmpo d., I' 18 r.commended tbat an iJIVea'igaUon be 1n1\1atecl todetermiu \he tea81b11i\7 of mo41f71nc the rocbt l.auDoheZOI!l to the extentthat a au1taltle protecti"e acreen b. dtl'l1.ed.to becomeaD integral part ottbe launcher bo4;y.

t. Hol'tan(1) !he mortar. eJIpl07ed wlDg Ws operation inclu4ecl thethree following mode1a:(a) Mor_. 60 lID, 1 1 2(b) Mortar. 81Ie.Ml(c) Monar. 4 .2 M 2

.-9-


14/29

Atun'l: mY-nAr; C O L D WEAT. i lm WEBAT l ON S(2) Relatt:vely little difficulty vas incurred in the tiringof the 60mmmor~ in cold weathv. It vas reported that .ome ot the 6 0 m m1llumiDaUJlB amurdtlon taUed to f1mctlon ln a mUo ot approz1_te17 6 to1. It 1.considered 'ba:' w.IIBlfwlotion 414 not reft1\ trom the cold.but rather trom age. 81De. the fuse va. obaerYed to burn, partlcUlar17 atn1gh1i. dur1Dg the nlght ot the yroJ.C'ttl.. It vaa rtlportecl that 80me ot theammunition was 4atec1. tn 1942 ..(3) thAt 81_ mortar perfomed well at low temperature. AUD1veraal. oomJDellt'WU mad. \hat the requ1raeJlt .I1.t. tor laI'pr JII1arometerknob. on the alcht. to tac1l! tate edJUaUlent while vear1Dg cold. veather haDc lgear. I ti_ rec;o ... D4ed that tM. _tter rece1Ye ooa.lderation 1n aD effortto el1Dd.D&tethe _0... 1\7 for the r8llO'f'al of hadgear to -.ke .ight correo-

UODII.

(4) fhe 4.2' mortar nataiuc1 more 8tnlOtural damagea8 an in-direct result of cold. weather tiaazl 41d. the 60an or 81"'"11models. Eecause ofits larger 81 the entire weapon vas subJected to nolen' poa41. at! a re-ault of emplacement on 1011417 fro.ell groUDd. !utter 8 pZ ' 1DC . vere veale_ed.bue pla.te cup. deforMd, radlua p1TO' pl1l8 bent. 8ZI4 connecter rod 11mabroken. to emDIerate the more smou. dltttcal " ' e . . I t vas Doted that agreat fl'equenCT ot broken 1 tloll cartr1dge conta1ner. ot the 4.2ft ammuni-tion occurred dunztg period, ot utre_ co14. The r oUDd . . t1red, bu t tubeclearance action va. requ1red each time \0 clear the tub. of broken piecesof cartridge contalJler. III J D 8 D 1 ' 1nstances the b!'Ok" plece. followed theround a& "' emerged. f~ the tube arul richocheted at random. It 11 recom-_Deled that aot1011b. 1i&ke1l to ascertain It the pre tprooe.s ot manufac-ture of the Ignition cartridge oontainer. prod.cee an l'em too brittle orothe1'"W1seweakeD84to v1thstaDd cold "eather 11IIe.

3. Ord .Dan c e )'1a.terla1 (ArtllleJ7).a.. Launcher. rocket, 4.5', T66E2.

(1) rev complaints vere l'e&1stered relaUye to tht. weapon.1t was reported how..,.er. that ll'WPIIl'OUallve. to fire had be_ epeneneedas a result of tha electrtcal aqa1b. ot the 8 l D 1 ! 1 U D 1 U O I l bav1ng beoolle shortclrcul ted due w mol.tur.. It 18 probable 'Ulat pve melted aow, since 1t18 distilled vater, would not caul. abort o1rcu1ta, but that the lntroduo-\ton of fon1gn matter Into the BDOW, prior or atter 11181tlagwould. 1t1.recoJmlend.ed tbat an eTa.luat101lbe made to determ1De the feaslblli V ot 1...pron Dg the Insulation ot the electncal aquib. ot the 4.5' rocket aDI I I I1m1-tlon.b. Hov1tser, 105m M2Al. w/ce :n1J l&e . howl .ar. 105-, M2A2.

(1) D1ffJ..da1V was uper1eDCed 1dth all 105mm hov1tzerl In-Dofar as alugg1ahu.. 1n reWr'1liD&to battery va. ooncerned. particularlyat high aDgle tire. 13atteX7 cOlllD&D4.. repOrted Ta:rioua degree. of batte17return. One batte!7 oommaD4erreported that his weapou returned to com-plete batteJ7 at all tl although .1"Ogg1.hl7. aDd he claS.ad hi.BUCcewas due w metloul.oua cleaning aD d lubrication.. T he weaPODlof 8O.e batte1"-le. \fere pushed back In'o battery -.nal17 UIlt11 tn1Ch 'l.e thq autom&Ucal17returDed a . a rel\l1' of exerc1 (2) 1'0 allft'1ate babove coDd1tien. bat,ezy COlIIIsM.el"B

attempted to 1Dar... e the apparent17 low gal presaur. 1n~~eco11 QTllnder.- l ( ) q

\


15/29

Alm YJt X RAY X RAY J C O L D \ :EA.THE Il O P lC .tW .l OHS1 1 7 1ncreae1ng \be quanti V of re.ene 011 In the recoil ...",_,... I Dsome case. & toW ot 5 .crew fl11era full was u.ec1,ud_ &T8I'8ge 1D-crea.. of 3 va. required. .At.DOU.. we fol'Oe l'equ1I'e4 '0 Plt lna4d1-UoDal 011. I' was dehrm1D14 Uaat t.be gall JIa4 DOt.leake4 oa, but.sinoe, the .,. .... Yen f111ed 4v1DC the ClallP8tP In the lov1a1l4. at aCOmpar1t.ITel1'h1sh 8JIl'b1ent tempel"&ture. the low 'Nmperat.... enOOUDteredat the hlah at t.lb4e. had appazo-U7 C &U8e4 reductioll 11 1 \he T01,.. of\he gas in the 1'80011qa'... !rh1. renl t_ in & presa ... 1Ih1ohwas \00low to were.. the trlctlow 10.... ca'Ud \1' 0014w.ther. UDtort.uDat.17,addS.t.loaal n1tl'08_ gas ".. DOt aT&11able \0 &lIma. the d._tiS,on.( cOl'I'eo' 1_ tupentwe l'GbJ'lcaDt. vere DOt . aT&llab1e.Sub.U _te. veft th.l'etore r .on.a to. &Dtl the lracltll1e4 light recoil Oil,41el 011. aIl4 o1ean1D eol..... ' IIlu4nth S.A.B. 10 lube oil.

(4) D ue to the 'brake 'baD" ad4Joaa. beoomlDC glazed 111th lee,it w a R freq1leAt17 imp08s1ble to look the .. el upon wh1ch the bov1 tzer W&t Ireqa1red to plTOt. when shtttsne the carr1age Vall. w effect w1de aDC l ot traTerae. ~h1. res1l1.ted in iDablUV to _nWn approx1lla\e al1pmeDt.betwen the Iteb's and \he a.imiDga U k . . . wl t1 l a ocm.eq1len' great 10 otUme III cont1nu1c f11'.0(5) OD e of the 1IO.t. 41ftlaal' eoD41" 0 _ ellOOUDtereab7 th.battene. was the emplacement. of the weaponaIn 'he trozen ground. 1 t. fre-quat17 took 3 1 bo1Ir. o~ al'dU01l8 labor on the par' of the gull cnwe '0 41gin the tr&11 apacle. of the veepo_ to eff.c' an 1Jd.Uat emplacement. iachnce.s.lye eMf' ~ the \rail. to efteot wide traTen. wat oorreapondiug17d1tf'icult. It appean that the dw.lopmen' of eo_ tn. ot c1emo1it1onforthe purpo 18 1D4lcawd. Pre.ent &Ta11ab1. d.. 11,1o.. in 8IIall quan,,-,t ..baTe little affect. on frozen earth.

4. F1re Oontrol llequ1r ... n'.&. tt. 18 001181de1"84hat certain UD1Tenal requiremen'. ma' IIIthe ne14 ottU. oonvol equ1paeD'. applicable to IIOI"tara and srtlllel7alike. luofar all cold weather operattollB are conoerned. It 18 al80 cono-aidered the _'lafact1on ot the .. requrement8 would 1n no V8Tdetrac' trOllthe ettlc1eDa7 ot the mat.rlel for operation in more 'Hmperat. areas.b . I ' i. r e o omm eD 4 e d tbat:

(1) The ne14 of night lighUng clft1.ce. be complete17 r8'f'tewclin au .ttort to produce rdght l1ChUg cle'f'1c for 81gbts, leY81a. and aiming takes. The present batt817 pover Bovee 1. mo.t unsatisfaat0Z7 for cold.weather application due to the batteries beOClll11tgrosen.

(2) COJll1de.ra\1on be giVBIl to the design at Ae1f equipment adthe mod1flcatloJl of old equipment.to lDCrea.e the _1 of control knob. andhaDdle. to aable operatl. penomel to manipulate these 1tas withou' theremGYal of cold weather haDdgear.(3) 'lhe atll1J1g .~._ vhich are .ectloDallzec1 be .0 OOJ18vuot-8d that dlsmout.tuc will be po lble in en" .. , cold. fhe .101a,. of pre .. d

ucttcma11 d.a1l1d.zrg .take. are almost un1Tersally lmpo..u.a..",a 8ft'MtA'e --


16/29

. A N N E X X R A Y X R A Y t C O L D l fJIIt! 1lFJ1 O P E R A . 1 ' I 0 l I SdurlD cold weather due to .. W .hJ'1rkap.

(4) .All a 1 J 1 d .D a take. 'b e prwlcled wi th porUoa ot 1ib . .poSnt 80 t cmDed that l' mqb.mamere4 11lto plac. til tros_ or barde a r t h .5. faDb

.. two.acle1a of tab, the 1 1 2 6 alIA the 1 l l a A . , wre ftPlOl'e4durirc the optIb.ttOll. 19le _tat .... prolal ... iaTol'Yed. til keepbg the\azlka tn ope:ra.Uoa were gr-t17 amplified. b,. the 0014. lIecbul0. mu'ot l le ce i\7 VOJ"kwi til bare baDb ..... .utloll vh10h .... to r lODgertime ",0 d . o UT 11Thpi.. of VOJ'k.b. I' 1s ' 0 'be DOW tbat te w taDk. ha4 to be abanc10J l l td Dddeatl'07e4 becau. ot storage batte1'7 t&1l... due to the 0014 ad lackot .paI'e batters. or el.ctro~t. of 11lCZ'easedQ801t1c graY1\T. In 80_instances battmes _ I ' . froaB .011d. The .1.0.017_ suppli a8 re-

plenlshment had a .,.01tl0 sravt. of 1.250. !be AbJect ot .\orage ba'-terie. tn cold weather ie C(!I\'.-e4 1n 1IIPl' vintar operation. report. aD dteclm1cal maaua18 , a D C l the lea.' allowable epeoSftc gl'arit7 tor 'bat'M17electro17'e tor oold weather 1. general.lT atated to be 1.350 &Ild preferablT1 . 3 8 0 .c. Great d1ttlcu1 V tra8 ezperteDnd v1'h fuel ltae. vb1ch beC81Defro.en ao11d 4,.. to mot.ture 111\he g&8011... In.ome caMS fuel p1II'IIg8were damaged bqond repair 4_ to ice. I' vas .taw. \!la' the fuel nppU.eclIn the early phase ot the oold weather operation va. in ref1DU" fliledbarrel. and that little vater was pres.t. Hov8'l'er, 8l'Ibseq'" auppll ofret111ed. barrel. contained large .'1U8lltl\le8 of vater. It 18 to be notedthat DOFuel, motor, all purpose, SOootaD.e,TJPe '0 " tor use 111extreme

cold to 00 (I') ,wae n.ppll.d tor tb18 operation (RetereDO. ':/.6., Vol,.. II.Cla III n.ppl1e.). !aaed 1ZpOD 0014".\bar 'e.'a, it 1. geaeral.17 con-ceded that .. Uculau care .... , be exercised to pr ..... ' the Inta-oductionot water Into the tuel .,.S'-- ot 'Yehlol cbu1.ng cold weather operat1oDs~, h e ~11te1'1Dgot all lUel at the luI taJIk opentUC1. r~ecl.d. 'lhe ooo15JIg 87steme of \he tak QC1DeS pres.tea. a maJor pro-biG 1D that th e great Il1II&bft' ot bos. oonneoUoaa sake tor J IQ1DeJ 'OU8eaks.Since the a1lt1-~1'eae uaed was o~ the . t1 1 71 &11'001bu. t1P8, leak. we r efrequent. .A n t1-tr .... was an 1Wm of .borl npplT. aD d eY_Wal17 It be-came .. 0.8.8%7 to nIl the coollDC .,. ot .Olle ng1.e w i. til di1 011

&II an emerpDaYm....... Th1. practice ot course pre._ted an &ddt t10Aal.tlre baaa1'd beC&ll8eot ta.a. I, 18 UDdento04. that exten8t .... winter te.'.of $aDk8 are b.1Dg coneluted at the Artq 71e1dForo Arcttc Te.' Branch atJig Delta, A.laska. It 18 reco Dded that the Iari_ Corp. make lDqU1l'7tothe A 7 ! f 1 I nald Force. relaUy. to the 801u'loD ot the problem ot malnWD1DSthe antl-freue In the cool1Dc . , . . t e m . o~ taDlt net_a.

-12-


17/29

A lIN EX X RA Y D A Y. 00l'.J) W E A . f l IE . R OPl imA.f l 0 J i I Se. GHa in the tvzoet J'lDp ot swenl \aDka haI 'de tJec l to Upoint that the electrical traTene _banS .. vere burDedm. fhi.pro-blem was rIIpOJ"'-d '0 b. ou of lack of ._ asd oPJOl"ftd. OD ,he par' ofpersonul to ptlS'fOI'l l pJ'OpeJ" vlJltRl.atloa.t; .... 0'1 the 0014 weather. the .\ltfDe of eJlS1". couplettdth t.be low ett1Cl.wv of tbe .toftge batt erie. I Ia4e .tarUIW -'remelT41tfloult. !o &11.. 1 & " W. ooDCl1tloJl41Iri1lCped04. of ex"" oolcl.~. wen .tarted aD d Nl15 Ill_h or, 2 ho1are. fhl. practice ooa..V1bute4 to &1l alnaq CI'iUoal gaeoU. shortag. am had to b~ USOODtlllU4.fhe nsul' vas that two.u."'eIl'-1~ ba4 to be abaD40De4 aD d de.Vert-"hen the g.. eral. .. cua'Son of the ana vas ordered i..1IICh. l' yaa Sa-pollClbl. \0 & 8 ' the taDka &WfI/ I Ulder 'belr OVD power. It t.nco Ddec lthat a simple .oD-gaC1s.'W. engl_ coolaat .taa4bT heater b. d.... lopeclud .0 d..sigMa that i' ..,.b. applied to aD 'beeo_ a p a r ' of \he eDglaecool1Dc qat... A 'pot" vp. fUel bva .. baring hot water colla t.lD41-cated. It 1. further r.oo .... ale4 tbat ~. ~~opMn' of a haD4 craDked

enertt. we . D S l - starter be oonsidered as aD a4J,.ot to the .lectrical.gine starter" for use In .1tuatioAa whee epare batterlee are not .. &liableand \he batten .. aft either' na down or low 1. ett1.c111107 due to coldwea~ r coD dS .tlo ...6. Lubrication Expedient.

&. ItII considered worthy of note to mention 10M of the u::ped1ent.emploled by the troops whenproper oold weather lubricant. were no' aTa11abl.wi'h wMob to 8el"Ylce thelr weapon.. All of 'heR expedl vorked vi\h.1 0 _ degree of 8 U C O . . . . !l'he material. u 4 . lncluc1ecJJ (1) di._.l 011. (2)gasoli_ miX.dvith light eJWi_ 011. (,) i_eot repellent. and (4) bacongrea.e. the salt ccmt_t ot "hich preY_tet!. the ionatia ot %"1_ fJ'08\ andlee on vol'k1ac p a r " ' . On. of the t .ffeetly. ImpatO'Y1sedubJ'lcut. 'becamebon 10cal17 u aV.nag Lotlo". a mlx\1ared_l.eet 1 > 7 'lISgt Fr.,uT. VerugeJr USMC,of .the 0rc lDaD0e Section ot the 1.' Battalion, 5th M a r in e . . fh1sm1zture conal_Mel ofr 1 1b Of grapbit. grease 41_101Te4in 1 gallon of gaao-11De, then Il1D4 wlU13 gallo .. ot gataol1u. 10 gallo_ of cU el fuel and 4ga1loaa of S A J I l 10 lube 011. fbi olutton wasarr!Yed, at bT ,rial and errorand te.ted bY'appl1oatloll ' 0 \vo each of all ", of -.11 al'IIS. Thes.veapons were proof tired af'er b.ing eub.1ea'e4 to exp081D'tl '0 _IlOW and lc.tor ~ hour. In "zero w_ther.l twas claimed 'Uaat as a rewt of us!.'hie Id..xtur the -.lf1ut.cUou Incurred to tteapOD8 of the Ie' Battalion werereduce4 to a m11l18D.

1 . Motor Traaaporta. III ge.ral. the c11tftcultl enCOUJltendwith _tor transportequ1pMnt a. a ..esalt of cold weather vera similar In natar. \0 I I8J I1 ' oftho outl1D8d In Paragraph 5. TBDkI. The aamer.q_Uremen'. exteted torthe following:


18/29

.& N 1JEX X R AY X R AY . C O LD ~ iE A.T IC R C P ?.B A TIO llS(1) ArcUc tTpes of fuel and lubricants.(2) .Pr....ent1Te method. or dertcea to el1m1Datethe frees1:ag of fuel lines t ruel pumps

and carburetor (3) IDCreaaed quantI Ues of anU ...freeJle.(4) 13atte1'7 electrolJ't. of IDCreaaed apec1flcgran (5) ED&1nestandby hea~er. to facilltate .tartl.ob. While 1t I D a appear ~'\ reiteration i8 supemuous. 1t lsconside!'ed lmpoae1ble to place too mu . ch emphu1. OD malata1Jd.1tC c1eaDl1..neea In fuel handliDC.. All tuel, eepec1al17 that furnished as refilled

drum. _6\ b. tllterad. The r.npp17 ta.el used b7 .,tor t:raD8pon ODthis oper.atlOJl cost J D 8 D T houre of -.1nteDaDCe 1n fJtOtl.n tuel. 11nea, anduntold ButterS ng b7 mecbaD1c. w s . th frost bl t\en haDda aa a ..saul' of therapid _&poraUon of raw ga.8011DeOD baH ald.a while attellp'"Jlg to d11~coan.ct and r.COllDecl fuel 11.... !ehe aesurance that proper arctic vp.hal. (.el:' 'fA VolUllDeII $ 01a8s 111) are available on fut\U"e cold wea-ther operatloD8 Is stro~lY reco~ded.c. The opel"at1on of motor tr8DISpor' equiJ)MJlt dur1Dg the ex-treme cold of thi. cYpa1ga has reemphasised the requirement for 24 Toltelectrical l17etell8 for all motorised equipment. It. i8 recommended thatall future procvement ot motor transport TeMe1es be equipped with 24...olt eloctrical 878tellS.d. It 1. con81dere4 that the following malnteDaDCeDOte. arewor~ of special menUon:

(1) ~el"e were DO speclal cold weather lubr1c8Zl's a...a1lableon this operation. In order to reduce the frlcUoDal 10.se. ln \hetre.na-1111881011nd differential of ?eMcles. it vas DeCeBeary to dllute the grea.e1n thOle UD1h wi tho SAE 10 eDeiDe 011.. DuriDg periods otextr.me cold thed1luUon was I I&de v1th diesel oil.(2) All the ...ehicle eDg1n were equipped wi th o DOrmal. dutTspark plug. of t h e cold"~. ~h18 contributed to hard startiDS andfouled plua. during period. of idllng. fhere were not "hotll plugs a...-&11.able for replacement. ,(3) The incIdence of breakage ot the :aendix Bprings in theengiDe starters of TD.14 and 1'1) 18 tractors and M 5 trucks was grunT in.-creased as a result of the coldu It is recommeDdedthat an lncreasedallo\rlanc. of spare Bend1x springs be made available for the cold weatheroperation ot these equ1pmentsu(4) 1~e waterproofed ignition S T . t e m e of radio Jeeps were asource of much d1ff1cu1 ty. and increased mal nt.nanc. problema durl%lg coldweather. Condensat10n 1nslde the shielding was caused by chaDgea in tern-peratur..a aa the engine cooled downwhen stoppedo The moisture caused ig-

n1tion leek. and. ahort c1rcu1 t8 ..eo 1!1&ddt t10n to the specUlc requirement .hi ch ensted for

cold weather tnof ruel and lubricants the following requirements andrecomnendationa are considered ?ertlnent:


19/29

A Ill1:E X X RA 1 XRAY I C OLD WEA .T HliR O PERA TI O BS(1) fhe anu-tree tvnllhe4 to the uetag unl' .ho1l1d beincreased to al10" for 100%replen1lhaent. The preseDt lnt Ual, pla~ r.pleD1shaen' t. _'1re17 tDadequate. It 11 r.colllllellded that theini tt.a1 l'ILd1atol" tilling be mad e ot a 10luUoa O O I I P O . a of ~ . ' 1 -

tnes. and 5 0 1 ' _ter. regardles. ot the fact \hat WI mq afford greaterprotectloD than Jl.oe ar'7. It 1. further reooaneDlle4 that llalnteDance per-.oDne1 be 1Ddoctrl_ted to nl1 the ra4iatol"B to a pol.' 2 lDOheI below thetop ot the cwertlow plpe, to allow for the apaul0D ot the S011l.",ODwhenheated and thu. aYolAwaste.(2) I tII recomme.te4 that a _re d.ura'bl. _ti-flt l :\Ydl"o-lIleter, eca.ae4 iD a proMoU,.. ablelc1. be prondecl. It W. 18 not po.sl-ble. 1t 1. reoo1lllleD4edhe allowaace ot \he pre.enQ7 an.11abl. 1\em be in-creased b:y DO1e.. tbaD~. the p1" Dt17 nppl1ec1. I 'em 18 fabricated.from T.I"/' thin glas8 and since adequate protection 1. _, pJ'O'l1ded as apart ot the unit. the breakage rate 1.' v8Z7 hich.(3) It 1. coDBid.reel that the reCOlJlD8Dlatlolloutlined ln ftb..paragraph (2) &boyeII alao applicable to the batte17 talttDe qdrometer.It 1. further recoll:1eDdedthat battery t.sting ~ter. procured In thetuture ha...e a apec1tlc graY!V scale read1nc '" 110lei' tban 1.38'0.(4) It is 1mpossible to prennt water In the 30 0 gall0D MarineOorps water traS.ler from tr.. 1Dgc1 . u r1Dg nb- o v,,\ber, with the Arrqlmmerslon heater auppl"ed tor the pVpo.e. ~he hea\er require .. epectal 1za..IWlat10n aD d has too 11~tl.heat ou\pUt ftll' the Tol,.. aDd d.elip ot thetra1ler. Furthermore, i,\ 1. conaldered that the Ilarine Corp. VaU .... houldbe rede.1ped to ll1pl'OTethe drav-bar.tbe pipl. udoutlet "','_. and\hat l' .hould be inaulated. Slue. It 18 COD.lA_eel tbata (1) the . a . n v 250pllon vater tratler II uuper10r III4e.1p. aDd (2) .. t \he A : n I 1. pre.ent17

d.".elop1D&a " , t e l ' s.m.rs1on heater-vater trailer aombl_UOJl. '" 1'. reco...mended \hat the Marine Oorp. adopt the Arttq 250 gallon water 'railer .tan.cJ,..ard.t. fbere were two (2) tleld e.zpKl.nt. employed to put vehicles tntooperation dur1nc period. ot extreme cold de_4 wor'~ ot epectal men.tion.The firet ot "Ulel. expecl1.nt. vas _84 to .tart cold e12g1uI and vas aoco...pl1ahed b7 plp!c the hot eDaust gaees troll a vehicle which ve.8 runn1ng 1ntothe ta11 pipe ot aD unatar ted ODe bT meansot a tlu1ble hose. Atter pre.-heat111g1n this tor a t."Il1nute tar'lug _s usuallyaccomplishedwith compara",v. ease. !file second expecUent was the pracUce ot driversputtillg the trauml ion 1n low gear aDd the trane'.r caee In 81z wheel d r 1 . , .and low gear when the Teh1cl. was to eet 141e tor a protracted period ot tlme,fhil practice assured the d.rlTer ot haT1Dg plenV' ot pOWI' aYa11able to oyer-co_ the .uttus. of the vehicle power tratn at low temperature. wi thoutoTerload1DC the eJJ!n.. 1tal.o e11mDateel the nece lty ot hanDg to.tru,ml. with a. 1I'0c.n ge4r ah1tt.g. !he opera'loD ot .eb1cle. durlug the cold weather encountereddur1Dg the operation re-.phast.ed the nee l \7 tor extensive driver tra1n1ugto teach iDd1ridual. how to haDdle equ1pMnt on lc:r roade. ru. i. part1-cu l& r17 ~rue ln areas ot mountaiDOUtJ terraiu udcrooked DaI'l"OW road


20/29

A l r n E X X R A Y X R A Y , 00 l iD W F .A ! . l 'm :R C l> E B A . T 1 O B Shoo D ue to the lDCl"ea.ed logistiC6 requ11"ed to IlU8WD a cold weatheroperation, l' 18 beOOJll1nt;DCr_81_1I' n1dot Oat more IIIOtor transportaUoD1s required. Itt. l"ecoIlIDen4ecl he".... " \hat the addl tlODal trati8pOr\atloatake the 1 'orm ot 8D a c14 l t l oDAl Vult ooDlpa .%Q"Ol" GO II ,P aId . ) III \he moto rt:"aD8por' battalion. Thia v111 astnl'l'e oeJl\2"al control au4 . malntell8Dee. The

central comrol can then attach the ~te Teh1cl to the Uld.t. l"equ1I'1DCthe add! t10Dal WaD.epor ta t1on , \1lu e"e.tillS an eooDHi7of . t t l t s .Uon.1.. In __ cold aI'M8 when 4Mp uow t.' J IOOU1ltere4 . the Wboleplctareof veh10ular eqUlp.eat vi11 haY. W 'be rcrtewecl v1til the pvpo" of .. aU flu-'1. tracked. anI' .DOW .,.e1401" t_ the pJ'Hea' vheele4 .,.ehlel...J. ! l 'he MarlDe Oorp. baa a requtl'emed tor -.1DHDaDc. tent 01'1 IM1 tft' for u ta oold . weather.

s, Sipal Eg,u1p!eta. So_ of the probl... encount.red wi. th Signal 'quipment vere the

aameas those IJlYOlyed,n \he operatton of ordDaDce,and motor traaspo!'t_ten.l. The problems cODelnea tbe foUov1Dg spectnc thiDg8:(1) fhe fuel 111lft of ga.ollDe aglne 4rl.,.en ceaeratore troa.dueto tM vater coateat ot tbe tuel.(2) Unava1labl1S" of batter" electrolrte.(3) ne treeziDg and short operatloDal etno1e., of drT cellbatteries. O f all \vpe. wsed. the BA - 3 0 (naah1tsh' ~) va. most in demandbece.us~of 19 D I 8 ! W applf.catloD8.

b. FuDctioDally. co.fJS'&t1...17 little d1t t l cu l . \Y vas experienced withthe operatlon ot electronic signal equipment. The greate.' source ot d1tti-cul \7 was cauI.d ~e freeslDg ot the batteries ed tn co$IIC'ioJl vitilthe matel.l. SIDCebetter cold weather battene. are st111 1UI4erdn.lopmen'.11't18 can be done to ottset the 41fficul'I encouateNCl. As a field ex-pedient operator. of equ1pmenttrequat17 carZ'1ed DIal1 vp ot dry batten In thelr 11lDel"c1o\b1JJgin order to keep ~em .emcAble. It 1. reportedthat 80me pereoune1 took batteries Into the .leepiDC bee durlg period. ofreat 1n an effort to keep the equipment in operation.c. Storage batteriee were kept in moeable colldl tlon b7 advanciJJgthe charg1Dg raw &baYeDOrmal. fhe iE-21O batter:r cbargillg generatorproved e:zcepUoJUll17 reliable In cold weather.d. Somemicrophones froze up ae a. result ot breath condensation due

to lacy ot proper proteettve covers. liela expedl_t. were devised by uaiDghandkel'ohiefs. . o c k . . and pieGls of clo~.t.. Considerable difficulty was experl_ced bT the failure ot telephoneew1 tchb08l'd drops to tuDetloD. This wae apparent1.7 ca118ed b7 the formation ofa f1lm of rime trost OD . tbe metallic a.faces. The t1"OatIIa7 ha.... been formed' b 7 chaDg in temperature, and in 80_casee eYen by the operatorlsbreath. Itwas al.o noted that the aw l tchboard operators bad a. great deal ot d1ttlcul.\yIn 1D8D.1p~t1_ the .vitobboard plup while opera.ting witilgl~e8 on.


21/29

A NllEX X 1lA Y X RA Y. C OLD \r ;A TID a OPEB Aft C tiSg. :BeC&tUI. ot the Deo 81. to .".ta1n 2iJhour vat in lomeradio vehiole., great cU.acomtort.. upeneMe b7 the opeator. beC&1lMot tnactlT1 _. 111 the 1011tuperatvea. 1t18 r~ 'bat aU radiovehicle. b. pl'OY1ded vi. t;h eao1oa4 load1o_page. u4 tllat heatera be pro-

Y1dea.h.. O~t. ot tile !aat1ca1 Air OODtl'OlParlT ~""1." the re-qulrem_t tor cold weather t71)el of b&ttel"1el tor _e 1. the .Wi rad10equt.pae_. Du to t.he 001d..Wcro1l .P at ttme aper1_ed. p'..t 41ttl-cult7 1n IlLintaiJdnc cODl ln lM _tlou. I' 1. al lG ooula.ncl that the )Wequ1pment 1.... too heaY7 tor cold weather WOft. parU01I1ar17 111aouata1nvarf8Z'e. ,9. !ins...a. J'rOll .. englDMl'iDC .taDdpoll1t, the eltC1aeer equlpaeDt UH4d111"1_W. operation proyed ~ be .. t1etactOl'7. BoweYer. due to the co...

c 1 1 tlo_ la.po.ec1 b7 oold weather. the .... aeobaId.cal. defto1eaol m.t..,in the other VPn of _ton equtpaeD' -.pl._on .... opeatlon wenpre.ent In the eag:laeer e(U1~'. Au u.ample ot W. vas the coagulatlonof the 41 e1 011 in 'he fuel tanka of 41e l powered equ1plleat. A8 afield .~.cU.a', l' ... often nec 'aJ7 to bum a torch ot gasoll .. sa__rated .8JId In a bucket UDder the fa.el tank. wbt1e ,he 41 e1 powered .cp1p-ment vas in operation. he1. 011, 411. Grade0 Uotlc, (a.t 'l/A VolII 01a III) was J lGt ayai1able. Because $h. meobaDlcal clet1c1.BC1e. ofmot.or1l:ed equipment hay. bee preriou.lT ouU,lDe4 1n '&bl. report UDd.rtank and motor traDeport l' i8 considered 1U1DeO 8a17 to re1tel"at.e 'Ua.cOI"I".otl....requ1reaeat l. !he pr1Ac1pal dimcu1 \le. d.ue to cold weather cUd.DO' 80 _ellconcern d1tt1c1ucS. in .qlllpment as itdid the require ' tor a n.worder of eng1neeri_ t.chD1qQl8 t1l11U1der d.... lop .. nt in cold weatherarea.s. Coment. td eDgi.neer officers ID41catecl that mch has 7-' to b.learned about aolnDG eD41_er prob1... 121 cold weather areas.c. 'lh. ezcaTatlon at froz.n earth pre.ented a problem of maJorimport&1lCe to the agiDeer batta11on. Bo .887 .0lutioD vas no1 ...ed.Bul1doz.r blada. "el"e 1"81&t1... 17 tnetfecttTe in av.tUJJg frosen .011.I t reqtl1red m a . D T hoar. to accompl1 sh what V011lc1aTe be.n short 30bsunder DOI"lDal. c1l'CU11Stancee. Earth. when broun up by 4emollUou or b7the dozer, froze to \b. blade 121 IUftlc1ent qu.nUtte. to block theca.t tiDg ec1ge. a..... al ot the earfih from the blade va. dJ.fflcal taD dtime connm1DC. !rhe aame d1tnoal U " . 1 ' . encOUDtere4 w1 th the 8 ou.Jd.road ecrap.r. Repeated pasa o"'el" an area retul.ted in a hlgh1J' gluedsurfac. too hard to penevat... I t vas otten _0.88817 to COMUCt. exca-"'atloD operations 0n17 d1D'1r.rghe Idd.-ponton of the ~ after the 8UD.had sottened the avtac


22/29

A tt N F . X X R A Y X R A Y . C O L D W E A ' r H E R o . P E R A T I O N Sd. The problem of water supp17 vas not one of lack of water. butrather the preYention ot equlpment trom becom1Dgdamaged by trening.Water-point personnel had to be parUaular17 c.~eM to uoer\a1n tbat,all pump. and hose. were thoroUCh17 4rai ned atter 118e. Tbe use of en-closed aDd heated water point. were utilised vherever practicable. ~a1~ta1n1n& the water in .olution tn the water trailers presented a pro'blemand . has been coyered ~ paragraph 7. koto!' Tran8port.e. !fhe solution to eDgineer1ng probl ... in extreme temperaturesduring this opel'ation was 'ar.ce17 a matte!' of improvisation. The construc-tion of two a1rfi.l4s aad ~ brideiDC structures UDder adTer.e cli-matic and combat oondi \lou 18 md..Dee ot lugeDa1\7 an4 re.ourcefulness.0lm.portant to operations in extreme cold.

IV . A ERIA L D EIlVERY OF SUPW.Plane for logistical sUpport JllU8tprovide tor a1terDate means ofaupp17. Use of all" traneport will facilitate eupp17 and ft'acuatlon. InlOme circumstance. all" transport 1. the 01'1l7 practicable me\hod. Coldweather reports have conslstently emphasised that the success ot ~groUDdoperation will require Joint participation ot air and groUDd toroesnot onl7 from the tactical standpoim but also from the supply angle. Theexcellent work of the 1st Aerial Deli'Ye1'7Platoon in conJunction with theCombatCargo CommaDdhows lrIhat can be do_ to sUPP lT un!u from the a1!'.It al80 bas brought home the requirement tor an SOP in the armed 8UT1ce.tor Aerial DeliTe1'7 of supplies. .101'. emphaai. should be placed on tM.method of logistical support ln cold w.. ~bvdoctrIne. When It 1. neeclecl.1t18 needed 1mmediatelTi thereto". a "ell. collceiTed all' ground SOPi.Tltal to insure smooth and effIcient servlce.

v . dALYSIS~re is no aubat1 tute tor training men for cold weather wartare 1ncold veather areal. During this period of training, the sole mi lon otthe unit iJ1'lolTec1ehould be oold weather tra1n1ng. The problem 18 one ofsurvival aDd all hand. met learn hoy to take care ot themeelTe. and theirequipment w such a degree that 1t becomes automatic. Witb the properequipment aDd supplies and this traiDing, operations In dry cold climatesare possible ap1net lim ted obJecUTes. I t baa been bl'O'Oghtout repeated17in r~ort sUbmitted b , v 1I111it8l"7units that haYe participated in cold w e a -ther e:Eeretses. that the toUov1.ng factors are pertinent:(1) Mencould be trained to moveand handle themlelTes In the 8DOW and

cold onlY If theT were well clothed and equipped. Extreme cold add. tonormal battle COnditIone the problem of 8urYITal.(2) Tactical opera t10Jl8 t ....en on a small scal e. UDder condi tion. ot snowand ext rem. cold are such as to demand experienoe and tralning in coldareas prior to commlIlent.(3) Great empha.sis must be placed on leaderahip in connection with lDd1-vidual and small UDlt training prlor to operations in extreJne oold.(4) Restrictions on moYellentconstl tute the major ob~. to the sue-


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A llN EX X RA Y X RA Y. C OLD WEA TH ER O PJm A !rIO NSc.ssful conduct of cold weather operations. Mobilit7 1. a prerequisiteto 8UCC.SS. It can only be ach1eYedit the weight and balk of equip.entand supplies are kept to a lDln1maab7 ellld._Uoa ot all but Decessl tie Coneumption rates of tood, :fuel, .POL products, aD d replacem.nt parts tormechanical equipment are InC1".ase4. In a.cld1 tioD, cl1tteJ"ent typ.s ofequipment. POL products. and cloth1Dg are requ1rec1.tor cold weather opera-tlon8 as co~ed to operations in temperate olimates.(5) Off.nelve actlons mu.t be carried out In the least possible time.Consequent~ a I I l10h greater IUperlorit7 of torce .atbe provided than isnormal17 oonsidered essential. HOweYer,prior to comm1bent it is e.sen-tial t.bat winterization of aU equ.1pmentbe accom.plilbed and that priorplann1ng assures the capabl11t7 of supporting the operation logietical17.

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~Head auarters1st Marine Div':'slon (Reln!) l'MFc/o Fleet Post OfficeSa.nFraucisoo, OaliforniaDI VI s r o n ~RAINING :BULLmN): Cold Weather I radoctrinationmillER. . . .. .38-50)

.3/re.b1 9 1 513No .50

A n Army OoldWeather 1 Ddoctrlnation ! r eam has been ade availableto the 1st karine Division for orientation in the proper employmentof cold weather cloth1Dg and equipment.. UD 1 tOOJIIII'I8Dderaill cooperateto the utmost with thil Team in the accomplishment of its assigned mission.2. .P lJ lU>OS :&

The purpose ot \he lndoctrination 11 to acqua.1nt all per.oDnel withthe teohnique. 1J1Yol.,.odn tho proper use of cold weather clothing andequipment wh1ch has been lssued or wl11 be issued to all UD1ts. 'In add1'"tion all S U P P l Y personnel will recel.,.e a special indootrination to insurethat wlnter clothing 1.properly issued. Since all personnel wl11 l;te1m-able to receiTe tbis instruction lt is nec.s.a.!7 that a representatlveproportion ot the individuals in each organlzation attend and then give this8aJ!1endoctrll1&Uon to all membersof thelr un1 ts.3. DU l'A l L ED . P L A . N

a. !rhe Oold Weather Indootrination Teamwill be made a.Ta'.lable toeach aegiment and separate :Battalion to lnsure at least one halt of in.-struction per :Battalion. Arrangements w1l1 be madeb,. the r:i'eamor the in-struction including the lhov1J1Cot a train1ng film and a demonstra.tion ofcold weather clothimg.b . Onememberof e a c h squad and/or sectlon a D d appropr1ate represent.-

tive. of higher echelons vl1l attend the instruction presented b7 the ~Teamand will be responsible tor the dissemination of this Information tothe iDd1rtduals of their UD:1 t .c. As JII8.rq' officers ae practicable vill reoeive this instruction.d. Regimental and separate Battalion Commanderswill PnpaI"e detailedplane and orders and prOTide adequate supan-ieion k lnsure that all per-80nnel are thorougbly lndoctrl_ted. in the proper use of a special coldw8ather cloth1~ and equipment.e. !he ~eamwill be a.vailable on the fonowing dates to the belowllstod organisational

RO'~1..........5 - 1 1 R O Yl lO T -5 - 1 s -.2 .() l{ovRC~~1& 21-23RGY11th Marlnes........ 24NovHeadquarters Bn_ 25NOY1st SigDal.:Bn.. 2 5 N O Y1st Engineer Bn.. 2bNo .l8t Medical Bn..... 265o.

1st O r d n a n c e i n 2 7 N O Ylat S e r v i c e B n . 2 7 N o rVJ.IO -6. .. .. .. . 28N cr t'CoB. 1st Tank Bn.. 28Bov1 s t T a n k : & 1 1 . 29109 'Reconnaissance 00..9109 '7th Motor Transport Bn )ONOT1at ~raCBn ... } O N O Y1st OombatSemce Group 1ec1st Shore Party Bn.. . . . !Dec


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. . Aea


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. . 3 / t l p1 9 1 5 ,(5) Individuals w i l l be instructed in the recognition azicl""treatmentof frostbite a Dd the b u d d y .,.tero w i l l b a b i t u a l 1 1 be used to d i . c o y e r a a drender first aid to frostbite caseB.

t 6) Guard against daneer froJllcarbon IIODOx1den clo.ed. vehlcle.and a b e l t e r a .e, Conduct of operations ..

(1) Operations will be lim! ted to areas v1thin rage of baaes h e l t e r s . L1Ddtedobjectives will be a.signed to patrol. And attackingtroops.(2) Uponthe seizure o t o b J e c t i v e s at the limit o t sate operati~rlU1ge from base shelters, such .helters will be d1eplaoed forward priorto continuing the advance.(3)Personnel posted on security duty will be relieved frequently.

4. LOGlS'1'1CSa. Allocation of tents and stoves dependent on supply status and unitmissions.b. ~.a1ntaln 3 dqe s l1pp17 clas8 I and Itl in UD1t area as safety factorin case road. are blocked.

a. A.voidu.e of single m e . l e n g e r s 01' siDgle yehiele. except over shortdistances and whenZ'oute is known to b e passable.b. Whereall radio nets cannot be kept in operation concentrate efforton the ma1nteDallceof communicationon pZ'1JDaJ7ommandnets.c. Streit the use of wiZ'e oOmmunications. cwerheadiDgand employincme.seDger wire where possible.d. Protect batteries from moi.ture and wind.e. Ooyer radio and telephone microphonevith Water-proof material such&s latex rul>ber for protection :trOll moisture and consequent trees1:og.

DIS !LR lBUT lON : Caee II. Llat 111G . A . W ItL lA l4S,Colonel, U. S. ~ar1ne Corps.Chief of Stafl'.

OFF IC IAL :/ 8 / P. J. C o s t e l l oP. J. COSTZLLO.I>:ajor, USMC.


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, . _ . ,# ..Headouarters1st Mar1ne Division (Re1nf), FV~0/ 0 Flee' Poet Otf1ceSan Francisco, Calltornia 3 / g o d197526 November 1950D lV IS I0 11 ~ 'R AIN IN G l3 UI.LET IN ): Oold Weather Surrival Train1ng Programm ~ E R . . . . . . . . . . . .39"'50 )

Ret: ( a ) D l v T n & B u l * 3 S - 5 0(b) m 10-10(c) 1 70-15(d) T).110-275(e) Tl3 J . i E D 81 (ltAv&44)(t) D 275-1 (l9Aug44)(g) All 850-126(h) :Booklet: Wet-Cold, Instructor s )tauual aD 4 OyeratioDal References(i) :Booklet, Cold ruet. for leeplng W a r m1 . G :E l iERA L

a. An acUTe oold weather and oold 1nJ1u7 tra1D1Dg program 'rill b. COD-ducted by R e g l m e n t a , separate battaliOns, and uD1ts attached to the 1st~arlneDivision.b. Headquarters :Battalion will 1DSUrethat all replacements receivethis i n s t r u c t i o n and t r a i n i n g b e f o r e b e i n g aSSigned to f r o n t l i n e u n i t s .c. ~he purpose of the training !>rogram18 to minimize casual ties fromthe 8~vere weather c o n d i tiona now p r e v a i l i n g in thie area.d. Trench foot aDd other inJuries re8Ulti~ from exposure to cold c a nbe controlled and belA to lMlgn1flcant- proportions on13' thrOUgh the availa-b1lity of proper clothing and equipment, thoro'1lgh 1ndoctrt._t1on of troopsi n the use ot such eqUipment and energetl0 comand aciton to insure the

application of the aeoe.aa:ry prophJ1a')1c measure.. Coutee tattention \0the mat"rs by command.rs throvghout all echelons, is mandatoq to avoide x c e iv. 10, of personnel in c o m b a t elements.2. GENERAL pLANa. All individual. will receive a minimumot tw o (2) hours train1n cUDder thi. program. In add! 'ion, other personnel such a8 IUppl. la.uncl17taDd m e d i c a l . w i l l receive additional instruction to make them proticientin their special duties relating to thi. program.b. C0ll1m and1Dg Officer. nll appoint e. Oold Weather Officer in each un1tof Com~ eise.

a. Reg1mental and separate Battalion C o m m a D d e r e will establish ~eclfictraining prograaa wh1ch w i l l 1nsure that the tollowing instruction 1.presented:

cloth1DC.

(1) All parse nnel:(a) ~ha tittiug, proper use and C&l'e of It._ of oold weather,


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. '.3/god1 9 7 5

. . .(b) 'fborough iJldoctrination 1n the o a u 8 e l and prevenUonof trench foot and frost bite.( 0 ) S1EPtome ot and p r e c a n t l o n l against lnoWblindne (4) Fam!llartzation with fie14 expedient. that can beutilised in the prevention of 0014 weather l n Ju rS .

( 2) Unit leaders:(a) Familiarbation of all otticer. and JlODl-comm1 ione4officerl with the commandmeasve. nee. starr in \he control of wenchfoot.(b) Rotation o t troope, w h e r . , e r possible, in and out ofthe linea to a'Voidlong consecutive exposure periods in whlch the body.pa.rt1c'llarl1' the 1' t, are cold and we'.(e) Establishment of a sock exchange program or siJ'!l11arprogram that will inaure a regular and continual supply of dr,y BOcks tofront line personnel.(d) U.e of dr,v-out t.nts and bu11cU.J)gsin the oombat areasto t h e greatest extent praoticable to facilitate dr.vlng of clothing,changing of BOoks and wa rm1 n g and cb7I:ag ot the sldn.

(3) Oold Weather Officers to be familiar wi th their duties toinclude: (a) Determining t .be extent and thorcmglme.. with whichtoot d1selpliD8 is practioed in the oo~.(b) I n8tructiDg and guiding indl 'Yldual.s 1n cold lnJ1lr7preventi'Ye measures.(c) Determ1ning shortages in equipment and supplies essen-tial to the prevention of trenoh toot and reportiJlg such shortages to theproper authorities.(d) SUl"'Yey1ngold injury outbreak. in unite as necessaryand maldug a9Proprtate recommendations for initiation ot oorreotiTe action,plus adequate follow-up to insure the desired relUlts.

(4) SUPPl1'personnel reS!>ons1ble for the dlatrllm:tion of cloth1zag.(8) Add!tional lnatructlon in the requisitioning, careand cleaning of cold weather clothing and equipment_

(5) Medical .Persounel: Instruction in the treatment ot coldweather inJUries.(6) L&1lDb71l1atoon; I nstructione in the washing ot cold weatherI clothing a n d e q u i p m e n t .

4.. AmlNIS'rBA~VE UiSTRUCtrIONS


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3 / g o d1975, . .

a. CommandingOfficers will insure that max1.wu u s e is made of theOold Weather Indoctrination Team now aTailable to all units of the 1stl-1arlne D 1v 1 a1 on.b. Requests tor add! tiona! iutruction and hili from We team whenneeded, will b. made to this H e a d q u a r t e r s .c. Attention of aommand1~Officers i8 11lY1w4 to the Damel of per-Bonnel subm1 tMel pursuant to Div kemoraDdum218-50. It il iJ(tended thatt h e s e p e r a o D D 8 l a l r e a d y e x pe r i e n c e d in c o l d w e a t h e r o p e r at i o n be ~ploTed by the UDltl to which tbeT are c u n e n t l 1 ' attached in order tofurther the cold w e a t h e r tra1n111g program.d. Film Dulletina ISO "TreDChf'ootl and "PersoDal Health in Snow andExtreme Oold" are available tor showing; requeste tor theae films willbe submitted to this Headquarters (G-3).

G . A . W ILLIAM S,Colonel, U. S. Marine Corps,Ohief of Staff.DIS!l.'RlBU'rlOlf& CASE II LIST III

OfFICIAL,lsI P. J. CostelloP. J. COS' l 'ELLO.MaJor. USMC.Division A d J u t a n t .

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Documents

Cold Weather Operations, Special Report, 1st Marine Division, Korea