Whats Cooler than being Cool? Cold War!
Name: _____________________________________Period: _____
The Aftermath of WWIIAfter Hitlers defeat in Europe, two
superpowers emerged. The Soviet Union and the United States were
clearly the two most powerful countries in the world. Without
Hitler as a common enemy, there was no reason for the U.S. and
Soviet Union to remain allies. Adding to an already tense political
climate was the new existence of nuclear weapons. Both sides wanted
to outmaneuver the other for political and economic control
throughout the world, but also desired to avoid actually fighting
one another for fear of risking nuclear war and the end of the
world.
Required InformationIt is essential to identify the answers to
the typical historical questions. (Who? What? Where? When? Why?
How?) Everybody will fill in a table identifying this general
information for each subject.
Note: The general questions are only there to make sure that
everybody explains some of the most important material. Successful
presentations will go much deeper, and may include: Interesting
quotes, a clear timeline of events, numbers that stand out (such as
casualties or important dates), how specific countries or groups
reacted, and any other significant details
GradingThis assignment is worth 80 points. Points will be earned
in six categories: (10)Space Race Completeness (2) Neatness (2)
General Question Table (2) Essential Question Answered (4)
(15)Europe Post WW II Completeness (3) Neatness (3) General
Question Table (3) Essential Question Answered (6) (15) Korean War
Completeness (3) Neatness (3) General Question Table (3) Essential
Question Answered (6) (15) Berlin Wall Completeness (3) Neatness
(3) General Question Table (3) Essential Question Answered (6)
(10)Cuban Missile Crisis Completeness (2) Neatness (2) General
Question Table (2) Essential Question Answered (4) (15)Vietnam War
Completeness (3) Neatness (3) General Question Table (3) Essential
Question Answered (6)
Event: _________________________________________
Name:_________________________
General Questions Table
Who?
What?
Where?
When?
Why?
How?
Europe Post World War IINuclear Arms Race: In July 16, 1945, the
U.S. tested the first atomic bomb at Alamogordo, New Mexico. The
atomic bomb had two objectives: a quick end of World War II and
possession by the US (and not USSR), would allow control of foreign
policy. In 1947 president Truman authorized U.S. aid to
anti-Communist forces in Greece and Turkey. The policy was expanded
to justify support for any nation that the U.S. government
considered to be threatened by Soviet expansionism. This policy,
known as the containment doctrine, was aimed at holding back and
restricting the spread of Communism worldwide. Containment quickly
became the official U.S. policy towards the USSR. In the meantime,
the Soviets were building their own atomic bomb. On August 29th,
1949, the Soviet Union detonated its first atomic bomb, in
Kazakhstan. This event ended America's monopoly of atomic weaponry
and made the Arms Race the focus of the Cold War. Both the U.S. and
the USSR competed to build more and better nuclear weapons than
each other. America tested the first Hydrogen (or thermo-nuclear)
bomb in 1952, the USSR in 1953. Hydrogen bombs were 2500 times more
powerful than the Hiroshima bomb.The political climate of the Cold
War changed in January 1954, when U.S. Secretary of State John
Foster Dulles announced the policy of "massive retaliation" -any
attack would be met with a massive nuclear response. As a result of
preparing for "massive retaliation," bombs made way for
Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles (ICBM). ICBMs could destroy
targets 5000 miles away. In October 1961, The Soviet Union
detonated a nuclear device, estimated at 50 megatons, the
equivalent of more than 50 million tons of TNT, or more than all
the explosives used during World War II. It is the largest nuclear
weapon the world had ever seen at that time. The Tsar Bomba (King
of the Bombs) was detonated after US and USSR agreed to limit
nuclear testing. It was the largest nuclear device ever exploded.
Having no strategic military value, Tsar was viewed as an act of
intimidation by the Soviets. The Cuban Missile Crisis taught both
sides that risking nuclear war in pursuit of political objectives
was simply too dangerous. It was the last time during the Cold War
that either side would take this risk. After the Cuban Missile
Crisis, the US and USSR still fought over control for other parts
of the globe. The early 1980s was a final period of friction
between the United States and the USSR, resulting mainly from the
Soviets' invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 to establish a Communist
regime. In 1983, president Ronald Reagan announced the Strategic
Defense Initiative (SDI). Commonly known as Star Wars, SDI was
envisioned as a satellite-based nuclear defense system, which would
destroy incoming missiles and warheads in space by shooting them
down with lasers. August 1985, the Soviet Union announced a nuclear
testing moratorium. December 1987, Soviet President Mikhail
Gorbachev and U.S. President Reagan signed the Intermediate-Range
Nuclear Forces -- the first arms accord signed by both Moscow and
Washington that called for the elimination of an entire class of
weapons -- intermediate-range missiles. In July 1991, the United
States and the Soviet Union signed the Strategic Arms Reduction
Act. Military Alliances: NATO and the Warsaw Pact: The possibility
of another world war was very real during the Cold War. This caused
both the sides to seek allies. The threat of Soviet expansion led
the Western European countries to consider a collective security
solution. In response to increasing tensions and security concerns,
representatives of Western European countries gathered to create a
military alliance. The countries signed the North Atlantic Treaty
in 1949. In this agreement, the United States, Canada, Belgium,
Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxemburg, the Netherlands,
Norway, Portugal, and the United Kingdom (Britain) agreed to
consider an attack against one an attack against all, along with
consultations about threats and defense matters. This collective
defense arrangement only formally applied to attacks against
members that occurred in Europe or North America; it did not
include conflicts in colonial territories. After the treaty was
signed, a few of the members made requests to the United States for
military aid, which was given. In 1952, the members agreed to admit
Greece and Turkey to NATO and added the Federal Republic of Germany
(West Germany) in 1955. West German entry led the Soviet Union to
retaliate with its own regional alliance, which took the form of
the Warsaw Treaty Organization and included the Soviet Union,
Albania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, and
the German Democratic Republic as members. If there was a war,
alliances were firmly established for the superpowers.The
collective defense arrangements in NATO served to place Western
Europe under the American "nuclear umbrella." In the 1950s, one of
the first military doctrines of NATO emerged in the form of
"massive retaliation," or the idea that if any member were
attacked, the United States would respond with a large-scale
nuclear attack. NATO has lasted beyond the end of the Cold War,
with membership even expanding to include some former Soviet
states. It remains the largest peacetime military alliance in the
world.
Nikita Khrushchev and John F. Kennedy in an arms race.Korean
War
In 1949 China became a communist country under the control of
dictator Mao Zedong. Maos victory was an immense shock to America.
Not only was China under the control of sworn enemies of the United
States, but communist regimes controlled about one fourth of the
worlds landmass and one third of its population.
Korea had been divided into two independent countries by the
United States and Soviet Union after World War II. In North Korea,
the Soviets installed a communist government and equipped its armed
forces. The United States provided smaller amounts of aid to
noncommunist South Korea.
On June 25, 1950, North Korean forces attacked across the South
Korean border (38th parallel). The 90,000 North Korean troops were
armed with powerful tanks and other Soviet weapons. Within days,
the northerners overtook South Koreas capital, Seoul, and perused
the retreating South Korean army.
President Truman remembered how the policy of appeasement had
failed to check the German aggression that sparked World War II.
Determined that history would not repeat itself, he announced that
the United State would aid South Korea. The U.N. Security Council
unanimously voted to support Trumans recommendation (the Soviet
Union was not present for the vote).
Truman did not ask Congress for a formal declaration of war, as
required by the Constitution. He sent U.S. occupational forces in
Japan to Korea. The occupational troops were not properly trained
for combat. Soon U.S. troops joined their South Korean allies in
retreat to the southern corner of the Korean peninsula.
World War II hero, General Douglas MacArthur, had a bold plan to
drive the invaders from South Korea. Figuring North Korean supply
lines to be weak, he decided on a surprise attack on the port city
of Inchon, well behind enemy lines. Because Inchon was such a poor
landing site, with swift currents and treacherous tides, MacArthur
knew that the enemy would not expect an attack there.
MacArthurs bold gamble paid off handsomely. Marines landed at
Inchon and launched an attack into the rear guard of the North
Koreans. Communist forces began fleeing for the North Korean
border. By October 1950, the North Koreans had been driven north of
the 38th parallel.
President Truman was concerned about the actions of communist
China if the U.S. pushed the war into North Korea. Chinese leaders
publicly warned the Americans not to advance near its borders. But
MacArthur did not take this warning seriously. He assured Truman
that China would not intervene in the war. Based on this advice,
the United State pushed a resolution through the U.N., calling for
a unified, independent, and democratic Korea.
When U.S. troops reached the Chinese border some 300,000 Chinese
soldiers attacked South Korean and U.S. positions. Badly
outnumbered, the U.N. troops were forced back. With China now in
the war, the U.S. confronted a major land war in Asia. It was
possible that this war could not be won without huge commitments of
troops and even nuclear weapons.
MacArthur wanted to invade China, but President Truman refused.
Enraged at the presidents decision, MacArthur wrote a letter to the
House Republican leader attacking Trumans policies. When the letter
became public, Truman fired MacArthur for insubordination. After
three years of bloody fighting, under the threats of nuclear
weapons and increased casualties, the two sides signed a
cease-fire. The cease-fire is still in effect today. In the end,
North Korea remained communist and an ally to China and the Soviet
Union, and South Korea remained a democracy and an ally to the
U.S.
Red Scare
The Cold War influenced many aspects of American life. Popular
culture reflected an us-versus-them attitudedemocrats versus
totalitarians, capitalists versus communists, the West versus the
East. In the end, the Cold War was turning out to be every bit as
global and as encompassing as World War II had been.
The fear that communists both outside and inside America were
working to destroy American life created a reaction known as the
Red Scare. President Trumans attorney general, J. Howard McGrath
declared communists are everywherein factories, offices, butcher
stores, on street corners, and private businesses. And each carries
in himself the death of our society.
The spread of communism into Eastern Europe and Asia raised
concerns that American communists, some in influential government
positions, were working for the enemy. In truth, some American
communists were agents of the Soviet Union, and a handful of them
held high positions in government. However, overwhelmingly, other
government officials were loyal to the United States.
Freedom of speech was no longer a guarantee in America.
Americans lost their jobs because they had belonged to or
contributed to an organization on the Attorney Generals list.
Others were fired for associating with people who were known
communists or for making remarks that were considered disloyal. The
effort to root out communist influence from American life cut
across many levels of society. Communists were exposed and
blacklisted.
Nothing created more concerns about internal security than the
charge that some Americans had helped the Soviets build an atomic
bomb. The case began when a scientist was charged with sending
atomic secrets to the Soviet Union. The investigation ultimately
led to the arrest of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg in 1950. The
Rosenbergs were charged with conspiring to pass secret information
about nuclear science to Soviet agents. The Rosenberg trial created
controversy around the world. After spending 26 months on death
row, the Rosenbergs were electrocuted in 1953.
Joseph McCarthy, a senator from Wisconsin, became Americas most
famous anticommunist. Between 1950 and 1954, McCarthy was perhaps
the most powerful politician in America, piling baseless
accusations on top of charges that could not be proven. Merely
being accused by McCarthy caused people to lose their jobs and
destroy their reputations.
McCarthy attacked former Secretary of State George Marshall, a
national hero and author of the Marshall Plan. Even other senators
came to fear McCarthy. They worried that he would brand them
communist sympathizers.
The Senate decided to hold televised hearings to sort out the
allegations. For weeks, Americans were riveted to their televisions
sets. Most were horrified by McCarthys bullying tactics. For the
first time, the public saw McCarthy badger witnesses, twist the
truth, and snicker at the suffering of others. By the time the
hearings ended, McCarthy had lost most of his strong
supporters.
Constantly being warned of communist spies and attacks created
hysteria in America. Fathers built bomb shelters in backyards,
mothers stocked survival kits in basements, and children practiced
ducking under their school desks. Across the nation, Americans
prepared for the possibility that the Soviet Union might launch
nuclear weapons against American cities.
Senator Joseph McCarthy
Berlin Wall
At the end of World War II, the Allied powers divided conquered
Germany into four zones, each occupied by either the United States,
Great Britain, France, or the Soviet Union. The same was done with
Germany's capital city, Berlin. In 1949, democratic West Germany
and communist East Germany were formed. Since the city of Berlin
had been situated entirely within the Soviet zone of occupation,
West Berlin became an island of democracy within communist East
Germany.
Within a short period of time after the war, living conditions
in West Germany and East Germany became distinctly different. With
the help and support of its occupying powers, West Germany set up a
capitalist society and experienced such a rapid growth of their
economy that it became known as the "economic miracle." With hard
work, individuals living in West Germany were able to live well,
buy gadgets and appliances, and to travel as they wished. Nearly
the opposite was true in East Germany. Since the Soviet Union had
viewed their zone as a spoil of war, the Soviets pilfered factory
equipment and other valuable assets from their zone and shipped
them back to the Soviet Union. When East Germany became its own
country, it was under the direct influence of the Soviet Union and
thus a Communist society was established. In East Germany, the
economy dragged and individual freedoms were severely
restricted.
By the late 1950s, many people living in East Germany wanted
out. No longer able to stand the repressive living conditions of
East Germany, they would pack up their bags and head to West
Berlin. By the early 1960s, East Germany was rapidly losing both
its labor force and its population. Having already lost 2.5 million
people by 1961, East Germany desperately needed to stop this mass
exodus. Desperate to keep its citizens, East Germany decided to
build a wall to prevent them from crossing the border.
Just past midnight on the night of August 12-13, 1961, trucks
with soldiers and construction workers rumbled through East Berlin.
While most Berliners were sleeping, these crews began tearing up
streets that entered into West Berlin, dug holes to put up concrete
posts, and strung barbed wire all across the border between East
and West Berlin. Berliners were shocked when they woke up that
morning. What had once been a very fluid border was now rigid. No
longer could East Berliners cross the border for operas, plays,
soccer games, etc. No longer could the approximately 60,000
commuters head to West Berlin for well-paying jobs. No longer could
families, friends, and lovers cross the border to meet their loved
ones. Whichever side of the border one went to sleep on during the
night of August 12, they were stuck on that side for decades.
The Berlin Wall stretched over a hundred miles. It ran not only
through the center of Berlin, but also wrapped around West Berlin,
entirely cutting West Berlin off from the rest of East Germany. The
wall itself went through four major transformations during its
28-year history. It began as a simple fence but evolved over time
into a complex deterrent system. By the time the Berlin Wall fell
in 1989, there was a 300-foot No-Man's-Land, an additional inner
wall, soldiers patrolling with dogs, a raked ground that showed
footprints, anti-vehicle trenches, electric fences, massive light
systems, watchtowers, bunkers, and minefields. The first two
versions of the wall (barbed wire and concrete blocks) were
replaced by the third version of the Berlin Wall in 1965. This
version consisted of a concrete wall, supported by steel
girders.
Despite the various security measures enforced, escape attempts
were common, especially in the early years when there was still a
fighting chance of making it across alive. Climbing was the obvious
way to go and some 5,000 were said to have reached the other side.
However in its thirty year history 100 people were shot dead, most
famously the eighteen year old Peter Fetcher, who, after he was hit
in the hip, was left to bleed to death in no-mans land as the
worlds media watched on. As security tightened, more creative
escape plans became the order of the day. Tunnels and jumping from
bordering buildings, and even a hot air balloon were successfully
used to escape to the west.
The Bay of Pigs/Cuban Missile CrisisThe Bay of Pigs Invasion was
an unsuccessful attempt by United States-backed Cuban exiles to
overthrow the government of the Cuban dictator Fidel Castro.
Increasing friction between the U.S. government and Castro's
leftist regime led President Dwight D. Eisenhower to break off
diplomatic relations with Cuba in January 1961. Even before that,
however, the Central Intelligence Agency had been training
anti-revolutionary Cuban exiles for a possible invasion of the
island. The invasion plan was approved by Eisenhower's successor,
John F. Kennedy. On April 17, 1961 about 1300 exiles, armed with
U.S. weapons, landed at the Baha de Cochinos (Bay of Pigs) on the
southern coast of Cuba. Hoping to find support from the local
population, they intended to cross the island to Havana. It was
evident from the first hours of fighting, however, that the exiles
were likely to lose. President Kennedy had the option of using the
U.S. Air Force against the Cubans but decided against it.
Consequently, the invasion was stopped by Castro's army. By the
time the fighting ended on April 19, 90 exiles had been killed and
the rest had been taken as prisoners. The failure of the invasion
seriously embarrassed the young Kennedy administration. Some
critics blamed Kennedy for not giving it adequate support and
others for allowing it to take place at all. The captured exiles
were later ransomed by private groups in the U.S. The attempted
invasion solidified Castros leadership in Cuba. Additionally, the
invasion made Castro wary of the U.S. He was convinced that the
Americans would try to take over the island again. From the Bay of
Pigs on, Castro had an increased fear of a U.S. incursion on Cuban
soil. The Cuban Missile Crisis was the closest the world ever came
to nuclear war. The United States armed forces were at their
highest state of readiness ever and Soviet field commanders in Cuba
were prepared to use battlefield nuclear weapons to defend the
island if it was invaded. Luckily, thanks to the bravery of two
men, President John F. Kennedy and Premier Nikita Khrushchev, war
was averted. In 1962, the Soviet Union was desperately behind the
United States in the arms race. Soviet missiles were only powerful
enough to be launched against Europe but U.S. missiles were capable
of striking the entire Soviet Union. In late April 1962, Soviet
Premier Nikita Khrushchev conceived the idea of placing
intermediate-range missiles in Cuba. A deployment in Cuba would
double the Soviet strategic arsenal and provide a real deterrent to
a potential U.S. attack against the Soviet Union. Meanwhile, Fidel
Castro was looking for a way to defend his island nation from an
attack by the U.S. Ever since the failed Bay of Pigs invasion in
1961, Castro felt a second attack was inevitable. Consequently, he
approved of Khrushchev's plan to place missiles on the island. In
the summer of 1962 the Soviet Union worked quickly and secretly to
build its missile installations in Cuba. For the United States, the
crisis began on October 15, 1962 when reconnaissance photographs
revealed Soviet missiles under construction in Cuba. Early the next
day, President John Kennedy was informed of the missile
installations. Kennedy immediately organized the Executive
Committee of the National Security Council (EX-COMM), a group of
his twelve most important advisors to handle the crisis. After
seven days of guarded and intense debate within the upper echelons
of government, Kennedy decided to impose a naval quarantine around
Cuba. He wanted to prevent the arrival of more Soviet offensive
weapons on the island. On October 22, Kennedy, in a televised
address, announced the discovery of the missile installations to
the public and his decision to quarantine the island. He also
proclaimed that any nuclear missile launched from Cuba would be
regarded as an attack on the United States by the Soviet Union and
demanded that the Soviets remove all of their offensive weapons
from Cuba. During the public phase of the Crisis, tensions began to
build on both sides. Kennedy eventually ordered low-level
reconnaissance missions once every two hours. On the 25th Kennedy
pulled the quarantine line back and raised military readiness to
DEFCON 2. Then on the 26th EX-COMM heard from Khrushchev in an
impassioned letter. He proposed removing Soviet missiles and
personnel if the U.S. would guarantee not to invade Cuba. October
27 was the worst day of the crisis. A U-2 was shot down over Cuba
and EX-COMM received a second letter from Khrushchev demanding the
removal of U.S. missiles in Turkey in exchange for Soviet missiles
in Cuba. Tensions finally began to ease on October 28 when
Khrushchev announced that he would dismantle the installations and
return the missiles to the Soviet Union, expressing his trust that
the United States would not invade Cuba. Further negotiations were
held to implement the October 28 agreement, including a United
States demand that Soviet light bombers be removed from Cuba, and
specifying the exact form and conditions of United States
assurances not to invade Cuba. As a result of the Cuban Missile
Crisis a teletype "Hotline" between the Kremlin and the White House
was established. In the spring of 1963 the U.S. quietly removed the
missiles from Turkey, that equally threatened the Soviet Union, and
the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was signed on July 25, 1963.
Negotiated by the US, USSR, and UK, it prohibited tests of nuclear
devices in the atmosphere, in outer space, and underwater.
The Vietnam WarThe Vietnam War occurred in present-day Vietnam,
Southeast Asia. It represented a successful attempt on the part of
the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam, DRV) and the
National Front for the Liberation of Vietnam (Viet Cong) to unite
and impose a communist system over the entire nation. Opposing the
DRV was the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam, RVN), backed by the
United States in an attempt to stop the spread of communism (U.S.
policy called the Domino Theory). The Domino Theory was the
speculation that if one state in a region came under the influence
of communism, then the surrounding countries would follow in a
domino effect. The war in Vietnam occurred during the Cold War, and
is generally viewed as an indirect conflict between the United
States and Soviet Union. The Soviets and their allies supported the
communists, while the U.S. and its allies supported the
non-communist South Vietnam. Causes of Conflict: The United States
had given the French economic assistance in the region until their
defeat by Ho Chi Minhs (Viet Minh) forces at Dien Bien Phu in 1954.
The Vietnam War first began in 1959, five years after the division
of the country by the Geneva Accords. Vietnam had been split into
two, with a communist government in the north under Ho Chi Minh and
a democratic government in the south under Ngo Dinh Diem. Ho
launched a guerilla campaign in South Vietnam, led by Viet Cong
units, with the goal of uniting the country under communist rule.
The United States, seeking to stop the spread of communism, trained
the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) and provided military
advisors to help combat the guerillas.Americanization: In August
1964, a US warship was attacked by North Vietnamese torpedo boats
in the Gulf of Tonkin. Following this attack, Congress passed the
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which allowed President Lyndon Johnson
to conduct military operations in the region without a declaration
of war. On March 2, 1965, US aircraft began bombing targets in
Vietnam and the first troops arrived. Commanded by General William
Westmoreland, US troops won victories over Viet Cong and North
Vietnamese forces around Chu Lai and in the Ia Drang Valley that
year.Following these defeats, the North Vietnamese avoided fighting
conventional battles and focused on engaging US troops in guerilla
warfare in the jungles of South Vietnam. In January 1968, the North
Vietnamese and the Viet Cong launched the massive Tet Offensive.
Beginning with an assault on US Marines at Khe Sanh, the offensive
included attacks by the Viet Cong on every major city throughout
South Vietnam. Though the North Vietnamese were beaten back with
heavy casualties, Tet shook the confidence of the American people
and media who had thought the war was going well.Vietnamization: As
a result of Tet, President Lyndon Johnson opted not to run for
reelection and was succeeded by Richard Nixon. Nixon's plan for
ending US involvement was to build up the ARVN so that they could
fight the war themselves. As this process of Vietnamization began,
US troops started to return home. The mistrust of the government
that had begun after Tet worsened with the release of news about US
soldiers massacring civilians at My Lai (1969), the invasion of
Cambodia (1970), and the leaking of the Pentagon Papers (1971).The
End of the War & the Fall of SaigonThe withdrawal of US troops
continued and more responsibility was passed to the ARVN, which
continued to prove ineffective in combat, often relying on American
support to stave off defeat. On January 27, 1974, a peace accord
was signed in Paris ending the conflict. By March of that year,
American combat troops had left the country. After a brief period
of peace, North Vietnam recommenced hostilities in late 1974.
Pushing through ARVN forces with ease, they captured Saigon on
April 30, 1975, forcing South Vietnams surrender and reuniting the
country under communist leadership.
The Space RaceThe space race was partially a competition for
national security advancement, since dominating space could lead to
military advantages. It was also seen as a symbolic competition to
show which side was truly superior: the side that could dominate
space with new technology was obviously the better ideology. The
competition led to a race to achieve firsts in such areas as
artificial satellites, human space flight, space walking, and
sending men to the moon. Here is a timeline of important
events:1957Oct. 4 - USSR launches Sputnik 1, the first artificial
satellite.
Nov. 3 - USSR launches Sputnik 2 which carried a small dog named
Laika into orbit.
1958Jan. 31 - Explorer 1, the first American satellite to reach
orbit, is launched. It carried scientific equipment that lead to
the discovery of the Van Allen radiation belt.
1959Jan. 2 - Luna 1 is launched by the USSR. It is the first man
made object to orbit the Sun.
Oct. 4 - Luna 3 orbits the Moon and photographs 70% of its
surface.
1960Apr. 1 - Tiros 1, the first successful weather satellite, is
launched.
Aug. 18 - The US launches Discoverer XIV, its first camera
equipped spy satellite.
1961Apr. 12 - Yuri Gagarin orbits the Earth once and becomes the
first man in space.
May 5 - Alan B. Shepard becomes the first American in space.
May 25 - President John F. Kennedy addresses Congress and
challenges the nation to go to the Moon before the end of the
decade.
1963Jun. 16 - Cosmonaut Valentia Tereshkova becomes the first
woman in space.
1965Mar. 18 - Alexei Leonov spends 12 minutes outside of his
Voskhod spacecraft performing the first spacewalk.
Jun. 3 - Ed White performs America's first spacewalk. Jim
McDivitt remains in the Gemini capsule.
1966Feb. 3 - Luna 9 becomes the first spacecraft to soft-land on
the Moon.
Apr. 3 - Luna 10 becomes the first satellite to orbit the
Moon.
Jun. 2 - Surveyor 1 soft-lands on the Moon.
Aug. 14 - Lunar Orbiter 1 enters orbit around the Moon and takes
the first picture of the Earth from that distance.
1969Jul. 20 - Neil Armstrong and Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin become the
first men to walk on the Moon while crewmate Michael Collins orbits
around the Moon alone.
Name: _____________________________________Period: _____
CHECK LIST
DUE DATE: _________________________
Space Race: ___________/10
Europe Post WW II: _______________/15
Korean War: _______________/15
Berlin Wall: _______________/15
Cuban Missile Crisis: _______________/10
Vietnam War: _______________/15
Total: ____________/80
