Cold War DefenseCold War Defense

Canada’s Cold WarCanada’s Cold WarDefensive StrategyDefensive Strategy

Military Alliances Military Alliances • NATO (Canada , USA and Western NATO (Canada , USA and Western

Europe)Europe)• NORAD (USA and Canada)NORAD (USA and Canada)

Military ProtectionMilitary Protection • Radar lines (DEW)Radar lines (DEW)• Bomarc Missiles Bomarc Missiles

(Avro Arrow controversy)(Avro Arrow controversy) Civil DefenseCivil Defense

• Preparedness Preparedness ““Duck and Cover” Duck and Cover” Fallout sheltersFallout shelters

Middle PowerMiddle Power• Promoted and supported peaceful Promoted and supported peaceful

resolutions to problems (UN)resolutions to problems (UN)• Helped negotiate in international disputesHelped negotiate in international disputes

1) NATO (1949)1) NATO (1949)NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)•Formed in 1949Formed in 1949•Designed solely for mutual defenceDesigned solely for mutual defence•Each member contributed to NATO’s defence forceEach member contributed to NATO’s defence force•Canada’s Commitment:Canada’s Commitment:

•Kept a full army brigade and air squadrons in Kept a full army brigade and air squadrons in EuropeEurope

•Built and supplied military basesBuilt and supplied military bases•Tracked the movements of Soviet Tracked the movements of Soviet submarinessubmarines

•Canada adapted its defence policy Canada adapted its defence policy to those of its alliesto those of its allies

NATO’s FutureNATO’s Future

After Cold War After Cold War ended – many no ended – many no longer saw need for longer saw need for NATONATO

After September After September 1111thth, 2001 (Terrorist , 2001 (Terrorist attacks on USA) – attacks on USA) – NATO became NATO became more relevantmore relevant

NATO Actions since Cold WarNATO Actions since Cold War

Brought order to the new Brought order to the new democracy of Macedoniademocracy of Macedonia

NATO troops keeping NATO troops keeping the peace in Kosovo and the peace in Kosovo and BosniaBosnia

Involved in Operation Involved in Operation Enduring Freedom in Enduring Freedom in AfghanistanAfghanistan

NATO bombing of Serbia

In Balkans (former Yugoslavia)In Balkans (former Yugoslavia)•1999 – NATO carried out a bombing campaign 1999 – NATO carried out a bombing campaign against Serbia to prevent ethnic cleansing against against Serbia to prevent ethnic cleansing against ethnic Albaniansethnic Albanians

NATO membershipNATO membership 1999 – NATO admitted Poland, 1999 – NATO admitted Poland,

the Czech Republic, and the Czech Republic, and Hungary + 7 more new membersHungary + 7 more new members

New members have pledged New members have pledged 200,000 new troops to the 200,000 new troops to the AllianceAlliance

NATO-Russia Council – 2002NATO-Russia Council – 2002• Now work together on projects in Now work together on projects in

key areas such as combating key areas such as combating terrorismterrorism, , peacekeepingpeacekeeping, , civil civil emergency planningemergency planning & & nuclear non-nuclear non-proliferationproliferation

NATO Response Force – 2002NATO Response Force – 2002• NATO forces organized into highly-NATO forces organized into highly-

ready land, air, & sea forces ready land, air, & sea forces capable of carrying out missions capable of carrying out missions anywhere in worldanywhere in world

NATO-Russia Council

2) Warsaw Pact (1955)2) Warsaw Pact (1955) Military alliance of USSR and Eastern European Military alliance of USSR and Eastern European

countriescountries The Soviet Union established the The Soviet Union established the Warsaw PactWarsaw Pact

in response to NATO (which West Germany had in response to NATO (which West Germany had joined, making the Soviets feel even more joined, making the Soviets feel even more threatened). threatened).

3) NORAD 3) NORAD (North American Air Defense Agreement)(North American Air Defense Agreement)

Established in 1957 Established in 1957 between the U.S. and between the U.S. and CanadaCanada in case of a in case of a Soviet attackSoviet attack

Canada fearing a Canada fearing a nuclear war between nuclear war between the U.S. and the Soviet the U.S. and the Soviet Union prepared by Union prepared by building nuclear building nuclear shelters, warning sirens shelters, warning sirens and conducting drillsand conducting drills

The building of NORAD’s

combat operations center in Colorado

NORAD Command Center

Reflect & DiscussReflect & Discuss

What is NATO? What is NATO? • What do the initials stand for?What do the initials stand for?• When was it established and why?When was it established and why?• What is its purpose?What is its purpose?

What are some of the recent NATO What are some of the recent NATO missions?missions?

What is NORAD?What is NORAD?• What countries does it involve?What countries does it involve?• When and why was it established?When and why was it established?

4) North American Defence - 4) North American Defence - Distant Early Warning System Distant Early Warning System

(DEW)(DEW) As part of NORAD, between 1950-1957 U.S. As part of NORAD, between 1950-1957 U.S.

built built three lines of radar stations to detect a three lines of radar stations to detect a surprise Soviet attack over the North Polesurprise Soviet attack over the North Pole, to , to give the US time to launch a counterattackgive the US time to launch a counterattack

CalledCalled the: the: 1. Pinetree Line1. Pinetree Line, , 2. Mid-Canada Line2. Mid-Canada Line, and , and 3. DEW (Distant Early Warning) Line3. DEW (Distant Early Warning) Line (in the arctic). (in the arctic).

Radar Stations constructed in Canada (1950-1957) by the U.S. to protect against Soviet attack

This was the first time This was the first time American military was American military was stationed on Canadian soil stationed on Canadian soil (some felt it compromised (some felt it compromised Canada’s independence)Canada’s independence)

To visit the DEW line Canadian To visit the DEW line Canadian MP’s and journalists had to MP’s and journalists had to first fly to New York to gain first fly to New York to gain security clearancesecurity clearance

Radar Lines – cont’Radar Lines – cont’

Stations designed to detect a surprise attack over the Stations designed to detect a surprise attack over the North Pole- US military personnel stationed on North Pole- US military personnel stationed on Canadian soilCanadian soil

DEW LineDEW Line

5) Civil Defence 5) Civil Defence Nuclear “fallout” shelters, school drills Nuclear “fallout” shelters, school drills

(“duck and cover”)(“duck and cover”)

““Duck and Cover”Duck and Cover”http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=duck+and+cover+south+park&search=Search

6) The Avro Arrow6) The Avro Arrow

The Avro ArrowThe Avro Arrow In 1953 the Liberal In 1953 the Liberal

government gave the government gave the contract to create a new contract to create a new aircraft to A.V. Roe aircraft to A.V. Roe Canada. Canada.

The Avro Arrow was The Avro Arrow was possibly the fastest and possibly the fastest and most sophisticated fighter most sophisticated fighter jet in the worldjet in the world

However, it was costing However, it was costing the government huge the government huge amounts of money.amounts of money.

Avro Arrow – cont’Avro Arrow – cont’

Avro Arrow – cont’Avro Arrow – cont’

In 1959 the Conservative In 1959 the Conservative Diefenbaker government Diefenbaker government cancelled the Avro Arrow project cancelled the Avro Arrow project and ordered the six that had and ordered the six that had been built be destroyedbeen built be destroyed

The Canadian government The Canadian government chose to buy chose to buy Bomarc missilesBomarc missiles from the U.S. instead, a huge from the U.S. instead, a huge blow to the Canadian aerospace blow to the Canadian aerospace industryindustry

Bomarc Bomarc missilemissile

Avro Arrow – Why Cancelled?Avro Arrow – Why Cancelled? Some believe the Americans put pressure on Canada to Some believe the Americans put pressure on Canada to

get rid of the airplane – gave in to political pressure get rid of the airplane – gave in to political pressure Others believe it was due to the cost- it was expensive to Others believe it was due to the cost- it was expensive to

produce and there were no foreign orders (the Bomarc produce and there were no foreign orders (the Bomarc was cheaper)was cheaper)• Bomarc missiles were capable of carrying nuclear warheads, Bomarc missiles were capable of carrying nuclear warheads,

causing the country to divide on the issue of nuclear weapons in causing the country to divide on the issue of nuclear weapons in Canada.Canada.

Some felt nuclear weapons were vital in protecting Some felt nuclear weapons were vital in protecting Canada against communist aggression, while others Canada against communist aggression, while others believed Canada should be a non-nuclear nation, as it believed Canada should be a non-nuclear nation, as it encouraged the UN to work for disarmament.encouraged the UN to work for disarmament.

Avro Arrow cont’Avro Arrow cont’ During the 1963 election During the 1963 election

campaign Lester Pearson and campaign Lester Pearson and the Liberals proposed Canadian the Liberals proposed Canadian forces accept nuclear weapons forces accept nuclear weapons under certain conditionsunder certain conditions

While PM Diefenbaker and the While PM Diefenbaker and the Conservatives believed Canada Conservatives believed Canada had its own right to decide on had its own right to decide on the issue (many felt the issue (many felt Diefenbaker’s anti-Americanism Diefenbaker’s anti-Americanism would injure trade and would injure trade and investment with the U.S).investment with the U.S).

In 1963 the Liberals (Lester In 1963 the Liberals (Lester Pearson) won a minority Pearson) won a minority governmentgovernment• What does this say about the What does this say about the

Canadian public opinion at this Canadian public opinion at this time?time?

Nuclear Debate – Dief & PearsonNuclear Debate – Dief & Pearson Prime Minister Diefenbaker had effectively agreed to accept nuclear Prime Minister Diefenbaker had effectively agreed to accept nuclear

warheads in 1958 when he accepted the Bomarc missiles, and other warheads in 1958 when he accepted the Bomarc missiles, and other defence obligations had appeared to confirm this interpretation of his defence obligations had appeared to confirm this interpretation of his stancestance

By 1960, however, the government was hopelessly divided over the By 1960, however, the government was hopelessly divided over the issue, and Diefenbaker could not make a decisionissue, and Diefenbaker could not make a decision

Pressure on the government mounted. A former US North Atlantic Pressure on the government mounted. A former US North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) commander told a news conference in Treaty Organization (NATO) commander told a news conference in Ottawa that the government was reneging on its obligationsOttawa that the government was reneging on its obligations

Lester Pearson, leader of the Lester Pearson, leader of the opposition, reversed the Liberal opposition, reversed the Liberal stand against nuclear stand against nuclear weapons, vowing first to fulfill weapons, vowing first to fulfill Canada's commitments and Canada's commitments and then to negotiate with the then to negotiate with the Americans to get rid of the Americans to get rid of the nuclear weaponsnuclear weapons

Reflect & DiscussReflect & Discuss

What are the Radar Lines?What are the Radar Lines?• What are the names of the 3 “lines”?What are the names of the 3 “lines”?• When and why were they built?When and why were they built?

What was the Avro Arrow? What was the Avro Arrow? • Why was the project cancelled?Why was the project cancelled?• What replaced the “Arrow”?What replaced the “Arrow”?

What was the stance of Pearson and Dief What was the stance of Pearson and Dief regarding the Nuclear Issue?regarding the Nuclear Issue?

Trudeau’s Foreign Policy Trudeau’s Foreign Policy Trudeau (PM: 1968-79, 1980-84) Trudeau (PM: 1968-79, 1980-84)

wanted to ease Cold War wanted to ease Cold War tensions and scale back tensions and scale back Canada’s participation in the Canada’s participation in the nuclear arms racenuclear arms race

Nuclear missiles were removed Nuclear missiles were removed from Canadian NATO forces in from Canadian NATO forces in Europe (1970-1972)Europe (1970-1972)• Bomarc missile sites were Bomarc missile sites were

dismantled dismantled • The last nuclear warheads were The last nuclear warheads were

removed from Canada by 1984.removed from Canada by 1984.• Trudeau cut the national defence Trudeau cut the national defence

budgetbudget

Mulroney’s Foreign PolicyMulroney’s Foreign Policy

1.PM in 1984 - Worked to 1.PM in 1984 - Worked to forge stronger links with forge stronger links with USAUSA

2. 2. US’s Strategic Defense US’s Strategic Defense Initiative – “Star Wars”Initiative – “Star Wars”

Canada did not accept, Canada did not accept, though Mulroney wanted though Mulroney wanted toto

Reflect and DiscussReflect and Discuss

What was the focus of Trudeau’s Foreign What was the focus of Trudeau’s Foreign Policy regarding defense?Policy regarding defense?• How was it different than PMs before him and How was it different than PMs before him and

Mulroney?Mulroney? What was the focus of Mulroney’s Foreign What was the focus of Mulroney’s Foreign

Policy with the USA?Policy with the USA?

End of Cold WarEnd of Cold War 1985 - Soviet leader 1985 - Soviet leader Mikhail Mikhail

GorbachevGorbachev – realized that USSR could – realized that USSR could no longer afford costly arms race with no longer afford costly arms race with the U.S., he proposed massive cuts in the U.S., he proposed massive cuts in arsenal for both powers.arsenal for both powers.• GlasnostGlasnost (= openness: think “glass” because (= openness: think “glass” because

you can see through it) and you can see through it) and perestroikaperestroika (=restructuring: think “structure/stroika”).(=restructuring: think “structure/stroika”).

To help communist countries run more To help communist countries run more effectively Gorbachev began a series of effectively Gorbachev began a series of social, economic and political reforms.social, economic and political reforms.

Dissolution of USSR in 1991Dissolution of USSR in 1991 – division – division between East and West officially gonebetween East and West officially gone

New World OrderNew World Order End of Cold War did not End of Cold War did not

bring peace to the world - bring peace to the world - numerous regional conflicts numerous regional conflicts and ethnic rivalries, such and ethnic rivalries, such as:as:• Gulf War – Iraqi invasion of Gulf War – Iraqi invasion of

Kuwait (1991) Former Kuwait (1991) Former Yugoslavia (1991-1999)Yugoslavia (1991-1999)

• Somalia (1992)Somalia (1992)• Rwanda (1994)Rwanda (1994)• Afghanistan (2001-present)Afghanistan (2001-present)• US invasion of Iraq (2003-US invasion of Iraq (2003-

present)present)

Post-Cold War Post-Cold War DefenseDefense

Since end of Cold war, Since end of Cold war, Canada has largely cut Canada has largely cut back on its armed forces back on its armed forces

Involvement in Involvement in international incidents international incidents largely through UN & largely through UN & NATONATO• Canada is an active Canada is an active

member of UN member of UN peacekeeping forces peacekeeping forces since UN Emergency since UN Emergency Force (UNEF) created in Force (UNEF) created in 19561956

Reflect & DiscussReflect & Discuss

How did the Cold War end?How did the Cold War end? Did the end of the Cold War bring peace in Did the end of the Cold War bring peace in

the World? What are some examples of the World? What are some examples of this?this?

How has Canada mainly participated in How has Canada mainly participated in this new World Order?this new World Order?