COINS WITHIN THE FUNERARY CONTEXT OF THE ROMAN NECROPOLIS FROM APULUM “STADION”

5/28/2018 COINS WITHIN THE FUNERARY CONTEXT OF THE ROMAN NECROPOLIS FROM APULUM STADION

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SCRIPTA CLASSICA.

RADU ARDEVAN SEXAGENARIO DEDICATA


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BOOK EDITED WITH THE FINANCIAL SUPPORTOF THE ROMANIAN NATIONAL AUTHORITY FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

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BABE-BOLYAI UNIVERSITY, CLUJ-NAPOCADEPARTMENT OF ANCIENT HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY

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SCRIPTA CLASSICA.RADU ARDEVAN SEXAGENARIO DEDICATA

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MEGA PUBLISHING HOUSE

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SCRIPTA CLASSICA.

Radu Ardevan sexagenario dedicata

Cluj-Napoca 2011 465474

COINS WITHIN THE FUNERARY CONTEXTOF THE ROMAN NECROPOLIS FROM APULUM STADION

Constantin INEL

Abstract:Te detailed analysis of numismatic pieces from the context of the Roman necropolis fromApulum Stadion, based on two main criteria numismatic and archaeological, offers complex data that maybe utilised in future comparative studies for the phenomenon of placing coin in graves of Roman period, beingknown the fact that this habit will be taken over and will be mantained in christianity, during the centuries thatfollowed the abandonment of the province Dacia.

If for the Roman necropolis from Apulum Stadion, out of the total of cca 1024 graves, in 88 fromthese were found 97 coins, the resulting percentage being of ca 8.5%, for other necropolises researched partiallypercentages were slightly lower under this level. In fact, researches of funerary archaeology for Roman Dacia,emphasize town Apulum, with more than 1700 of biritual graves, and from this perspective it is clear thatalso the greatest number of coin placed in grave is significantly higher, and percentages of graves with coin ininventory will be bigger in proportion as researches in the funerary areas identified will exhaust surfaces of these

necropolises. Te necropolis approached in the present study is close from terminating research of the wholearea of development, so that it is probable percents to modify slightly as far as preference for this habit of coinplacement is concerned.

Keywords:coins; funerary archaeology; Apulum; necropolis.

Problematic issues concerning discoveries of coins in funerary context for classic antiquity wereintensely discussed, beginning with the end of the 19thcentury and throughout the whole 20thcentury.

In the recent volume dealing with the main aspects of funerary phenomenon from Roman Dacia Funeraria Dacoromana, a special approach is dedicated to the coin in funerary context1. Tus, to classicinterpretation given for the coin placed in graves as Charons obol 2superposes the new terminologyproposed by the coin of the deceased3 as extended expression that may include more possible practices(offerings of coins, coin-amulet etc).

For Roman Dacia the mentioned study brings a catalogue of graves with coin that includesapproximately 171 graves out of a total approximated at the date of the volumes release of 2640 of gravesfor Dacia4. By this date, only for Apulum the archaeological researches unearthed more than 1700of Roman graves, so that data concerning inventories of these graves will bring considerable increasesalso for the number of graves with coin.

1 Pslaru 2003, 4482 with bibliography.2 Pslaru 2003, with bibliography cited on notes 112.3 Pslaru 2003, with bibliography cited to K. Grinder-Hansen (p. 44, note 2).4 Pslaru 2003, 82.


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For the Roman necropolis from Apulum Stadion, which is the object of the present study,the comparative analysis of the existence of the coin in funerary context is quite difficult, if it were tomention only the fact that research of this necropolis was carried out on several stages, recording ofarchaeological data and even existence of efficient and complete site documents is very unsatisfactory,so that final data by which one may operate referring to the coin in the funerary context of this

necropolis are differently presented by the diverse studies that dealt with this aspect 5. Tat is why,approach of the comparative analysis for coins discovered in the clearly mentioned context of Romangraves, will be performed only based on their identification as being part from the inventory of gravesfrom this necropolis, and for those whose mention is undetermined (in the inventory records theyare registered as being discovered in an uncertain context eg. excavations 19801985, Staia deSalvare, archaeological section/area X) will be included in the catalogue of coins from the Romannecropolis from Apulum Stadion, expressing reservations, also because for some situations,the Roman coin was reused in early medieval graves discovered in Statia de Salvare, while othersdo not have specified the exact location of discovery, thus it may only be assumed the fact that thesemay result from the inventory of some graves. Anyhow, discussion about these coins is incompletewithout researching the site documents (unfortunately, for the remembered period we do not havethe complete documentation at hand)6.

Complex inventory of Roman graves from Apulum Stadion necropolis includes for someof these also coin as offering/Charons obol. Tus, out of the total of more than 1000 graves discovereduntil present in Apulum Stadion necropolis, coins are recorded only in the inventory of approximately88 graves, which means only 8.5% for this necropolis, sligthly above the minimum of 6.48% for gravesanalysed in the remembered article for Dacia province7.

Roman necropolis Apulum Stadion

Necropolis sector Period of research otal of graves Incineration Inhumation Coins/numberof graves

SAIA DE SALVARE 197919808 186 112 74 29/28

SAIA DE SALVARE 198119859 149 88 61 34/31

OMV 200210 176 152 24 17/16

5 Bljan, Stoicovici 1994, 5974; Pslaru 2003,5762; Gzdac et alii 2009.6 For example at a general gathering of coins recorded by inventories of the National Museum of Union Alba

Iulia, as resulting from researches afferent to the area of the Roman necropolis that we named Apulum Stadion(which includes also discoveries previously mentioned as Staia de Salvare, respectively Spitalul Veterinar),

we noticed that there are registered approximately 101 Roman coins. On a thorough analysis only for 52 of them wehave the clearly mentioned context as being discovered within the inventory of Roman graves from this necropolis,

while for the others, either their recording is incomplete not mentioning the exact place / archaeological complexthat they come from, or it didnt exist at the date of recording sufficient data to ensure their exact recording. Tat iswhy, in the specialised study published by Bljan, Stoicovici 1994, are remembered 33 Roman coins as resulting from31 of graves from the area of this necropolis, and in inventories of the museum are found only 21 clearly mentioningprovenience from graves. Te rest may be hardly determined as belonging to some graves, this thing not being statedat the moment of their inventory.

7 Pslaru 2003, 82. Also in this study are catalogued 49 coins discovered in graves from Apulum, in both Roman necropolises,as well as other 20 coins discovered in the area of the necropolises, by 10 until the Aurelian retreat, and another 10 fromthe Diocletian-Gratian period, all are assumed to be part from funerary context (5762).

8 Research team 19791980 (October 1979, 16thof April30th of December 1980): M. Bljan, Al. Popa, I. erban.We want to thank M. Bljan (March 2009), for the relevant information.

9 Research team 19811985:I. erban, H. Ciugudean, V. Moga, Cl. Blu, I. Al. Aldea. We want to thank H. Ciugudean(November 2009), for the relevant information.

10 Research team OMV 2002 (13th of March20th of April 2002): C. Inel, M. Drmbrean, A. Gligor, A. Dragot,R. Ciobanu (National Museum of Union Alba Iulia), G. Rustoiu, D. O. Dan (County Office for Culture and NationalCultural Heritage, Alba County).


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Coins within the funerary context of the Roman necropolis from Apulum Stadion 467

Necropolis sector Period of research otal of graves Incineration Inhumation Coins/numberof graves

PROFI 200211200312 397 347 50 7/7

SADION 201013 >106 98 8 6/6

OAL OF COINS/NUMBER OF GRAVES

19802010 1024 52/49 45/39 93/88(cca. 8.5%)

able 1. Distribution of coins in Roman necropolis Apulum Stadion.

Coins discovered in the funerary context of the necropolis are analysed according to two maincriteria: numismatic criteria and archaeological criteria (context of discovery).

1. Numismatic criteria

From this point of view coins are analysed according to issuer, type of coin (denomination) andtheir composition (metal).

1. 1. Statistics by issuing emperors. As far as situation of coins by issuers is concerned it isnoticeable that the most used coins are those issued by Hadrian and Antoninus Pius, followed by thoseissued by Septimius Severus and Alexander Severus.

ISSUER Coins from Apulum Stadion necropolis

Gaius Agrippa 1

Nero 1

Iulia-Claudia Dynasty 1

Vespasian: itus 1

Nerva 3

raian 4

Hadrian 16

Hadrian: Sabina 1Antoninus Pius 12

Antoninus Pius: M.Aurelius (Caesar) 1

Antoninus Pius: Diva Faustina I 1

Marcus Aurelius 3

Lucius Verus 1

Marcus Aurelius / Lucius Verus 1

Marcus Aurelius: Lucius Verus 1

Marcus Aurelius: Commodus 1

Marcus Aurelius: Diva Faustina II 3

Marcus Aurelius: Lucilla 1

Marcus Aurelius: Faustina II/Lucilla/Crispina 1

Commodus 1Septimius Severus 7

Septimius Severus: Iulia Domna 2

Septimius Severus: Caracalla (Augustus) 2

Septimius Severus: Geta (Caesar) 1

Caracalla 5

Elagabal 4

11 Research team Profi 2002 (21stof August 31stof October 2002): A. Dragot (National Museum of Union Alba Iulia),G. Rustoiu (Alba County Office for Culture and National Cultural Heritage), D.-S. Brnda (National Museum of UnionAlba Iulia).

12 Research team Profi 2003 (21stof April 15thof August 2003): A. Dragotsite supervisor, C. Plantos, D.-S. Brnda

(National Museum of Union Alba Iulia), G. Rustoiu (Alba County Office for Culture and National Cultural Heritage).13 Research team Stadion 2010 (25 July September 2010): C. Inel site supervisor, O. Oarg, A. Bolog

(National Museum of Union Alba Iulia).


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ISSUER Coins from Apulum Stadion necropolis

Severus Alexander 10

Severus Alexander: Iulia Mamaea 1

Philippus I: Otacilia Severa 1

Philippus I: Philippus II (Caesar) 2

Unidentified coins: 3otal of coins 93

able 2. Coins from Apulum Stadion necropolis. Statistics by issuing emperors

1. 1. Statistics by denominations.As far as preference for denominations is concerned, the aspredominated by far, being followed by the bronze coin (AE),while the denariusis found in the areaof the necropolis, more rarely in graves (as inventory) and especially for the period of Severan dynasty.

Denomination Denarius Sestertius Dupondius As AE otal of pieces

otal of denominations 15

(5 subaerati)

4 2 59 13 93

1. 2. Statistics by the metal from the coin composition. It was shown a strong preferencefor the bronze coin, of low value, while silver is very rarely placed in graves, it appearing in the area ofthe necropolis in different contextes. In Annexe IIare presented also metallographic analyses of coinsdiscovered in researches carried out between 20022003.

Metal Silver Bronze otal of findings

Number of pieces 15 78 93

1. Archaeological criteria

As for the archaeological contexts in which coin appears in grave, are followed frequency ofassociations of pieces, so that there could be noticed certain predispositions, respectively the coin appearsmost frequently associated with ceramics (in a fragmentary state or whole vessels) or by itself, and inother cases associated with earthenware lamps, bronze or iron pieces.

a. Association of coin with ceramics appears in more than 30 cases: M32/S9; M25/S12; M27/S15; M29/S15; M20/S18; M2/S20; M16/S23; M7/S28; M1/S38; M4/S41 (all from 19811985).

b. Association of coin with cu earthenware lamps appears in 7 situations: M26/S11; M25/S12;M39/S13; M20/S18; M10/S34 (19811985).

c. Association of coin with unguentarium is attested in 2 situations.

d. Association of coin with metal appears in 9 situations:d.1. 4 cases of association coin bronze bracelets: M33/S8; M32/S9; M27/S15 (from 19811985);d.2. 1 case of coin-small bell made of bronze: M26/S11 (from 19811985);d.3. 4 cases coin-fragments of iron pieces: M33/S18; M14/S38.e. Association of coin with pieces of clothing 1 case (coin with button): M5/S23 (19811985).f. Association of coin with jewels 3 cases: M5/S33 (beads); M7/S41 (gold necklace beads and

semi-precious stone) (both from 19811985).g. In 2 cases a whetstone made of gritstone also appears next to the coin: M36/S18 and M10/

S34 (19811985).h. In 2 cases also glass pieces gutti,appear associated:M39/S13; M29/S15 (both from period

19811985).


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i. In more than 20 cases only the coin itself appears in the inventory of graves: M25/S5; M20/S6; M10/S15; M22/S15; M16/S20; M13/S37; M9/S39; (all from 19811985); M6/S6; M10/S6; M2/S2a; M10/S1 (all from OMV).

j. In several cases associations of more coins in the grave appear, practice attested morein the 4thcentury14:

j.1. In 6 cases two coins appear associated in a grave: M32/S10 (19811985); M75, M243,M309, M702 (from 1980); M2/S2a (OMV);

j.2. In 2 cases three coins appear associated in a grave: M7/S41 (19811985); M489 from 1980.Chronologically, coins discovered in graves also from the area of the necropolis from Apulum

Stadion are grouped this way:Emissions from the 1stcentury: 8 pieces;Emissions from the 2ndcentury: 56 pieces;Emissions from the 3rdcentury: 26 pieces;Unidentified: 3 pieces.

As for chronological disposal of coins in graves it reflects somehow changes of rite which shows

that inhumation gained considerable ground in the 3rdcentury before incineration dominant eversince the 2nd century. Tus, coins issued in the 3rd century were found in more inhumation graves(7 pieces, by comparison with 2 pieces found in incineration graves). Respectively, coins of 2ndcenturypredominate in incineration graves (15 pieces by comparison with 9 pieces found in inhumation graves).

For necropolis from Apulum Stadion coins were put in the grave in more places. Positionof coins for inhumation graves is the following:

a. in the mouth of the deceased: M21/S3, M8/S17 (Profi); M703, M702, M587, M452 (1980);b. on the chest of the deceased: M702, M70 (1980);c. in the filling of the pit/brick cist: M325, M415, M75 (1980);d. near skull: M4/S9, M1/S10 OMV; M720, M723, M653, M554, M561 (1980).In incineration graves coins were discovered either in the urn (e.g. M7/S6 OMV), or directly in

the pit (e. g. M17/S2b OMV), majority of coins presenting evidence of firing, which shows us that thesewould be buried with the deceased before cremation.

Conservation state of coins discovered in the funerary context of the necropolis from ApulumStadion is different from case to case, usually coins that passed through the funerary rod, duringincineration were quite affected. Coins placed in inhumation graves are preserved in some betterconditions, but also here are situations when soil acidity affected conservation state. In fact, compositionof coins influenced itself the state of conservation, respectively silver coins and suberates are preserved inbetter conditions than bronze emissions (asses).

Metallic structure of coins from Apulum Stadion necropolis is presented in the bulletinof metallographic analyses from Annexe II, made on the whole range of coins from the cataloguepresented here15.

Silver coins denarii andsuberate denarii, represent 16.13% from the total of the studied pieces,there being analysed 15 pieces identified as denominations of silver. In 9 pieces predominates contentof silver (varying from 67% to more than 95%), other 4 pieces have a silver content between 3.3921.34%, and for other 2 pieces the content is lower than 1%.

Bronze coins constitute the majority of studied pieces, respectively 83.87%, being analysed78 pieces identified as being made of bronze. Metallographic analyses offer interesting data, percentsof copper from alloy composition are between 8599 %, there being identified even 2 pieces having100% copper. Another piece has only 61.96% copper, 4.12% tin, 33.92% lead.

Percentage of tin varies also in the alloy from 15%, being part next of diverse smaller pergentagesof zinc and lead, from the composition of the bronze alloy.

14 Pslaru 2003, 78.15 We thank the Numismatic Bureau from the National Museum of Romanian History, whose specialists made

the metallographic analyses.


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2. Conclusions

Detailed analysis of numismatic pieces from the context of the Roman necropolis from ApulumStadion, based on two main criteria numismatic and archaeological, offers complex data that may beutilised in future comparative studies for the phenomenon of placing coin in graves of Roman period,being known the fact that this habit will be taken over and will be mantained in christianity, alongcenturies that followed to departure from Dacia.

If for the Roman necropolis from Apulum Stadion, out of the total of ca 1024 graves, in 88 fromthese were found 93 coins, the resulting percentage being of cca 8.5%, for other necropolises researchedpartially percentages were slightly lower under this level (Anexe I). In fact, researches of funeraryarchaeology for Roman Dacia, emphasize town Apulum, with more than 1700 of biritual graves, andfrom this perspective it is clear that also the greatest number of coin placed in grave is significantlyhigher, and percentages of graves with coin in inventory will be bigger in proportion as researches inthe funerary areas identified will exhaust surfaces of these necropolises. Te necropolis approached inthe present study is close from terminating research of the whole area of development, so that it isprobable percents to modify slightly as far as preference for this habit of coin placement is concerned.

As for interpretation given to this phenomenon, we presume also for this case study necropolisfrom Apulum Stadion, that coins fulfill in general the function of Charons obol, as manifestationof burial beliefs and rituals. Tis thing seems plausible also if we analyse presence of coins as onlyinventory for more from situations presented in the above statistics, respectively a special concern thatthe family of the deceased had for him/her to pass into the afterlife having this obol, for Styx crossing,obvious care shown even in situations in which graves appear quite poor and careless handled, factwhich might determine us to believe that also lower social categories manifested belief that the deceasedneeded that obol. Concern for the soul of the deceased and not to lack anything in the afterlife,is obvious in cases of offerings, very diverse for some graves, where the most interesting associationsappear: vesel-coin-earthenware lamp; coin-bronze-vessel; coin-jewels; coin-grooming objects/objectsfor personal use, etc.

Out of the catalogue we made, results that coins were discovered certainly in 46 graves yielding52 coins, for other 42 (39?) graves being assumed to belong 45 (40?) coins16. Anyway, comparativeanalysis of pieces associations for inventories of Roman graves, will bring further comments as foraffiliation of some definite funerary complexes of the remembered coins as being discovered in the areaof the Roman necropolis Staia de Salvare / Stadion.

As far as chronological categorization is concerned we encounter the following situation: 56 piecesfor the 2ndcentury, and 26 pieces for the 3rdcentury, yet also 8 pieces from the 1stcentury were usedas obol. From this point of view, it is demonstrated that Charons obol was most frequently a coinissued a long time ago, even coins of the 2nd century could be used a long time after their emission, eventhroughout the 3rdcentury (possibly also subsequently), analogies being encountered both in Dacia andin the Roman world, if it were to remeber here only the situation from Worms17, where in the necropolis

from Mainzer Strae 16, coins of 2nd

century were used for a long period of time.16 Due to difficulty of identifying the funerary complex in which appeared, respectively in inventorying some pieces

the archaeological complex was not written down, only generically Staia de Salvare and period of discovery, yet innumismatic catalogues made for the two periods of research 1980, respectively 19811985, appear graves with coinwhich only when thorough examinated may be placed in inventory of some funerary complex). Tat is why, the cataloguewe published in this present study was named Catalogul monedelor din necropola Apulum Stadion (Catalogue of the coinsfrom Apulum Stadion necropolis)and not from graves of the necropolis. As a matter of fact, on the authenticity ofidentifying the discovery context for some of the placements of coins, we have serius reservations, if it were to rememberhere only two cases mentioned in the study of Bljan, Stoicovici 1994. We refer to positions from their catalogue no. 18(M309) recorded as being an early medieval inhumation grave, no. 24 (M489), in both cases coins discovered are wornaround neck, in necklaces of beads, so that the 3 Roman coins mentioned for M489 (dupondius and as from Hadrianus,respectively perforated semis) may be part also from an early medieval inhumation grave, such are known numerous cases

of reusing the Roman coin in context of inhumations from the early Middle Ages. In this contex, these pieces will be used,having considerable reservations, in discussions about presence of coins in the Roman graves.

17 Grunewald 1990, 8291.


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aking over of Charons obol custom by Danubian populations, occured only after these landswere Romanized. Situation is also evident for Dacia, especially through the recent discoveries fromAlburnus Maior, where were researched more incineration necropolises in the spots from Hop-Guri,ul Cornii, arina, Jig-Vidoaia the first two being published18; it was reflected the practice of thiscustom also in immigrant populations, as well as it exists in autochtonous populations in Obreja19,

Soporu de Cmpie20etc.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alburnus Maior I P. Damian (coord.), Alburnus Maior I, Bucureti 2003.

Alburnus Maior III P. Damian (coord.), Alburnus Maior III. Necropola roman de incineraie de la ulCorna, partea I, Cluj-Napoca 2008.

Babe 1970 M. Babe,Zu den Bestattungsarten im nrdlichen Flachgrberfeld von Romula. Ein Beitragzur Grabtypologie des rmischen Daziens, Dacia N.S., XIV, 1970, 167207.

Bljan, Popa 1981 M. Bljan, Al. Popa, Cercetrile arheologice de la Alba Iulia Staia de salvare,MCA,

XV, 1981, 375380.Bljan, Stoicovici1994

M. Bljan, E. Stoicovici, Studiul numismatic i metalografic al monedelor descoperite recentla Alba Iulia (19791981), Marisia, XXIIIXXIV, 1994, 5974.

Gzdac et alii 2009 C. Gzdac, V. Suciu, A. Alfldy-Gzdac, Apulum, CRSCRCR, vol. V, Cluj-Napoca2009.

Grnewald 1990 M. Grnewald, Der rmische Nordfriedhof in Worms. Funde von der Mainzer Strasse,Worms 1990.

Moga 1987 V. Moga, Cercetri arheologice la Apulum,Apulum, XXIV, 1987, 157168.

Pslaru 2003 M. Pslaru, Obolul lui Charon. In: M. Brbulescu (coord.), Funeraria Dacoromana.Arheologia funerar a Daciei romane, Cluj-Napoca 2003, 4482.

Protase 1959a D. Protase, antierul Alba Iulia i mprejurimi, MCA, V, 1959, 433452.

Protase 1959b D. Protase, antierul arheologic Alba Iulia,MCA, VI, 1959, 397405.Protase 1961 D. Protase, Spturile de la Alba Iulia,MCA,VII, 1961, 407410.

Protase 1971 D. Protase, Riturile funerare la daci i daco-romani,Bucureti 1971.

Protase 1974 D. Protase, Necropola oraului Apulum,Apulum, XII, 1974, 134159.

Protase 1976 D. Protase, Soporu de Cmpie,Bucureti 1976.

Inel et alii 2002 C. Inel, M. Drmbrean, A. Gligor, A. Dragot, R. Ciobanu, G. Rustoiu, D. O. Dan,Raport preliminar privind cercetrile arheologice de la Alba Iulia-Apulum II Stadion,campania martie-aprilie 2002, Patrimonium Apulense, II, Alba Iulia 2002, 142145.

Constantin Inel

National Museum of the Union, Alba [email protected]

18 Alburnus Maior I, 211212; Alburnus Maior III, 91, 105, 134, 143, 148, 164, 179, 184, 201, 226227.19 Protase 1971, 9697.20 Protase 1976, 2030, 35.


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ANEXA I

Te situation of the coins from the Apulum Stadion necropolis

issue/type criterion

ISSUER Denomination:

DENARIUS

Denomination:

SESTERTIUS

Denomination:

DUPONDIUS

Denomination:

ASDenomination:

AETotal

emitent

Gaius Agrippa 1 1

Nero 1 1

IuliaClaudia Dynasty 1 1

Vespasian: itus 1 1

Nerva 3 3

raian 4 4

Hadrian 16 16

Hadrian: Sabina 1(dupondius?) 1

Antoninus Pius 1 11 12

Antoninus Pius: M. Aurelius

(Caesar)

1 1

Antoninus Pius: DivaFaustina I

1 1

Marcus Aurelius 1 (subaerat) 1 1 3

Lucius Verus 1 1

Marcus Aurelius / LuciusVerus

1 1

Marcus Aurelius: LuciusVerus

1 1

Marcus Aurelius: Commodus 1 1

Marcus Aurelius: DivaFaustina II

2 1 3

Marcus Aurelius: Lucilla 1 1

Marcus Aurelius:Faustina II/Lucilla/Crispina

1 1

Commodus 1 1

Septimius Severus 2 1 4 7

Septimius Severus: IuliaDomna

1 (subaerat) 1 2

Septimius Severus: Caracalla(Augustus)

1 (subaerat) 1 2

Septimius Severus: Geta(Caesar)

1 1

Caracalla 1 2 2 5

Elagabal 2 (1 subaerat) 2 4

Severus Alexander 6 (1 subaerat) 1 1 (as?) 1 1 10

Severus Alexander: IuliaMamaea

1 1

Philippus I: Otacilia Severa 1 1

Philippus I: Philippus II(Caesar)

1 1 2

Unidentifiable coins 1 2 3

otal denominations: 15(5 subaerati)

4 2 59 13 93


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ANEXA II

Metal analyses report for the coins of the Apulum Stadion necropolis

Crt.no.

Inventoryno.

Cr Fe Mn Ni Cu Ag As Au Bi Sn Zn Pb

1 8591 av 0.41 0.001 91.05 0.001 0.001 4.86 3.42 0.26

2 8591 rv 0.43 0.001 95.43 0.001 0.001 2.72 1.04 0.38

3 8587 av 0.12 0.001 99.88 0.001

4 7241 av 0.12 1.17 0.001 97.75 0.16 0.79

5 7258 av 0.17 0.001 96.52 0.001 0.001 0.001 1.06 0.001 2.24

6 7166 av 0.23 0.001 99.08 0.001 0.001 0.68

7 8585 av 0.12 0.001 84.27 0.001 0.001 4.7 10.91

8 8582 av 0.8 0.001 89.52 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 4.31 4.75 0.62

9 8581 av 0.001 99.61 0.001 0.001 0.18 0.21

10 8580 av 0.19 97.8 0.001 1.11 0.65 0.25

11 7146 av 0.23 0.001 89.12 0.001 0.001 8.47 2.18

12 7683 av 0.07 0.001 99.47 0.001 0.4713 7687 av 0.09 0.001 99.36 0.001 0.001 0.31 0.24

14 7237 av 0.001 0.001 98.71 0.001 0.001 1.29

15 7236 av 0.41 0.001 88.4 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 9 0.001 2.2

16 8583 av 0.22 0.001 99.78 0.001 0.001

17 8738 av 1.02 0.001 96.68 0.001 0.001 0.95 0.77 0.58

18 8737 av 0.17 0.001 99.5 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.33

19 8588 av 0.001 0.001 100 0.001 0.001

20 7253 av 0.001 0.001 99.65 0.001 0.001 0.35

21 7684 av 0.09 0.001 95.45 0.001 0.001 0.001 2.36 2.1

22 7228 av 0.2 0.19 0.001 98.58 0.001 0.001 0.16 0.72 0.16

23 7682 av 0.52 0.001 87.4 0.001 0.001 11.91 0.16

24 7681 av 0.36 0.001 98.56 0.001 0.22 0.72 0.1525 7680 av 0.13 0.001 99.64 0.001 0.001 0.23

26 7259 av 0.001 0.001 98.05 0.001 1.5 0.45

27 7257 av 0.23 0.001 99.01 0.57 0.19

28 7233 av 0.36 0.001 87.13 0.001 0.001 0.001 4.06 5.12 3.32

29 7232 av(green) 0.07 0.001 99.69 0.24

30 7231 av 0.35 99.52 0.13

31 7229 av 0.38 0.67 0.001 98.27 0.001 0.21 0.47

32 7230 av 0.17 0.001 99.58 0.001 0.001 0.25

33 8736 av(green) 1.06 0.001 98.35 0.001 0.001 0.3 0.29

34 8735 av(green) 0.58 0.001 95.04 0.001 0.001 0.15 0.001 0.15 4.09

35 8579 av 0.001 0.001 100 0.001 0.001 0.001

36 7676 av 0.29 0.59 93.06 0.001 0.001 0.25 0.001 2.68 3.14

37 7242 av 0.001 0.11 0.16 0.001 81.77 0.49 0.001 17.2 0.2

38 8592 av 0.34 0.001 95 0.001 0.001 1.18 0.44 3.04

39 7168 av(green) 0.33 0.1 99.57 0.001 0.001

40 7165 av 0.25 0.001 93.17 0.001 0.001 6.09 0.34 0.15

41 7678 av 0.1 0.001 90.61 0.001 0.001 7.72 1.58

42 7145 av 0.12 0.001 95.87 0.001 0.001 2.23 0.87 0.92

43 8578 av

(dark reen) 0.001 0.59 0.001 99.02 0.001 0.28 0.1144 7685 av 0.17 0.001 99.71 0.001 0.12


14/14

474 Constantin INEL

45 7679 av 0.14 0.001 99.1 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.26 0.5

46 7677 av 0.11 0.001 99.21 0.001 0.42 0.25

47 7226 av 0.001 0.001 61.96 0.001 4.12 0.001 33.92

48 8577 av 0.001 0.001 100 0.001 0.001

49 7139 av 0.001 0.001 2.34 95.78 0.54 0.001 1.34

50 7227 av 0.17 0.3 0.001 99.34 0.1951 7150 av 0.2 0.001 90.89 2.43 4.99 1.49

52 7692 av 0.1 0.18 95.2 0.001 1.89 2.63

53 7260 av 0.07 0.36 0.11 97.59 0.74 0.001 0.001 0.57 0.55

54 7696 av 0.11 0.08 91.81 3.39 0.001 0.001 1.73 2.88

55 7255 av 0.07 0.001 95.19 0.001 0.001 0.001 2.28 2.46

56 7695 av 0.001 0.001 98.83 0.001 0.001 0.76 0.4

57 8586 av 0.13 0.001 93.89 0.001 0.001 4.05 0.33 1.6

58 7143 av 0.001 0.001 30.01 67.33 0.001 0.27 0.001 0.94 0.001 1.45

59 8593 av 0.23 0.14 87.17 0.001 0.001 1.84 10.2 0.42

60 8589 av 0.32 0.001 86.13 0.21 0.001 11.24 0.67 1.43

61 8741 av 1.65 0.001 57.01 0.001 0.001 10.38 0.74 30.22

62 7694 av 0.17 0.001 96.71 0.001 2.58 0.5463 7167 av 0.001 0.001 75.78 21.34 0.13 2.26 0.001 0.49

64 7171 av 0.001 0.001 4.34 93.71 0.24 0.001 0.001 0.001 1.7

65 7140 av 0.001 0.001 13.79 84.15 0.24 0.001 1.81

66 7141 av 0.001 0.001 22.97 72.55 0.001 0.2 0.001 0.001 4.29

67 7138 av 0.001 0.001 6.84 91.98 0.34 0.001 0.84

68 7163 av 0.16 0.28 98.62 0.001 0.001 0.75 0.2

69 7148 av 0.17 0.98 95.73 0.001 0.57 2.46

70 7144 av 0.001 0.001 78.38 19.76 0.13 1.73

71 7137 av 0.001 0.001 4.72 94.01 0.001 0.34 0.001 0.001 0.93

72 7249 av 0.001 0.001 0.12 84.14 0.001 0.001 14.96 0.72

73 7247 av (red) 0.1 0.24 98.41 0.001 0.001 0.92 0.001 0.33

74 7246 av 0.14 0.08 92.1 0.37 0.001 1.55 0.001 5.7675 7147 av 0.09 0.16 98.59 0.001 0.001 0.83 0.32

76 8590 av 0.13 0.1 94.61 0.001 0.001 1.43 3.74

77 7250 av 0.49 0.001 93.12 6.39 0.001

78 7250 rv 0.001 0.001 12.59 87.15 0.001 0.14 0.001 0.11

79 7248 av 0.07 0.66 97.76 0.001 0.001 1.28 0.23

80 7235 av 0.35 0.001 92.54 0.001 6.27 0.85

81 7693 av 0.001 0.001 85.37 11.5 3.13

82 7691 av 0.07 0.001 99.87 0.001 0.001 0.07

83 7690 av 0.17 0.001 95.64 0.001 0.001 2.25 1.02 0.92

84 7689 av 0.001 0.89 97.59 0.001 0.001 0.12 0.001 1.4

85 7244 av 0.31 0.47 88.48 0.21 0.001 0.18 0.001 10.22 0.12

86 7688 av 0.13 0.001 94.6 0.001 0.001 4.65 0.62

87 7162 av 0.001 0.001 8.4 89.45 0.001 0.73 0.001 1.42

88 7136 av 0.001 0.001 4.98 93.2 0.83 0.001 0.99

89 7149 av 0.001 0.001 96.35 0.001 0.001 3.02 0.62

90 8594 av 0.001 0.001 99.45 0.001 0.55

91 8584 av 0.001 0.001 95.8 0.001 0.001 3.19 1.01

92 7686 av 0.33 0.001 94.37 0.001 2.67 1.04 1.59

93 7239 av 0.001 0.001 99.69 0.001 0.001 0.31

94 7240 av 0.1 0.001 90.9 0.001 7.75 1.25

95 8739 av 0.09 0.001 99.69 0.001 0.001 0.22

96 8740 av 0.69 0.001 98.67 0.001 0.001 0.16 0.48

97 8740 rv 0.83 0.001 97.86 0.001 0.001 0.19 0.001 0.27 0.86

Documents

COINS WITHIN THE FUNERARY CONTEXT OF THE ROMAN NECROPOLIS FROM APULUM “STADION”