Coherence & Cohesion – Page 50

In Writing

Coherence:

• Refers to how paragraphs are connected in a larger text.

• All paragraphs are connected in a clear and reasonable way.

• Makes a reading easier to understand.

Cohesion:

• Refers to how sentences are connected in a paragraph or how clauses are connected within a sentence.

• All sentences, clauses, and parts, are connected in a clear and reasonable way.

• Essential for readers to understand the text.

Forest fires are undoubtedly a menace. They ruin valuable stands of

trees, destroy animal habitat, kill woodland creatures, pollute the air,

and endanger human life, homes, and communities. In the mid-1900s ,

all forest burns were considered undesirable, and firefighters responded

to all of these fires whether or not they were burning close to human

habitation. This approach, to forest fires was both expensive and risky.

However, more recently, forest managers began to see that wildfires did

have benefits. Foresters saw that forest fires were beneficial for trees,

soil, and animals.

(This is the introductory paragraph to the essay ‘The Beneficial Effects of Forest Fires’ on page 50)

Forest fires are undoubtedly a menace. They ruin valuable stands of

trees, destroy animal habitat, kill woodland creatures, pollute the air,

and endanger human life, homes, and communities. In the mid-1900s ,

all forest burns were considered undesirable, and firefighters responded

to all of these fires whether or not they were burning close to human

habitation. This approach, to forest fires was both expensive and risky.

However, more recently, forest managers began to see that wildfires did

have benefits. Foresters saw that forest fires were beneficial for trees,

soil, and animals.

• All words related to the main topic of the paragraph• They avoid repetition

Forest fires are undoubtedly a menace. They ruin valuable stands of

trees, destroy animal habitat, kill woodland creatures, pollute the air,

and endanger human life, homes, and communities. In the mid-1900s ,

all forest burns were considered undesirable, and firefighters responded

to all of these fires whether or not they were burning close to human

habitation. This approach, to forest fires was both expensive and risky.

However, more recently, forest managers began to see that wildfires did

have benefits. Foresters saw that forest fires were beneficial for trees,

soil, and animals.

• All words are pronouns (replaces nouns)• They link two sentences together• They link clauses together

Forest fires are undoubtedly a menace. They ruin valuable stands of

trees, destroy animal habitat, kill woodland creatures, pollute the air,

and endanger human life, homes, and communities. In the mid-1900s ,

all forest burns were considered undesirable, and firefighters responded

to all of these fires whether or not they were burning close to human

habitation. This approach, to forest fires was both expensive and risky.

However, more recently, forest managers began to see that wildfires did

have benefits. Foresters saw that forest fires were beneficial for trees,

soil, and animals.

• These are summary phrases• These fires all forest burns in the mid 1990’s• This approach 100% response of firefighters to all forest fires

Forest fires are undoubtedly a menace. They ruin valuable stands of

trees, destroy animal habitat, kill woodland creatures, pollute the air,

and endanger human life, homes, and communities. In the mid-1900s ,

all forest burns were considered undesirable, and firefighters responded

to all of these fires whether or not they were burning close to human

habitation. This approach, to forest fires was both expensive and risky.

However, more recently, forest managers began to see that wildfires did

have benefits. Foresters saw that forest fires were beneficial for trees,

soil, and animals.

• This is a connecting word• It shows contrast between the ideas in the beginning / end of the

paragraph

Coherence & Cohesion – Page 55

In Speaking - Called Speech Markers

Speech Markers (you should learn to listen for)

Begin a Lecture List Points Give Examples Change Topic End a Lecture

Today we will talk about …

Let’s discuss …

We will begin by …

Let’s get started …

First …

Second …

Third …

Next …

Finally …

Another point …

Also …

As well …

For example …

Such as …

To demonstrate …

Now let’s turn to another matter(issue, problem) …

However, we must also consider …

Here’s another problem to think about …

To summarize (In summary) …

To conclude(In conclusion) …

We are almost out of time for today …

To wrap up …

To fiish off …

Speech Markers to Build

Coherence in the Lecture

INTRODUCTION

Speech Markers to Build

Coherence in the Lecture

BODY

Speech Markers to Build

Coherence in the Lecture

CONCLUSION

Speech Markers to Build

Coherence by showing

EXAMPLES

Speech Markers to Build

Coherence by signaling a

TOPIC CHANGE

Today we will talk about …

We will begin by …

Let’s get started …

Let’s discuss …

First …

Another point …

Third …

As well …

Finally …

Second …

Also / In addition …

Next …

Similarly …

To wrap up …

To summarize …

To conclude …

To finish off …

We are out of time for today …

Such as …

To demonstrate …

For example …

For instance …

Now let’s turn to another matter …

However, we must also consider …

Here’s another problem to think about …

Now let’s look at another problem …

Cause / Effect Thesis Statements

General Examples

Cause / Effect - (Effects)

Studying for the Turkish university entrance exam affects students in three negative ways; (1) psychologically, (2) physically and (3) socially.

The negative effects of television on children fall into three general categories: (1) poor cognitive development, (2) reduced interpersonal skills, and (3) obesity.

Cause / Effect - (Causes)

Teenagers start to smoke for three wrong reasons; (1) rebelling against society, (2) copying adult examples and (3) peer pressure.

The three main reasons of students obtaining low grades are their (1) missing classes, (2) lack of organisation and (3) too much socializing.

There are three main causes of forest fires; lightning strikes, ground fires, and people’s ignorance.

Forest fires are often responsible for the following three negative effects; damage to nature, loss of property, and loss of life.

Natural occurences like lightning strikes affects forested areas in three negative ways; ruining stands of trees, destroying animal habitat, and killing woodland creatures.

The positive effects of forest fires fall into three areas; control tree disease, control insect pests, and improve soil quality.

Although there are numerous negative effects of forest fires, there are three areas in which forest fires are beneficial; cleaning the forest floor, providing new habitat, and killing disease.

Forest Fires – Cause / Effect – Thesis Examples

Use the details below to write your own Cause/Effect thesis statements

Cause(s)

• lightning strikes• surface fires• Urban population

increase• More people

looking for a country retreat

• More people building homes near forests

• Changed forest management

• Forest fires prevented to protect homes

• Dangerous build up of forest fuels

Effect / (Cause )

• forest fires

-’ve Effect(s)

• ruin valuable stands of trees

• destroy animal habitats

• kill woodland creatures

• pollute the air• endanger human

life• harm homes• harm community

+’ve Effect(s)

• control tree disease• control insect pests• heat stimılates seed

growth• improves soil• increase tree

growth• allows diversity of

animal species

Essay Introduction

An Example

Sample Introduction

General fire:When children are growing up the sight and smell of a fire brings excitement.

Sample Introduction

General fire:When children are growing up the sight and smell of a fire brings excitement.

General feelings:As they grow older fires arouse different feelings in the mind of the watcher.

Sample Introduction

General fire:When children are growing up the sight and smell of a fire brings excitement.

General feelings:As they grow older fires arouse different feelings in the mind of the watcher.

Specific feelings: As adults we can consider fires to be a great tool or a great destructive force; the fire can be our best friend or our worst enemy.

Sample Introduction

General fire:When children are growing up the sight and smell of a fire brings excitement.

General feelings:As they grow older fires arouse different feelings in the mind of the watcher.

Specific feelings: As adults we can consider fires to be a great tool or a great destructive force; the fire can be our best friend or our worst enemy.

Specific fires:Fires in wooded areas, called “forest fires,” do not have to be our enemy; if thought about correctly, they can be of great benefit to any forest.

Sample Introduction

General fire:When children are growing up the sight and smell of a fire brings excitement.

General feelings:As they grow older fires arouse different feelings in the mind of the watcher.

Specific feelings: As adults we can consider fires to be a great tool or a great destructive force; the fire can be our best friend or our worst enemy.

Specific fires:Fires in wooded areas, called “forest fires,” do not have to be our enemy; if thought about correctly, they can be of great benefit to any forest.

Thesis statement:Although there are numerous negative effects of forest fires, there are three areas in which forest fires are beneficial; cleaning the forest floor, providing new habitat, and killing disease.

Sample Introduction

When children are growing up the sight and smell of a fire brings excitement.

As they grow older fires arouse different feelings in the mind of the watcher. As adults

we can consider fires to be a great tool or a great destructive force; the fire can be our

best friend or our worst enemy. Fires in wooded areas, called “forest fires,” do not

have to be our enemy; if thought about correctly, they can be of great benefit to any

forest. Although there are numerous negative effects of forest fires, there are three

areas in which forest fires are beneficial; cleaning the forest floor, providing new

habitat, and killing disease.

(111 words)