Cognitive Psychology Ch-01

8/8/2019 Cognitive Psychology Ch-01

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I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

VI.

VII.


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..

. Neisser (1967)

.


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. Neisser (1967). Neisser (1967) ~(Cognitive

Psycholoyg)


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.

.

(scientificinteresting)


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. .

.

.

. (Behaviorism). (Gestalt

psychology)


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. .

(Empiricism)

(Rationalism)


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(Empiricism)

(Rationalism)

100


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..

1. Wilhelm Wundt (1879)

2. (Structuralism)

3. (Functionalism)4. (Associationism)


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1. Wilhelm Wundt (1879)1. Wilhelm Wundt (1879)

Leipziq


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1. Wilhelm Wundt (1879)1. Wilhelm Wundt (1879) (introspection)Bite. Cause?

As soon as I had read the [words] the search was on. I had also apicture of a leg with a wound on it and saw nothing else. Then dog

came to me in the form of an idea, with the consciousness: dogs bite

Parson. What is an equivalent occupation?I read the words successively and with understanding. Immediately

came the consciousness that something [equivalent] was very familiar.

Then came the wordchaplain,internally speakon. Itis certain that consciousness of the familiarity of a solution precededthe, as yet, uneffected appearance of the wordchaplain

From Humphrey (1963)


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1. Wilhelm Wundt (1879)1. Wilhelm Wundt (1879)


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2.(Structuralism)2

.(Structuralism)

Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920)

Edward Titchener (1867-1927)

(sensations)

(images)

(affections)


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3.(Functionalism)3

.(Functionalism)

William James (1842-1910)

Principles of Psychology (1890/1970)

John Dewey (1859-1952)

(pragmatic)


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4.(Associationism)4.(Associationism)


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Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)Savings Score = [(Original trials Relearning trials) / Original trials]*100


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EdwardL. Thorndike (1874-

1949)

Law of effect

Puzzle box


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.(Behaviorism).(Behaviorism)

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

John Watson (1878-1959)

B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)


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(Behaviorism)(Behaviorism)

40


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(Behaviorism)(Behaviorism)

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

John Watson (1878-1959)

B. F. Skinner (1904-1990)

Skinners box


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.(Gestalt psychology).

(Gestalt psychology)


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R


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a


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(insight)


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. .

. (Cognitiverevolution) (1956)

.

.


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..


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1956MIT

George Miller---Magic number: 72

Norm Chomsky--- (transformationalgrammar)

Bruner, Goddnow, & Austin ---


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Norm Chomsky---Norm Chomsky---(deep)(surface).


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Bruner, Goddnow, & AustinBruner, Goddnow, & Austin


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Bruner, Goddnow, & AustinBruner, Goddnow, & Austin 81


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..

1. (Human engineering)

2. (Communicationengineering)(Information theory)

3. (Linguistics)

4. (Computer science)

5. (Neuroscience)


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1.

1.

(task)


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2.2

.

(channel)

(encoding)


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(Morse code)

(Morse code)


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3.

Noam Chomsky (1957)3

.

Noam Chomsky (1957)

(structure)

(language

universality)


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4.4

.

(informationprocessing)

(AI)


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5.

5.

(neuroimaging)


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..

1.

2.

3.

4.


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1.Information processing approach; Symbolic

approach

1.Information processing approach; Symbolic

approach

(symbolicmodel)


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1. Information processing approach; Symbolic

approach

1. Information processing approach; Symbolic

approach


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connectionist model(parallel-computing)(node)

nodes(weights)

2.Connectionist approach; Neural-network approach



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(parallel distributed processing)PDPmodel




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vs.

vs.


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3.

Cognitive science3

.

Cognitive science


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4.Cognitive neuroscience

4.Cognitive neuroscience


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.

.

.

.


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(Perceptual processes)

(Memory)

(Knowledge representation)

(Categorization)

(Problem solving)(Reasoning)

(Judgment and decision making)

(Language)


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(perceptual processes)


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(perceptual processes)


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(memory)

(episodic)(semantic)


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(memory)

(Chunking)a


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(knowledge representation) (knowledge representation)

(declarative) (procedural)

(analogical) (symbolic)

Sternberg, 1994


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(categorization)


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(problem solving)


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19

15


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XO

XO


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19

15

15


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(reasoning)


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(Conditional reasoning)(Conditional reasoning)

Wason (1966)


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(judgment and decision making)


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(judgment and decision making)Kahneman & Tversky (1981)

600

A200

B

A72B28


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(judgment and decision making)

Kahneman & Tversky (1981)

C400

D600

C22D78


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(language)


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..


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(recollection)


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.

.

. . . .

.

. .


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.Nature vs. nurture.Nature vs. nurture


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.Rationalism vs. empiricism.

Rationalism vs. empiricism


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.Structure vs. processes

.Structure vs. processes


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.Validity of causal inference vs. ecological validity

.Validity of causal inference vs. ecological validity


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.Applied vs. basic research

.Applied vs. basic research


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.Biological vs. behavioral methods

.Biological vs. behavioral methods


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..

.

Sternberg (1966)Sternberg (1966)


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Memory scanning task



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.


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.


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1.1.

Stroop


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2.2.


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.


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.


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1.1.


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2.2.

eyewitness testimony

Loftus & Zanni (1975)


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..


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Acta Psychologica

American Psychologist

Annual Review of Psychology

Behavioral & Brain Sciences Cognition

Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive Science

Journal of ExperimentalPsychology (JEP): General

JEP: Human Perception, &Performance

JEP: Learning, Memory, &Cognition

Journal of Memory andLanguage

Memory and cognition

Psychological Bulletin

Psychological Review Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

Psychological Science

The Quarterly Journal of

Experimental Psychology

Trends in Cognitive Science

Documents

Cognitive Psychology Ch-01