Codling Moth Trapping and Degree-Day Accumulations in Northern Utah

Shawn SteffanDept. of Biology

Utah State UniversityLogan, UT

November 5th, 2003

Why was it such a bad year for CM?

• Large overwintering populations?• Mild winter?• Cool, prolonged spring?• Record-breaking summer

heat?• Resistance to insecticides?• Imperfect control tactics?

Codling Moth Degree-Days• What are D-Ds?

Unit of measure (time and temperature unit).

Time spent within a specific temperature range.

Varies by pest species because temperature thresholds are species-specific.

Why are D-Ds so useful for managing CM?

All arthropods are cold-blooded and grow only as much as temperatures allow.

Arthropod pests generally don’t care about calendar dates.

D-Ds help pin down the developmental stage of pests, allowing us to more accurately predict pest activity.

Important Stages in a Codling Moth’s Life

• Pre-ovip. Flight:• Eggs:

• Larval Feeding:• Pupae:

• Total for Generation:

58 D-Ds158 D-Ds471 D-Ds431 D-Ds1,118 D-Ds

D-D Accumulations at Each Generation’s

Egg-hatch:

220 D-Ds(1st egg-hatch)

1,120 D-Ds(2nd egg-hatch)

2,160 D-Ds(3rd egg-hatch)

General Pattern of Codling Moth Flight and Egg-hatch, Relative to Degree-Days

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0

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2200

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2620

2820

3020

3220

D-D Running Total

# C

augh

t/ 20

D-D

0

10

20

30

40

50

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70

80

# H

atch

ed/ 2

0 D-

D

Moth catchEgg-hatch

0

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020

040

060

080

010

0012

0014

0016

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2028

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2032

20

D-D Running Total

Egg

s ha

tche

d / 2

0 D

-D

0

25

50

75

100

Per

cent

Hat

ched

Egg-hatch

% Egg-hatch

General Pattern of Codling Moth Egg-Hatch and % Hatch Completed (Relative to Degree-Days)

0

25

50

75

100

020

040

060

080

010

0012

0014

0016

0018

0020

0022

0024

0026

2028

2030

2032

20

Degree-Day Running Total

Perc

ent C

ompl

eted

per

Gen

erat

ion

(%)

% Moth flight% Egg-hatch

Percentages (%) of CM Flight and Egg-hatch Relative to Degree-Days

Case Studies from ’03 SeasonCase 1: No mating disruption; high CM pop; poorly timed apps; over-reliance on a single material; insecticide resistance documented.Case 2: No mating disruption; moderate CM pop; well-timed apps; use of IGR and conventional materials.Case 3: Mating disruption; moderate CM pop; well-timed apps; use of various materials.Case 4: Mating disruption; moderate CM pop; many applications; use of various materials.Case 5: Mating disruption (applied 1 week late); high CM pop; well-timed applications; various materials.Case 6: No mating disruption; high CM pop; well-timed apps early in season; insufficient management late in season.

Case 1: Codling Moth Flight and Degree-Day Accumulation for Apples in Perry (Boxelder Co.)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

21-A

pr1-M

ay12

-May

24-M

ay

3-Jun

16-Ju

n30

-Jun

16-Ju

l30

-Jul

12-A

ug28

-Aug

8-Sep

24-S

ep

8-Oct

Sample Date

Mot

hs/tr

ap-d

ay

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

D-D

Acc

umul

atio

n

1st ge ne ration e gg-hatch (220 D-Ds).

2nd fl igh t be gins (860-900 D-Ds).

2nd ge n e gg-hatch be gins (1,120 D-Ds).

3rd fl ight be gins (1,920 D-Ds).

3rd ge n e gg-hatch be gins (2,160 D-Ds).

Case 2: Codling Moth Flight and Degree-Day Accumulation for Apples in Kaysville (Davis Co.)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

22 -Apr6-M

ay20 -M

ay

2-Jun

17 -Jun

1-Jul

15 -Jul

30 -Jul

12 -Aug27 -Aug10 -Sep24 -Sep

8-Oct

Date

Mot

hs/tr

ap-d

ay

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

D-D

Accu

mul

atio

n

1st ge n e gg-hatch (220 D-Ds).

2nd fl ight be gin s (860-900 D-Ds).

2n d ge n e gg-hatch be gins (1,120 D-Ds).

3rd fl ight be gin s (1,920 D-Ds).

3rd ge n e gg-hatch be gins (2,160 D-Ds).

Case 3: Codling Moth Flight and Degree-Day Accumulation for Apples in Payson (Utah Co.)

0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2

18-Apr-0

328-A

pr-03

10-May-0

313-M

ay-03

23-May

-033-Ju

n-0311

-Jun-03

16-Ju

n-0327-Ju

n-037-Ju

l-03

14-Jul-0

323-Ju

l-03

1-Aug-03

11-Aug

-0325-A

ug-03

3-Sep-03

17-Sep-03

1-Oct-

03

Sample Date

Mot

hs c

augh

t/tra

p-da

y

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

D-D

Accu

mul

atio

n

1st ge n e gg-h atch be gins (220 D-Ds)

2nd ge n fl ight be gins (860-900 D-Ds)

2n d ge n e gg-hatch be gin s (1,120 D-Ds)

3rd ge n fl ight be gin s (1,920 D-Ds)

3rd ge n e gg-hatch (2,160 D-Ds)

Case 4: Codling Moth Flight and Degree-Day Accumulation for Apples in Genola (Utah Co.)

0

0.8

1.6

2.4

3.2

4

4/15/2

0034/2

9/2003

5/13/2

0035/2

9/2003

6/10/2

0036/2

3/2003

7/7/20

037/2

2/2003

8/5/20

038/2

1/2003

9/3/20

039/1

7/2003

10/1/

2003

10/16

/2003

Sample Date

Mot

hs/tr

ap-d

ay

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

D-D

Acc

umul

atio

n

1st ge ne ration e gg-hatch (220 D-Ds).

2n d fl igh t be gin s (860-900 D-Ds).

3rd fl igh t be gin s (1,920 D-Ds).

3rd ge n e gg-h atch be gin s (2,160 D-Ds).

2nd ge n e gg-hatch be gins (1,120 D-Ds).

Case 5: Codling Moth Flight and Degree-Day Accumulation for Apples in Lincoln Point (Utah Co.)

0

2

4

6

8

10

4/15/2

0034/2

9/2003

5/13/2003

5/29/2003

6/10/2003

6/23/20

037/7/

2003

7/22/20

038/5

/2003

8/21/20

039/3/20

039/1

7/2003

10/1/

200310/16

/2003

Sample Date

Mot

hs/tr

ap-d

ay

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

D-D

Acc

umul

atio

n

1st ge ne ration e gg-hatch (220 D-Ds).

2nd fl ight be gin s (860-900 D-Ds).

2n d ge n e gg-h atch be gins (1,120 D-Ds).

3rd fl igh t be gin s (1,920 D-Ds).

3rd ge n e gg-h atch be gins (2,160 D-Ds).

Case 6: Codling Moth Flight and Degree-Day Accumulation for Apples in North Logan (Cache Co.)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

25 -Apr3-M

a y11 -M

ay19 -M

ay27 -M

ay4-Ju

n12 -Ju

n20 -Ju

n28 -Ju

n7-Ju

l15 -Ju

l24 -Ju

l2-Au g

10 -Aug18 -Aug26 -Aug

3-Se p11 -Sep19 -Sep27 -Sep

5-Oct

13 -Oct

Date

Mot

hs/tr

ap-d

ay

0

400

800

1200

1600

2000

2400

2800

Degr

ee-D

ay A

ccum

ulat

ion

1st ge n e ration e gg-hatch (220 D-Ds).

2nd fl igh t be gin s (860-900 D-Ds).

2n d ge n e gg-hatch be gins (1,120 D-Ds).

3rd fl ight be gins (1,920 DDs).

3rd ge n e gg-h atch be gin s (2,160 D-Ds).

Pupate or hibernate?

CM Damage EstimatesCase 1: Not harvested due to CM damage (83% worm entry).

Case 2: Moderate CM damage (1.3% worm entry).

Case 3: Very low CM damage (damage estimates forthcoming).

Case 4: Very low CM damage (damage estimates forthcoming).

Case 5: High CM damage (approx. 20% worm entry).

Case 6: Moderate CM damage.

Why was it such a bad year for CM?

• Large overwintering populations?• Mild winter?• Cool, prolonged spring?• Record-breaking summer

heat?• Resistance to insecticides?• Imperfect control tactics?

Effects of Scaling

Live5%

Dead95%

Improve the Odds for 2004

• Use Pheromone Mating Disruption to reduce the egg load.

• Time the cover sprays based on known biological events(run traps).

• Achieve better coverage by using higher gallonages and verifying uniformity within the canopy.

• Sanitation (remove infested apples from orchard).

• Rotate insecticide classes(implications for spray timing).