Codling Bank Wind Park Foreshore Licence Application · 2016-02-18 · La red Company no. 45651 MARINE section ide tifies both th s that may o 2.1 N 2.1.1 Spec re are seve irds located

Supporting Information

Codling Bank Wind Park Foreshore Licence Application

2

Registe

Ap

Pre

Dat

Co

Nam

Dat

Sig

OnHan

Re

Iss

A

B

red Company no. 45651

provals

epared by:

te:

mmercial Ap

me / Title

te:

gned:

e signature rendwritten or e

cord of C

ue

6

proval:

equired. lectronic.

Changes

Document D

09/10/2013

05/11/2013

11/19/13 | S

Mari

DepGov

Andrew Blyt

18/09/2013

Nancy McLe

08/10/2013

Date

upporting Inform

ine Planning

partment of tvernment

th

ean

Detail of Ch

First Issue

DECLG Upd

mation: Investig

and Foresh

the Environm

Senior P

Principa

ange

ate

ative Foreshore

Docume

ore Section

ment, Comm

Project Manage

l Consultant

e Licence Applic

ent Classifica

F

Issue

munity and L

er

cation

ation

INAL

ed to

Local

3

Registe

TAB

1

1.1

1.2

1.3

2

2.1

2

2

2.2

2.3

2

2.1

2

2

2

3

3.1

3

3

3

3

3.2

3

3

3

3.3

3

3

3

3.4


BLE OF C

INTRODU

1 A

2 Pr

3 Pl

1.3.1 Su

MARINE R

1 N

2.1.1 Sp

2.1.2 Sp

2 Eu

3 N

2.3.1 Im

1 O

2.1.1 C

2.1.2 Sh

2.1.3 R

PROPOSE

1 Pa

3.1.1 Pr

3.1.1 M

3.1.2 M

3.1.3 Lius

2 N

3.2.1 Pr

3.2.1 M

3.2.2 Lius

3 B

3.3.1 Pr

3.3.2 M

3.3.3 Lius

4 M

6

CONTENTS

UCTION ....

ims and Obj

roject Backg

lanned Wor

ummary of W

RECEPTO

atura 2000 s

pecial Protec

pecial Area o

uropean Pro

atural Fish .

mportant spaw

ther Foresh

ommercial a

hipping ........

ecreational S

ED WORK

assive Acou

roposed Dur

Methodology .

Mooring meth

kely interactsers .............

atural Fish S

roposed Dur

Methodology .


enthic Surv

roposed Dur

Methodology .


Met Ocean an

11/19/13 | S

S

................

jectives ......

ground .......

k ..................

Work .............

ORS AROU

sites .............

ction Areas ..

of Conservat

otected spe

....................

wning groun

hore Users ..

nd Recreatio

....................

Sailing ..........

KS AND LI

ustic Monito

ration: ...........

....................

odology .......

ions and imp....................

Survey ........

ration: ...........

....................

ions and imp....................

ey ...............

ration: ...........

....................

ions and imp....................

nd coastal S

upporting Inform

................

....................

....................

....................

....................

UND CODL

....................

....................

tions ............

cies ............

....................

nds ...............

....................

onal Fisherie

....................

....................

KELY IMP

oring Survey

....................

....................

....................

pacts with na....................

....................

....................

....................

pacts with na....................

....................

....................

....................

pacts with na....................

Survey ........

mation: Investig

................

....................

....................

....................

...................

LING BAN

....................

...................

...................

....................

....................

...................

....................

es ................

...................

...................

PACTS .....

y Work ........

...................

...................

...................

atural resourc...................

....................

...................

...................

atural resourc...................

....................

...................

...................

atural resourc...................

....................

ative Foreshore

................

....................

....................

....................

....................

NK WIND P

....................

....................

....................

....................

....................

....................

....................

....................

....................

....................

................

....................

....................

....................

....................

ces and othe....................

....................

....................

....................

ces and othe....................

....................

....................

....................

ces and othe....................

....................

e Licence Applic

................

....................

....................

....................

...................

PARK .......

....................

...................

...................

....................

....................

...................

....................

...................

...................

...................

................

....................

...................

...................

...................

er foreshore ...................

....................

...................

...................

er foreshore ...................

....................

...................

...................

er foreshore ...................

....................

cation

... 5

..... 5

..... 5

..... 6

..... 7

... 9

..... 9

..... 9

... 10

... 12

... 13

... 14

... 14

... 14

... 15

... 15

. 16

... 16

... 16

... 16

... 17

... 19

... 19

... 19

... 20

... 20

... 20

... 20

... 20

... 21

... 21

4

Registe

3

3

3

4

5

APP


3.4.1 Pr

3.4.2 M

3.4.3 Pr

SUMMAR

CONTACT

PENDIX 1

6

roposed Dur

Methodology .

roposed Equ

RY .............

T DETAILS

................

11/19/13 | S

ration: ...........

....................

uipment ........

................

S .............

................

upporting Inform

....................

....................

....................

................

................

................

mation: Investig

...................

...................

...................

................

................

................

ative Foreshore

....................

....................

....................

................

................

................

e Licence Applic

...................

...................

...................

................

................

................

cation

... 21

... 21

... 23

. 24

. 25

. 26

5

Registe

1

The devehaveotheinforEneGov

The

ConApp

The will c

CodLtd an o

CodWickphas

The and


INTROD1.1 A

objective oeloping the Ce on Foresher environmrmation is pargy) that ha

vernment and

specific aim

Provide

Assess t

Propose

Summar

ntact details endix.

proposed incarry on for o

1.2 P

dling Wind Paand Hazel S

offshore wind

dling Bank Wklow) betweses:

Codling

Propose

for cons

turbines wil18 m.

6

UCTION Aims and O

of this docuCodling Ban

hore users, Nental or huart of the Ins been submd covers the

ms of this doc

details of the

the impacts

e appropriate

rise any resid

and compan

nvestigative wone year.

roject Bac

ark Ltd (CWShore Ltd and farm locate

Wind Park is len Greyston

Wind Park -

ed Codling W

ent has been

ll be situated

11/19/13 | S

Objectives

ument is tonk Wind ParkNatura 2000uman resourvestigative Fmitted to thearea shown

cument are to

e proposed w

on human an

e mitigation m

dual impacts

ny experienc

works is to c

ckground

WP) is a joint d has been d off the eas

ocated apprones and Wic

- a consente

Wind Park Ex

n submitted.

d on the Cod

upporting Inform

s

o outline prok and to info sites, Eurorces that mForeshore Lie Departmenin Figure 1.

o:

works;

nd environm

measures to

s.

ce can be fo

commence in

venture comestablished

st coast of Ire

oximately 13cklow, Codlin

ed developme

xtension - co

dling sand b

mation: Investig

oposed inveorm the potepean Protec

may be impicence Applint of Environ

ental resourc

minimise any

ound at the

n Autumn 20

mpany betweto develop t

eland.

3 km off the eng Bank Win

ent of 220 tu

omprises 200

bank in wate

ative Foreshore

estigative woential impactcted Speciespacted by tcation (Offsh

nment, Comm

ces within th

y impacts; an

end of this d

013 and asp

een Fred Olshe Codling B

east coast ond Park is co

rbines;

0 turbines for

er depths ran

e Licence Applic

orks as parts this work s (EPS) and the works. hore Renewmunity and l

he vicinity;

nd

document in

pects of the w

sen RenewaBank Wind P

of Ireland (offomprised of

r which a lice

nging betwee

cation

rt of may any This

wable local

n the

work

ables Park,

f Co, f two

ence

en 9

6

Registe

Figu

In odateinvemonnatu

In osurvusinusercond

As EneconsWindinforever

The and Cominforfor tthis appl


ure 1: Foresho

1.3 P

rder to infore informationestigative wonitoring for doural fish surve

order to undevey equipmeng local crewrs through ditions.

described irgy), the insultation arod Park webrmation on try effort will b

specific reqmooring a

mmunity and rmation on sthe CPOD defigure show

lication.

6

ore Licence Ap

lanned W

rm the concen to the Coorks. The plolphins and eys and surv

ertake thesent and devic

ws, and will ntheir inhere

n the Invesvolvement ound the workbsite with athe timings be made to r

quirements arrangement Local Gover

survey worksevices is sho

ws the scale

11/19/13 | S

pplication loca

ork

ept design pdling Wind lanned workporpoises, sveys to ident

e surveys, aces. Where naturally minnt knowledg

stigative Forof a Fisheriks, the produ

all past, curand extent oreduce negat

nd location oetc. would

rnment prior s proposed isown in Figur

of the surv

upporting Inform

ation

phases at CoPark Extens

ks are detailesurveys to heify the wave

a range of vpossible, al

nimise any nge and und

reshore Licees Liaison uction of a Mrrent and imof surveys itive interactio

of the surveybe agreed to the comm

s presented re 2. Whilst vey required

mation: Investig

odling Bank sion EIS, thed in this doelp inform theand tidal res

essels will bl of the vessegative inter

derstanding

ence ApplicOfficer (FLO

Mariners Notimminently ps disseminaons with othe

y work, incluwith the D

mencement oin Section 3the final layand hence

ative Foreshore

Wind Park, here is a neocument ande benthic hasource.

be mobilisedsels will be loractions withof local act

ation (OffshO) for everyce and updaroposed woted efficienter foreshore

uding methodDepartment oof any survey below. An

yout is still tothe size of

e Licence Applic

and provideeed to carryd cover acou

abitat in the a

d with a suitocal to the a

h other forestivities and

hore Renewy aspect of ating the Codorks will ently. In this wusers.

dologies, lighof Environmy works. Furindicative la

o be determif the area u

cation

e up-y out ustic area,

te of area, hore sea

wable f the dling sure way,

hting ment, rther

ayout ned, nder

7

Registe

Figu

Tabdiffe

Pleaintruappl

TablAppl

Passimoni

Seal

Drop

Seab0.1 m


ure 2: Indicativ

1.3.1 Sum

le 1 below perent activity.

ase note Tausive and arlication. The

le 1: Summaication (Offsho

Method

ve aitoring

haul out counts

p‐Down Video

ed sampling m2 Hamon grab

6

ve arrangemen

mmary of Wo

provides a s These are

able 1 includre understooe full suite of

ary of proposeore Renewab

acoustic Up tareaceta

s Couothe

Up excu

using a b

Theequdrop

11/19/13 | S

nt of C-PODS

ork

summary of further discu

des seal hauod to be ousurveys hav

ed investigativle Energy)

to 15 C‐PODs da, targeting raceans.

nt number of er Offshore Win

to 40 stations ursion and 10 –

grab gear wipment where p down video s

upporting Inform

S

the proposeussed throug

ul out countutside the reve been inclu

ve work cove

deployed in locarecording of v

seals hauled ond Farm sites.

within the wi– 20 reference s

ill be deploye seabed conditstations will be

mation: Investig

ed work andhout this doc

ts and drop equirements uded for com

ered in the In

Details

ations within thvocalisations o

ut at sites loca

nd farm bounstations beyond

ed following retions are suitasampled if poss

ative Foreshore

d gives briefcument.

down videoof this invepleteness.

nvestigative F

he proposed sitof harbour po

al to Codling Ba

dary, 40 statiod one tidal excu

ecovery of theble for grab sasible.

e Licence Applic

f details of e

o which areestigative lice

Foreshore Lic

tes and surrounorpoise and

ank Wind Park

ons within oneursion.

e drop‐down vampling. All 90

cation

each

e not ence

ence

nding other

and

tidal

video 0‐100

8

Registe

EpibeTraw

CommSurve

Meto


enthic Beam/ wl

mercial Otterey

ocean Characte

6

prawn Up tthe bey

r Trawl Samottewithsurv

eristics OneDatasedi

11/19/13 | S

to 20 trawl stawind farm siteond one tidal e

mpling of commer trawl gear. Ehin one tidal exveys will be rep

e year measurea gathered toiment collectio

upporting Inform

ations (up to ones, 4 stations wexcursion.

mercially importEight trawls wilxcursion. Trawl peated quarterly

ement campaigo include: wavn to inform set

mation: Investig

ne survey everywithin one tida

tant species wil be conducteddurations will y; once during

gn to determie data, turbidttling velocity.

ative Foreshore

y quarter,) will al excursion an

ill be conducted within the wibe approximateach season.

ne the met‐ocity data, tidal

e Licence Applic

be surveyed wnd 2 reference

ed using commind farm sites ately 30 minutes

cean character range and sp

cation

within sites

ercial and 4 s. The

istics. peed,

9

Registe

2

Thisidenuser

Theseabdesi

Figu Tabl(Key

Th

W

La


MARINE

s section identifies both thrs that may o

2.1 N2.1.1 Spec

re are sevebirds locatedignated for v

ure 3: Map of S

le 2: SPAs wity: pr – pairs; in

SPA

he Murrough

icklow Head

mbay Island

6

E RECEPT

entifies the phe potential or are likely t

Natura 2000cial Protecti

en Special Pd within 60arious gull, t

SPAs within 6

thin 60km of Cnd – individual

Distancesite

13.5 km

19 km

44 km

11/19/13 | S

TORS AR

potential manatural resoo be encoun

0 sites ion Areas

Protection Akm of the

ern and auk

60km of Codlin

Codling Bank Ws).

e from e

H

L

K

F

C

S

upporting Inform

ROUND CO

rine receptources and d

ntered during

Areas (SPAs zone (Figuspecies in a

ng Bank Wind

Wind Park

(pop

Herring gull (50

Little tern (30 p

Kittiwake (956 p

Fulmar (635 pr)

Cormorant (675

Shag (1122 pr) (

mation: Investig

ODLING B

ors around Cesignated si

g the investig

) designatedure 3 and Taddition to ful

Park

Designat

pulation sizes

06 pr)

pr average 1999

pr)

) (2009 – 530 pr

5 pr) (2009 ‐ 36

(2009 ‐ 1129 pr

ative Foreshore

BANK WI

Codling Banktes, and theative works.

d for breediTable 2). Tmar, cormor

ed species

per SPA cita

9‐2002, 100 pr i

rs)

3 pr)

r)

e Licence Applic

IND PARK

k Wind Parke other fores

ing or migraThese SPAs rant and sha

ations)

in 2005)

cation

K

k. It hore

ating are

g.

10

Registe

Ro

Da

HoCo

Sk

Undbeenwhicfor h4)


ockabill

alkey Islands

owth Head oast

kerries Islands

2.1.2 Spec

der the Habitn designatedch are of imphabitats with

6

56 km

21 km

27.5 km

50 km

cial Area of

tats Directived within the Iportance to gin close prox

11/19/13 | S

K

L

H

G

G

R

R

C

A

It

(p

K

C

H

G

Conservatio

e, six SACsrish Sea andgrey seals. Fximity of the

upporting Inform

Kittiwake (4091

Lesser black‐ba

Herring gull (18

Great black‐bac

Guillemot (5982

Razorbill (4337

Roseate tern (6

Common tern (

Arctic tern (89 p

mportant aututerns.

(small numberspr, roseate tern

Kittiwake (2269

Cormorant (558

Herring gull (15

Great black‐bac

ons

s with marined two SACs Further to th

Codling Ban

mation: Investig

1 pr) (2009 – 41

cked gull (309 p

806 pr) (766pr)

cked gull (193 p

24 ind.) (67300

ind.) (6400 ind

611 pr)

610 pr)

pr)

mn staging are

s also breed: con 11pr)

9 pr)

8 pr)

50 pr)

cked gull (25 pr

e mammals located just ois there havenk Wind Par

ative Foreshore

82 pr)

pr) (476pr)

pr) (236 pr)

ind.)

.)

a for common,

mmon tern 62

)

as qualifyinoutside the Ie been six Srk (Figure 4 a

e Licence Applic

Arctic and rose

pr, Arctic tern

ng features hrish Sea reg

SACs designand Table 3

cation

eate

24

have gions ated and

11

Registe

Figu

Tabl

C

RoRe

La

LleSaSa

CaCe

M

Sa

Pe


ure 4: SACs in

le 3: Marine M

Special Areaonservation

ockabill to Dalkeeefs (Proposed

mbay Island

eyn Peninsula arnau/ Pen Llyn rnau

ardigan Bay/Baeeredigion

urlough

ltee Islands

embrokeshire M

6

n proximity to C

Mammal SACs

a of (SAC)

ey Island )

and the a'r

e

Marine

11/19/13 | S

Codling Bank

s in proximity t

Locatio

Irish Sea (EastIreland from Rto Dalkey Islan

Irish Sea (Irela

Irish Sea (Wale

Irish Sea (Wale

Irish Sea (NortIreland)

Close proximitIrish Sea (Irela

Close proximitIrish Sea (Wale

upporting Inform

Wind Park

to Codling Ban

on R

t coast of Rockabill nd)

and)

es)

es)

thern

ty to the and)

ty to the es)

mation: Investig

nk Wind Park

Relevant Notif

Harbour porpophocoena)

Grey seal (Haligrypus)

Bottlenose dotruncatus), gre(Halichoerus g

Bottlenose dotruncatus), gre(Halichoerus g

Harbour seal (



ative Foreshore

fied Features

oise (Phocoena

ichoerus

lphin (Tursiops ey seal grypus)

lphin (Tursiops ey seal grypus)

Phoca vitulina)

ichoerus

ichoerus

e Licence Applic

Approxim

Distance fsite (km

a 20

46

70

112

) 113

121

131

cation

mate from

m)

12

Registe

Str

Tabl

C

Br

Th

W

Ma

Buan

Kil

Pubincluoccadolp


rangford Lough

le 4: Habitat S

Special Areaonservation

ay Head

he Murrogh We

icklow Reef

agherabeg Dun

uckroney Brittasnd Fen

lpatrick Sandhil

2.2 E

lished data suding 24 ceasional visitophins, killer w

6

h

SACs in proxim

a of (SAC)

etlands

nes

s Dunes

lls

uropean P

shows that 2etaceans. Moors, or are

whales and h

11/19/13 | S

Irish Sea (NortIreland)

mity to Codling

Locatio

Coastal site is in north‐east CWicklow betwtowns of BrayGreystones.

Coastal wetlancomplex whicstretches for 1from Ballygannorth of Wicktown, and in pextends inlandto 1 km.

Situated just tnorth of Wickon the east cocounty Wicklo

Situated at ArPoint, about 5south of WickHead. The ThrWater River esea through th

Complex of cohabitats locate10 km south oWicklow town

8km south of Atown, and justthe Wicklow/ county border

Protected

6 marine maost of thesedocumentedumpback wh

upporting Inform

thern

g Bank Wind P

on

situated Co. ween the y and

nd h 15 km non to low parts, d for up

to the low Head oast of ow.

rdmore 5 km klow ree Mile nters the he dunes.

oastal ed about of n.

Arklow t south of Wexford r.

species

ammal specie species, hd only from hales; Irish W

mation: Investig

Harbour seal (

Park

Relevant NFeatur

European dry Vegetated sea

The site supponumber of habon Annex I of tHabitats Direc

Reefs

The site supponumber of habon Annex I of tHabitats Direc

Ten habitats liEU Habitats Diincluding two habitats, occusite.

The site suppoof coastal habon Annex I of tHabitats Direcprimarily a madune system.

es have beehowever, arestranding’s

Whale and Do

ative Foreshore

Phoca vitulina)

Notified res

heaths and cliffs.

orts a bitats listed the EU tive

orts a bitats listed the EU tive

sted on the irective, priority r within the

orts a mosaic itats listed the EU tive, but ature sand

n recorded ie considered(for exampl

olphin Group

e Licence Applic

) 134

Distance frsite (km

16

12

6

15

23

n the Irish Sd to be rarle white beap, 2013).

cation

rom m)

ea – e or aked

13

Registe

Of ththe com

Thecovefollobent/ nur

Tabl

Pla

Da

Do

Co

Ha

Po

He

Sp

Sa

Ma

W

Co

Ba

Dr

Ba

To

Lefis


he cetaceanwork and lo

mmon dolphin

2.3 N

re is a large ered in detai

owing speciethic / demersrsery ground

Comme

Rarity, a

Importan

le 5: Importan

Species

aice

ab

over Sole

od

addock

oor Cod

erring

prat

ndeel

ackerel

hiting

ommon Goby

ass

ragonet

asking Shark

ope

sser spotted doh

6

n species recocation of thn and harbou

Natural Fis

amount of inl in the Codls (Table 5) asal or pelagicd. The sensit

rcial importa

and in many

nce in the loc

nt fish Habitat S

Se

Medium

Medium

Medium

Medium

Medium

Medium

Medium

Low

Low

Medium

Medium

High

Medium

Medium

High

Medium

og Medium

11/19/13 | S

corded, only is work are:

ur porpoise.

h

nformation reling Wind Paas of particulc but will incltivity may co

nce;

cases protec

cal ecosyste

SACs in proxi

ensitivity*

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

m

upporting Inform

those obser minke wha

elating to fishark Environmlar importanclude species

ome from:

cted status;

m

mity to Codlin

LImp

Local

Local

Local

Regio

Local

Local

Local

Local

Local

Local

Local

Intern

Local

Local

Intern

Local

Local

mation: Investig

rved regularlale, Risso’s

h populationmental Statemce, and thess that utilise t

ng Bank Wind

Level of portance

Area

Area

Area

onal

Area

Area

Area

Area

Area

Area

Area

national

Area

Area

national

Area

Area

ative Foreshore

y are considdolphin, bot

s in the Irishment2. The Ee constitute the local are

Park

e Licence Applic

dered relevattlenose dolp

h Sea, and thEIS identifiedspecies that

ea as a spaw

cation

nt to phin,

his is d the t are

wning

14

Registe

Th

Fishthe l

Ellispoteprovand use Windspawadvaestusite

Tabl

Spec

Plaice

Sole

Cod

Sand

Mack

Whit

Tope

Thorn

Spott

Angle

Ling

Duecomimparecrespec


hornback Ray

2.3.1 Impo

h spawning dlow importan

s et al. (201ential spawnivided as indic

environmenthe Codling

d Park repowning grounantage of tiduarine habitais unlikely to

le 6: Potential

cies

e

eel

kerel

ing

e

nback Ray

ted Ray

er Fish

2.1 O2.1.1 Com

e to the phymmercially, aacts from teational fishcies has bee

6

Medium

ortant spaw

data is limitence of the are

2) conducteing grounds cative only a

ntal condition Bank area

orts anecdotnd for sea badal currents tats with varyio be an impo

Important fish

Potential R

Low intensity

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SUMMAR

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11/19/13 | S

here predictsd and localiseof this are pre

these sites,and other forto some of

cale operatioO, and consu

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upporting Inform

s that the pred disturbanedicted to ha, EPS populareshore userthe investiga

ons the impaultations withe users will b

mation: Investig

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25

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ROPOSED

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11/19/13 | S

A

DOLOGY

upporting Inform

APPEND

Y – PASS

mation: Investig

IX 1

IVE ACOU

ative Foreshore

USTIC MO

e Licence Applic

ONITORI

cation

NG

Passive Acoustic Monitoring

Proposed Methodology for use at Codling Bank Wind Park Codling Wind Park Ltd.

11/20/13 | Passive Acoustic Monitoring Registered Company no. 456516

Approvals

Prepared by:

Name / Title Claire Lacey Marine Mammal Sub-Contractor

Date: 17/10/2013

Commercial Approval:

Name / Title Nancy Mclean Principal Consultant – P&DS

Date: 08/11/2013

Approved for Release:

Name / Title Richard Walls CWP Director

Date: 20/11/2013

Signed:

One signature required. Handwritten or electronic.

Record of Changes

Issue Document Date Detail of Change

A 17/10/2013 First Issue

B 07/11/2013 Review following Client comments

C 12/11/2013 Review following Client comments

D [Date] [Detail of change]

E [Date] [Detail of change]

F [Date] [Detail of change]

Document Classification

For Release

Issued to

Codling Wind Park Ltd and Codling Wind Park Delivery Team


TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 4

2 SPECIES REVIEW .................................................................................... 5

2.1 Marine Mammal Vocalisations ................................................................................. 5 2.2 Special Areas of Conservation ................................................................................ 5 2.3 Codling Bank Wind Park Survey work to date ....................................................... 6

3 DEVICES REVIEW ................................................................................... 8

3.1 C-PODS ...................................................................................................................... 8 3.2 SM2M+ ........................................................................................................................ 9 3.3 Device Comparison ................................................................................................. 10

4 DEVICES AND DEPLOYMENT METHODOLOGY AT CODLING BANK11

4.1 Array design ............................................................................................................ 11 4.2 Mooring methodology ............................................................................................ 13 4.3 Likely interactions and impacts with natural resources and other foreshore users .................................................................................................................................. 15

4.3.1 Potential for impact on other sea and foreshore users ...................................... 15 4.3.2 Potential for impact on the natural heritage ....................................................... 15

4.4 Timings ..................................................................................................................... 16

5 SUMMARY .............................................................................................. 17

6 REFERENCES ........................................................................................ 18


1 INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this document is to provide the Departments of Environment, Community and Local Government and Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht (DHAG) with further information on the proposed passive acoustic monitoring survey at Codling Bank Wind Park. This document supplements the ‘Codling Wind Park 1 & 2 Fish and Benthic Habitats; Birds and Marine Mammals Methodologies for Baseline and Pre-construction Surveys’ (February 2013) report that was provided to the DAHG in March 2013. Following on from the introductory meeting with department on the 24

th May 2013 this document provides greater detail on the proposed

methodology, locations and equipment needed to carry out the passive acoustic monitoring. Natural Power Consultants Ltd (NPC) have been contracted by Codling Wind Park Ltd to propose a passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) array design and layout to aid in the environmental site characterization for the proposed Codling Bank Wind Park. This document details the devices recommended for use, as well as the design of the array in which it is proposed they are deployed. PAM is the name given to the monitoring of animals by listening to the noise they make whilst foraging, navigating and communicating. This has proven to be a particularly useful technique for detecting small cetaceans such as harbour porpoises and other delphinids. These species spend the majority of their time underwater, generally occur in smaller groups, and present a low profile at the water surface which can make them difficult to observe in the wild by visual methods. PAM has become increasingly useful in studies of cetacean habitat use and behaviour. Most whales and dolphins are generally highly vocally active, regularly producing sounds for orientation, foraging, communication and navigation. These vocalisations can be picked up using underwater microphones (hydrophones), and vocalisations can be used as an indicator of the presence of animals when they may not be available to be seen. Importantly, these PAM systems can operate 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, allowing for activity to be recorded continually for the duration of deployment. The following document will provide information on the two devices proposed for use for PAM at Codling Bank Wind Park, techniques for mooring these, and the array design to be used. Additional information concerning the vocalisation characteristics of the cetacean species to be considered is also included.


2 SPECIES REVIEW 2.1 Marine Mammal Vocalisations

Of the 26 marine mammal species recorded within the Irish Sea, seven are considered to occur regularly in the vicinity of Codling Bank year-round. These seven are harbour porpoise, bottlenose dolphin, Risso’s dolphin, common dolphin, minke whale, grey seal and harbour seal (De Silva & Blyth 2013). Of these species, four (harbour porpoise, Risso’s dolphin, bottlenose dolphin, common dolphin) produce regular vocalisations which are suitable for detection using PAM (Table 1). Although likely to occur within the Codling Bank Wind Park area of interest, PAM cannot be conducted for minke whales or seals as these species do not produce regular enough underwater vocalisations to ensure detection. A combination of PAM and visual observations by boat are proposed for harbour porpoise, Risso’s dolphin, common dolphin and bottlenose dolphin. Visual observations by boat will be used, along with existing data, for site characterisation by seals and minke whale. Table 1: Vocalisation characteristics of the four cetacean species recorded within the Irish Sea for which PAM can be conducted.

Species Vocalisation characteristics

Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)

Harbour porpoises produce high frequency, narrowband signals, called clicks. Measurements of animals in the wild have shown these vocalisations to be characterised by peak frequencies in the region of 120-140 kHz, with back calculated source levels range from 178 to 205 dB re 1 μPa at 1m (Villadsgaard et al. 2007).

Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)

Bottlenose dolphins produce both click and whistle type vocalisations. They produce short broadband clicks with a peak frequency of around 125 kHz (Akamatsu et al. 1998). In addition, bottlenose dolphins also produce tonal vocalisations known as whistles. Measurements in the Moray Firth found these vocalisations to have a mean source level of 158 dB re 1µPa at 1m (Janik 2000). Whistle fundamental frequencies typically range from 4 kHz – 18 kHz (eg Herzing 1996).

Common dolphin (Delphinus delphis)

Common dolphins also produce a variety of tonal and click vocalisations. Whistle frequencies range between 0.5 and 18 kHz (Richardson et al. 1995). They have been quoted to echolocate at a frequency of 65 kHz (Richardson et al., 1995).

Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus)

Risso’s dolphins communicate with whistles and rasps/pulse burst using frequencies in the range 0.1-8 kHz with dominant frequency of 3.5 to 4.5 kHz for whistles and 2.5 kHz for pulse sounds (Richardson et al., 1995). They echolocate at frequency of 65 kHz with a; source level ~120 dB re 1uPa at 1 m (Richardson et al 1995).

2.2 Special Areas of Conservation

The Habitats Directive requires the designation of Special Areas of Conservation (SACs) for certain species. Marine mammals are wide ranging and travel significant distances between feeding areas. As a consequence, designated sites within these commuting distances will require consideration for impact assessments for Codling Wind Park. Of relevance to the Codling Bank Wind Park EIA, two species of cetacean (harbour porpoise and bottlenose dolphin) and two species of seal (grey seal and harbour seal) are listed as designating features for SACs. The relevant designations are shown on Figure 1. Of the eight SACs shown in this figure, three are designated for species which can be monitored using PAM. These are Rockabill to Dalkey Island Reefs candidate SAC (relevant qualifying interest feature: harbour porpoise), Lleyn Peninsula (relevant qualifying interest feature: bottlenose


dolphin) and Cardigan Bay (relevant qualifying interest feature: bottlenose dolphin). The remaining five sites, designated for grey or harbour seals, will not be discussed further. Rockabill to Dalkey Island Reefs cSAC is the closest to the Codling Bank Wind Park site at approximately 20 km distance. Harbour porpoise use of the site was assessed using both visual methods and T-PODS (the predecessor to the C-POD) in 2008 (Berrow et al. 2008), which formed part of the supporting information for the SAC application. The Lleyn Peninsula and the Sarnau SAC is located on the coast of Wales, at approximately 70 km from Codling Bank Wind Park. Although not the primary reason for site selection, bottlenose dolphins are a qualifying feature of this SAC and thus require consideration. The Cardigan Bay SAC is located on the west coast of Wales, approximately 112 km from Codling Bank Wind Park. This site was designated primarily for bottlenose dolphin, although other species are present as qualifying features.

Figure 1: SACs with marine mammal notified interest features within or adjacent to the Irish Sea.

2.3 Codling Bank Wind Park Survey work to date

Surveys of the Codling Bank area were conducted by Coveney Wildlife Consulting Ltd in 2001, 2002, 2003 and 2008 (Codling Wind Park Extension; 2009). Surveys recorded harbour porpoises, Risso’s dolphins and minke whales, with harbour porpoise being the most commonly sighted species. In order to comply with the Foreshore Lease conditions for Codling Wind Park and support the additional information being prepared to support Codling Wind Park Extension, boat-based surveys of the site designed to collect marine mammal and ornithological data


commenced in April 2013 and are being conducted on a monthly basis by NPC. The survey area and tracklines are shown in Figure 2. During the six months from April to September (2013), four cetacean species have been recorded within the survey area; harbour porpoise, Risso’s dolphin, killer whale and minke whale. From these preliminary data, minke whales were seen during May, June and July, suggesting a summer presence in the area; killer whales were recorded only in May, suggesting a transitory use of the area, and Risso’s dolphins were seen in May and July – suggesting occasional use of the area. Bottlenose dolphins have not been recorded during the surveys conducted so far. Harbour porpoises are the most frequently sighted cetacean, and have been seen during all surveys. Locations of sightings are shown in Figure 2. Animals are most commonly sighted to the east of the survey area, out with the development footprint. As small cetaceans, particularly harbour porpoises can be very hard to see in anything but the calmest conditions, the addition of some form of passive acoustic monitoring is an invaluable methodology for monitoring these species. Whilst boat-based surveys provide an important monthly snapshot of distribution, and can collect data to provide an abundance estimate; the use of a year-long PAM deployment allows a more thorough investigation of temporal variation as it will record continuously, including during periods of bad weather or during the night. In addition, it allows the sampling of a much wider area than can be covered by boat.

Figure 2: Tracklines used during the boat-based surveys conducted by NPC at the Codling Bank Wind Park site and surrounding area. Porpoise sightings are predominantly made at the eastern edge of the survey area.


3 DEVICES REVIEW 3.1 C-PODS

C-PODs (Chelonia Limited, see www.chelonia.co.uk) and their predecessor T-PODS, are commonly used passive acoustic monitoring devices, that have been used throughout the UK and Europe on marine renewable impact assessments and site characterization studies (e.g., Tougaard et al. 2005; Carstensen et al. 2006; Brandt et al. 2011; Scheidat et al. 2011). C-PODs incorporate a hydrophone, batteries, memory and a hardware data-logger which detects and logs cetacean echolocation clicks (Figure 3).

Figure 3: Schematic of C-POD and its constituent components. Taken from the C-POD User Guide (Chelonia, 2011).

C-PODs can log data 24 hours a day and are therefore useful at providing continuous data on cetacean activity over extended periods. They are relatively small, but are robust and are usually deployed on bottom-mounted moorings for periods of up to three months (duration dependent on battery life), after which they need to be recovered, data downloaded, and then redeployed. C-POD hydrophones, and software are configured to detect click trains of porpoises, as well as other echolocating species (for example bottlenose dolphins) using characteristics of the vocalisations which differentiate the sounds from background noise. Although the device is capable of differentiating between porpoise clicks and dolphin clicks (as they are acoustically distinct), it is not possible to use these devices to distinguish between different dolphin species which have more similar vocalisation types. For both dolphins and porpoises, clicks can also provide basic information on behaviour, such as feeding, using the interval between clicks which shortens as animals focus in on an object of interest, creating ‘feeding buzzes’. The C-POD specifications claim a detection range for porpoises of approximately 400 m, and approximately 1 km for dolphins (http://www.chelonia.co.uk/cpod_specification.htm); and research has confirmed C-PODs detecting porpoise activity within a radius of up to ~300 m, with 100% detection within a ~100 m radius (Tougaard et al. 2006). It should be noted that while useful in determining relative changes in frequency of occurrence or behaviour between sites or through time, C-

http://www.chelonia.co.uk/cpod_specification.htm


PODS cannot provide a count of the number of animals recorded or be used for estimating absolute abundance. The key use of C-PODs devices will be to determine relative importance of the Codling Bank Wind Park area relative to the surrounding area, and in particular relative to the Rockabill to Dalkey Island Special Area of Conservation (cSAC) to the north.

3.2 SM2M+

The SM2M+ Submersible (Wildlife Acoustics – www.wildlifeacoustics.com) is a relatively newly available device and as such does not occur yet in the publication record, although the terrestrial equivalent, the Song Meter SM2+, has been used extensively for bird and bat studies. Similar in size and shape to a C-POD (Figure 4), it is also able to conduct 24 hour per day monitoring, providing continuous data on cetacean activity over extended periods.

Figure 4: Photograph of an SM2M+ device, taken from the Wildlife Acoustics Website - http://www.wildlifeacoustics.com/products/song-meter-sm2-plus-submersible.

Like C-PODS, SM2M+ devices also incorporate a hydrophone, batteries and memory, but unlike C-PODs, which can only log the presence of clicks and their acoustic parameters, the SM2M+ is able to make continuous recordings of dolphin and porpoise vocalisations. Discussions with the manufacturer indicate that the maximum recording frequency is 384 kHz, sufficient for harbour porpoise detection, but operation at this sample speed will likely result in maximum deployment lengths of approximately 16 days (Wildlife Acoustics, pers. comm). However, the collection of full recordings at a lower sample speed (96 kHz) will enable the detection of dolphin whistle vocalisations, which may enable the differentiation of dolphin species should sufficient numbers of whistles be recorded. Anticipated deployment duration at this sampling rate would be approximately 100 days (Wildlife Acoustics, 2013). Detection ranges for these devices have not yet been published, although it is likely they will be similar to those cited for C-PODS.

http://www.wildlifeacoustics.com/

http://www.wildlifeacoustics.com/products/song-meter-sm2-plus-submersible


As with C-PODS, while useful in determining relative changes in frequency of occurrence or behaviour between sites or through time, these devices cannot provide a count of the number of animals recorded or be used for estimating absolute abundances. The key use of SM2M+ devices will be to determine between dolphin species occurring within the proposed Codling Bank Wind Park area. Table 2 below compares the two devices.

3.3 Device Comparison

Table 2: A comparison of the different features of the two PAM devices under consideration for utilisation at Codling Bank Wind Park.

C-POD SM2M+ Submersible

Capable of detecting / recording porpoise clicks

Y No

Capable of detecting / recording dolphin clicks

Y Y

Capable of detecting / recording dolphin whistles

N Y

Data useable for differentiation between dolphin species

N Possibly, if sufficient whistles recorded

Capable of continuous sampling?

Y Y

Detection distance – porpoise

400 m1

Not yet available – estimated to be equivalent to C-POD

Detection distance - dolphin

1000 m1

Not yet available – estimated to be equivalent to C-POD

Recommended deployment length

3 months 100 days

1

Taken from http://www.chelonia.co.uk/cpod_specification.htm (accessed 01/11/2013). It should be noted that detection range for cetacean vocalisations is dependent on many factors, not just the device: these include levels of ambient noise and orientation of the vocalising animal.

http://www.chelonia.co.uk/cpod_specification.htm


4 DEVICES AND DEPLOYMENT METHODOLOGY AT CODLING BANK

Due to the different properties and capabilities of the two devices, as well as the combination of species to be taken into consideration (harbour porpoise, bottlenose dolphin, common dolphin, Risso’s dolphin) it is proposed that an array comprising both C-PODS and SM2M+ devices would be the most effective in providing a robust baseline for site characterisation and for subsequent Environmental Impact Assessment. The proposed array is made up of eight C-PODS and two SM2M+ devices. In order to sample at a high enough frequency to detect harbour porpoises, SM2M+ devices would require a higher rate of service interval than is practical or desirable at this site, and as such the devices will be used only to detect dolphins. As a consequence, it is considered more appropriate to have a larger array of C-PODS, which will detect the clicks of both harbour porpoises and dolphins (dolphin presence), and use the two SM2M+ devices to collect auxiliary data (whistles) which may enable classification of dolphin vocalisations to species level. These will be deployed at what are considered to be key locations for determining dolphin species present in the vicinity of Codling Bank.

4.1 Array design

It is proposed that devices are deployed according the overall array design in Figure 5. However, it should be noted that this figure represents approximate locations and not exact positions. Individual devices may need to be micro-sited according to navigational, bathymetric or political considerations out with the control of Codling Wind Park. The rationale behind the placement of each device is summarised in Table 3 at the end of this section. The array is based on collecting data to facilitate comparison between areas of known higher porpoise density, e.g. within the Rockabill to Dalkey Island cSAC, with locations in the Codling Bank Wind Park footprint and along the coast. Consequently, C-PODs have been located at two sites within the SAC:

The southern-most of the two is at the location at which a T-POD was located during the 2008 research described by Berrow et al. (2008) and which was used as a basis of the supporting information for the SAC.

The northern-most of the two is at the location at which the majority of harbour porpoise sightings were made during the visual survey part of the work conducted by Berrow et al. (2008). Whilst harbour porpoises were recorded on these surveys, there were no records of dolphins and consequently, no SM2M+ units have been placed in the SAC footprint.

As porpoises have been known to react to pile driving at distances exceeding 20 km (Tougaard et al. 2009), a pair of devices has been placed this distance away from the centre of the development footprint.


Figure 5: Proposed locations of static PAM devices at Codling Bank Wind Park.

The array design incorporates a line of devices running parallel with the shore with a line of devices running perpendicular to the shore, through the centre of the Wind Park footprint. This facilitates comparison of the use of inshore and offshore areas by harbour porpoise and dolphin species, as well as providing the ability to investigate movement up and down the coast. The array will also enable collection of baseline data to inform the relative abundance of the species using the Codling Bank Wind Park site to the deeper waters to the east of the site and to Rockabill to Dalkey Island cSAC.

The use of the SM2M+ device within the site boundary will maximise the likelihood of establishing which species of dolphin, if any, occur within the immediate vicinity of the footprint.

Placement of C-POD 6 is on the eastern boundary of the Wind Park footprint. During the six months of vessel data available from Natural Power surveys (as described in section 2.3, Figure 2), the eastern edge of the survey area has provided most sightings. By placing a C-POD as close to this area as possible within the footprint, it is hoped this will provided a “high-density” location for comparison of the Wind Park footprint with the densities recorded within the SAC.

Table 3: Explanation of device placement.

Device number

Device type

Rationale for placement

1 C-POD C-POD located where the maximum number of sightings were made during the 2008 visual surveys for SAC designation surveys.

2 C-POD C-POD located where the 2008 T-POD was located during SAC designation surveys.

3 C-POD C-POD located along coast to assess use of area between site boundary and coast.


Device number

Device type

Rationale for placement

4 C-POD C-POD located along coast to assess use of area between site boundary and coast.

5 C-POD C-POD located in centre of development footprint in an area where few porpoises have been seen during NPC vessel surveys – facilitating comparison with both 1 & 2 and 6.

6 C-POD C-POD located on eastern boundary of development footprint as this area has higher density of porpoise sightings whilst still being in footprint.

7 C-POD C-POD located approx. 10km east of development footprint. This will facilitate relative comparison of porpoise sightings to establish baseline use of the site to inform the assessments for Codling Wind Park Extension application.

8 C-POD C-POD located approx. 20km east of development footprint – work has been done suggesting changes in porpoise distribution can be monitored using C-PODS up to this distance from piling noise. This will facilitate relative comparison of porpoise sightings to establish baseline use of the site to inform the assessments for Codling Wind Park Extension application.

9 SM2M+ SM2M+ located on eastern boundary of development footprint as this area has higher density of dolphin sightings whilst still being in footprint.

10 SM2M+ SM2M+ located at furthest offshore location in use, which is closest to Lleyn peninsula SAC, designated for dolphins.

4.2 Mooring methodology

Due to the busy nature of the proposed deployment area, and its use by local fishermen and other vessel traffic, NPC proposes to deploy the PAM devices using moorings located on the seabed with no surface presence. This should minimise disruption to vessels operating at the surface. Devices will be deployed on the seabed using a 100 kg (approx.) anchor weight and weighted groundline (Figure 6). The groundline will be attached to a polypropylene rope riser to which is attached an acoustic release and the PAM device. At the top of the riser will be a small trawl-float to aid in finding the device during retrieval. The overall height of the riser will not exceed 5 m from the seabed. Exact height will vary with water depth at individual locations.


Figure 6: Schematic drawing of the mooring components intended for use at for the Codling Bank Wind Park deployments. The mooring is made up of an anchor, groundline, and riser which will sit on the sea-bed and have no presence above the sea-surface.

An acoustic release (Figure 7) is a device used to recover equipment deployed on the seabed. Upon receiving a command from a control device contained on the vessel, the release will trigger an electric motor which will propel the device to the surface. The device is not strong enough to lift the anchor weight, but will be sufficient to lift the ground-line and riser which will be recovered at the surface. The PAM unit will then be serviced and re-deployed. The use of a ground-line also facilitates the possibility of grappling for the device in the event of an acoustic release malfunction, increasing the likelihood of retrieving the device. Upon completion of the year-long deployment, anchor weights can be retrieved using a winch on-board the service vessel, ensuring nothing is left on the seabed. The devices will be lifted every three months to service and in order to download data from the internal SD memory card and to swap over the battery.


Figure 7: Photograph of a Sonardyne acoustic release and rope canister; an example of the type of device under consideration for use at the Codling Bank Wind Park.

4.3 Likely interactions and impacts with natural resources and other foreshore users

4.3.1 Potential for impact on other sea and foreshore users

The PAM devices are passive acoustic devices and therefore do not emit any noise. Therefore the impacts to marine mammals and fish using the vicinity in which they are operational is negligible. The devices will need to be installed and maintained, and after one year removed. This will involve the use of a vessel which has the ability to temporarily disturb other users. Due to the frequency and nature of maintenance activities, a small vessel will be required and therefore interactions will be minimal. As the devices are located offshore there is limited potential for impact to foreshore users. The overall impact of deployment and operation of the devices will be very short term (days) and very localised (within the transit route from harbour and within metres of the PAM device) and is therefore deemed to be negligible.

4.3.2 Potential for impact on the natural heritage

As detailed above, the deployment, operation or maintenance of C-POD devices is considered to have only a very localised impact. It is considered highly unlikely that the deployment of the PAM devices will have any impact on the natural heritage of the area other than in a very localised area and for a very short duration (see section 4.3.1 above). It is however proposed to deploy two devices within the boundary of a cSAC. Whilst acknowledging the sensitivities and importance of the Rockabill to Dalkey Head cSAC, it is not thought that the deployment of PAM devices within the cSAC has the potential to affect the qualifying interests of the SAC in any way. Monitoring of this sort is routinely conducted at similar sites, including the Moray Firth SAC (designated for bottlenose dolphins; e.g. Bailey et


al. 2010), the Shannon Estuary SAC (bottlenose dolphin listed as feature of interest; e.g. Philpott et al. 2007) and the Cardigan Bay SAC (site designated primarily for bottlenose dolphin; e.g. Evans & Pesante, 2012).

A summary of assessment of impacts is provided in Table 4: A summary ofTable 4

below. Table 4: A summary of the assessment of impacts of deploying PAM devices for different receptors.

Receptor group Potential impact Significance

Natura 2000 sites Disturbance from maintenance operations

Negligible; due to the type and small footprint of the moorings.

European Protected Species Disturbance from maintenance operations


Natural Fish Disturbance from maintenance operations


Other sea users Disturbance from maintenance operations


Foreshore Users Disturbance from maintenance operations


4.4 Timings

The following timeline is proposed based on agreement for the deployment being received prior to the end of 2013 (Table 5). Table 5: PAM deployment timeline.

Initial deployment of the devices April 2014 (or sooner if possible)

Service visit one July 2014 (or three months after initial deployment)

Service visit two October 2014 (or three months after service visit one)

Service visit three January 2015 (or three months after service visit two)

Final retrieval April 2015 (or three months after service visit three)

Deployment of devices will be dependent on the timely granting of a Foreshore Licence, agreement with all stakeholders, and lead time on obtaining devices.


5 SUMMARY

PAM has become increasingly useful in studies of cetacean habitat use and behaviour, and can be used to determine harbour porpoise presence, spatial distribution, seasonality and relative abundance throughout the site and surrounding area. This method has already been used to provide the data required for the proposal for designation of the Rockabill and Dalkey Island Reefs cSAC. It is proposed to deploy an array of PAM devices in order to inform the baseline conditions of Codling Wind Park Extension and pre-monitoring of the proposed Codling Wind Park development. The following list summaries the aims of the C-POD and SM2M+ deployment proposed:

It is anticipated that harbour porpoise are likely to be detected in the deployment area for a significant percentage of the time, and thus quantification against the use of the proposed development area against the use of the SAC will be important for this species, particularly in relation to Habitats Regulations Appraisal process (HRA).

The acoustic monitoring devices would also record dolphin communication, and thus data collected for the harbour porpoise study will also be used to inform the HRA process on impacts upon bottlenose dolphin, by supplementing the boat based baseline data collection for this species.

The proposed array design will provide the possibility of comparing data of known high porpoise density with areas of unknown porpoise density; allow the investigation of the near-shore area for porpoise and dolphin movements along the coast, and compare the number of detections within the development footprint with the number in the SAC. This will provide data for a robust assessment of cetacean distribution in the area to inform Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).

The use of two SM2M+ devices will allow the collection of dolphin whistle data from the eastern edges of the array and the development footprint. This will maximise the chances of acoustic determination of species of dolphin present at the site. This will inform HRA for the populations of animals from the Lleyn Peninsula and Cardigan Bay SACs.

The proposed devices will have a negligible impact on the existing environment; with the use of acoustic releases ensuring no surface presence. Following the year-long deployment, anchor weights will be removed from the seabed.

Deployment will commence as soon as all licences are in place and devices can be obtained. It is anticipated that this will be early in 2014.


6 REFERENCES

Akamatsu, T., Wang, D., Nakamura, K. & Wang, K. 1998. Echolocation range of captive and free-ranging baiji (Lipotes vexillifer), finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides), and bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 104, 2511–6.

Bailey, H.R., Clay, G., Coates, E.A., Lusseau, D., Senior, B. & Thompson, PM. 2010. Using T-PODs to assess variations in the occurrence of coastal bottlenose dolphins and harbour porpoises. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 20 (2) 150-158

Berrow, S., Hickey, R., O’Brien, J., O’Connor, I. & McGrath, D. 2008. Harbour Porpoise Survey 2008. Report to the National Parks and Wildlife Service. Irish Whale and Dolphin Group.33pp

Brandt, M. J. M., Diederichs, A., Betke, K. & Nehls, G. 2011. Responses of harbour porpoises to pile driving at the Horns Rev II offshore wind farm in the Danish North Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 421, 205–216.

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Evans, Peter G.H. & Pesante, G. 2007. Research for management: The Cardigan Bay SAC experience. In Proceedings of the ECS/ ASCOBANS/ ACCOBAMS workshop: Selection Criteria for Marine Protected Areas for Cetaceans, 61-69. San Sebastian, Spain.

Herzing, D. L. 1996. Vocalizations and associated underwater behaviour of free-ranging Atlantic spotted dolphins, Stenella frontalis and bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus. Aquatic Mammals, 22, 61–79.

Janik, V. M. 2000. Source levels and the estimated active space of bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) whistles in the Moray Firth, Scotland. Journal of comparative physiology. A, Sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology, 186, 673–80.

Philpott, E., Englund, a., Ingram, S. & Rogan, E. 2007. Using T-PODs to investigate the echolocation of coastal bottlenose dolphins. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK, 87, 11.

Scheidat, M., Tougaard, J., Brasseur, S., Carstensen, J., van Polanen Petel, T., Teilmann, J. & Reijnders, P. 2011. Harbour porpoises ( Phocoena phocoena ) and wind farms: a case study in the Dutch North Sea. Environmental Research Letters, 6, 025102.

Tougaard, J., Carstensen, J., Teilmann, J. & Bech, N. I. 2005. Effects of the Nysted Offshore Wind Farm on - Annual status report for the T-POD monitoring program.


Tougaard, J., Carstensen, J., Teilmann, J., Skov, H. & Rasmussen, P. 2009. Pile driving zone of responsiveness extends beyond 20 km for harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena (L.)). The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 126, 11–4.

Villadsgaard, A., Wahlberg, M. & Tougaard, J. 2007. Echolocation signals of wild harbour porpoises, Phocoena phocoena. The Journal of experimental biology, 210, 56–64.

Wildlife Acoustics, 2013. User Manual Supplement, Song meter SM2M+ Submersible, Song Meter SM2M+ Deep Water. 32pp. Available from http://www.wildlifeacoustics.com/images/documentation/SM2M_User_Manual_Suplement_20130525.pdf

http://www.wildlifeacoustics.com/images/documentation/SM2M_User_Manual_Suplement_20130525.pdf

http://www.wildlifeacoustics.com/images/documentation/SM2M_User_Manual_Suplement_20130525.pdf

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