1

CODE MIXING ANALYSIS OF THE JUDGES COMMENTS AND THE

HOST UTTERANCES ON FIVE EPISODES OF WORKSHOP ROUND IN

INDONESIAN IDOL SINGING COMPETITION SEASON 6

By:

By:

Nopita Mulyani

106026001012

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

2011

CODE MIXING ANALYSIS OF THE JUDGES COMMENTS AND THE

HOST UTTERANCES ON FIVE EPISODES OF WORKSHOP ROUND IN

INDONESIAN IDOL SINGING COMPETITION SEASON 6

A Thesis

Submitted to Faculty of Adab and Humanities

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

The Degree of Strata 1

By:

By:

NOPITA MULYANI

106026001012

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

2011

ABSTRACT

Nopita Mulyani, Code Mixing Analysis of the Judges Comments and the Host

Utterances on Five Episodes of Workshop Round in Indonesian Idol Singing

Competition Season 6. Thesis: Faculty of Adab and Humanities, State Islamic

University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

This research is aimed to know the word and phrase that appeared in

particular code mixing data and the factors influencing the code mixing.

Moreover, the writer used descriptive method by analyzing the linguistics

form and the factors. It is analyzed descriptively based on related theory of word,

phrase and Weinrich theory. After collecting the data, then the writer identified

and classified the data which were needed from the comments of the judges and

the utterances of the host of Indonesian Idol Singing Competition Season 6.

This research explained about the kind of word class and phrase and

factors influencing code mixing. The findings that the writer got from the analysis

were many words and phrases found in the judges’ comments and host’s

utterance. Thirteen data of code mixing contained phrase namely 9 data of noun

phrase. Six data contained code mixing in words and all of them were nouns.

In this case, the code mixing occurred because of some factors such as

pernicious homonimy, oversight, low frequency of word, social value,

introduction and development of a new culture.

APPROVEMENT

CODE MIXING ANALYSIS OF THE JUDGES COMMENTS AND THE

HOST UTTERANCES ON FIVE EPISODES OF WORKSHOP ROUND IN

INDONESIAN IDOL SINGING COMPETITION SEASON 6

A Thesis

Submitted to Faculty of Adab and Humanities

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

The Degree of Strata 1

Nopita Mulyani

106026001012

Approved by:

Dr. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd

NIP. 19650919 200003 1 002

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ADAB AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH

JAKARTA

2011

LEGALIZATION

Name : Nopita Mulyani

NIM : 106026001012

Title : Code Mixing Analysis of the Judges Comments and the Host

Utterances on Five Episodes of Workshop Round in Indonesian

Idol Singing Competition Season 6

The thesis has been defended before the Faculty Letters and

Humanities’Examination Committee on February 14, 2011. It has been accepted

as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of strata one.

Jakarta, February 14, 2011

The Examination Committee

Signature Date

1.

Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd

19640710 199303 1 006

(Chair Person)

2.

Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum

19781003 200112 2 002

(Secretary)

3.

Dr. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd

19650919 200003 1 002

(Advisor)

4. Moh. Supardi, M. Hum (Examiner I)

5.

Inayatul Chusna, M.Hum

19780126 200312 2 002

(Examiner II)

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my

knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by

another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the

award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher

learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text.

Jakarta, January 25th

, 2011

Nopita Mulyani

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, the writer would like to express the most gratitude and praise

to Allah SWT, the Lord of the universe for His help, affection and generosity in

completing her study in the State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta.

Then, peace and blessing are upon to our beloved prophet Muhammad SAW and

all of his family, his disciplines, and his followers.

The thesis is submitted in partial accomplishment of the requirement for

the Strata 1 Degree to the Faculty of Adab and Humanities, English Letters

Department, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta.

In the terms of completing her study, the writer would like to express her

deepest gratitude to the Dean of Faculty of Adab and Humanities, Dr. Abd. Wahid

Hasyim, M.Ag; The Head of English Letters Department, Drs. A. Saefuddin,

M.Pd; The Secretary of English Letters, Elve Oktafiyani, M. Hum; Zahriel Anasy,

M.Pd; and to all lecturers who have taught her a lot of things during my study.

The writer’s big family deserves her deepest esteem more than anyone else

does; her lovely parents (Sudirmantoro and Fitriyah), her elder sister (Eka Dewi

Rahayu), her brother in law (Tatang Sumarna), her lovely nephew (Muhammad

Raisul Fauzan Syahidan) and her younger brother (Hery Aprianto), since they

always support her financially, morally and spiritually.

In addition, the writer is deeply thankful to the individuals too numerous

to mention who have sent her suggestions, corrections, and criticisms, especially

Dr. M. Farkhan, M.Pd as her thesis advisor, whose every guidance, patience,

support and encouragement from the first to the final level that enable her to

develop an understanding of the subject.

In addition, the writer would like to thank to the following fellows and

acquaintances; Selermun (Nuni, Yesika, Kiki, Nana and Jule) for a lot of

memories, laughs, moments and nice friendship. The student of class A 2006 and

for being her classmates – for the joy of the friendship with Anggi, Mira, Ulfa,

Zhoya, Indah, Tita, Jabbar, Aryo, Jay, Ayunk, Galih, Lazu, Deny, Ocha, Feby,

Dana, and whom cannot be voiced, for their memories, their laughs, their

activities, their supports, their spirit, their souls, their love conveyed her into life-

mature. Finally, the writer’s great thanks to the entire place that gave her pleasures

within her study process.

Jakarta, January 25th

, 2011

The Writer

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... i

APPROVEMENT ............................................................................................. ii

LEGALIZATION ............................................................................................. iii

DECLARATION .............................................................................................. iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................... v

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................. vii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ..................................................................... 1

A. Background of the Study ......................................................................... 1

B. Focus of the Study ................................................................................. 5

C. Research Question .................................................................................. 5

D. Significance of the Study ........................................................................ 5

E. Research Methodology ........................................................................... 6

1. Objective of the Research ................................................................. 6

2. Method of the Research ..................................................................... 6

3. Data Analysis ..................................................................................... 6

4. Instrument of the Research ................................................................ 7

5. Unit Analysis ..................................................................................... 7

F. Time and Place of the Research .......................................................... 7

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAME WORK ....................................... 8

A. Code Switching and Code Mixing ......................................................... 8

B. Word ....................................................................................................... 10

C. Phrase ..................................................................................................... 14

D. Language Function ................................................................................. 15

E. Factors Influencing Code Mixing .......................................................... 17

CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDING ......................................................... 21

A. Data Description .................................................................................... 21

B. Data Analysis ......................................................................................... 23

CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ................................. 33

A. Conclusion .............................................................................................. 33

B. Suggestion .............................................................................................. 34

BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................ 35

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

Language plays an important role in human life. It is used to communicate

with other people. Besides, language is also used to express the idea in human

thought into many forms like poem, short story, song, etc. Language that is

used by a speaker reflects the thought, behavior and the culture of the speaker

himself. In communicating with others, the people have their own styles. The

style that they use is not the same. The different kind of style that they use

depends on the social context like the people around them. It is also

determined by their educational background, status, etc. We can also see it in

how many languages that they use when communicating with other people.

In monolingual society, the people only use one code or one language in

communicating with others. They only mix the style or dialect when they are

talking. But, the people that live in the bilingual or multilingual society

usually use two or more codes or languages to communicate with other

people.1

Based on Nababan statement, bilingualism is people’s habit of using two

languages in their interaction with other people.2 Mackey and Fishman in

Chaer dan Agustina stated that bilingualism can be defined as using two

1Dra. Aslinda, M.Hum and Dra. Leni Syafyahya, M.Hum, Pengantar Sosiolinguistik

(Bandung : PT. Refika Aditama, 2007), p.16 2P. W. J. Nababan, Sosiolinguistik : Suatu Pengantar (Jakarta : PT. Gramedia, 1984), p

.27

languages by a speaker in his interaction with other people.3 Kridalaksana

stated that bilingualism is the using of two or more languages by a person or a

community.4 A speaker who is able to speak in two or more languages is

unimpeded to communicate with others based on what they need by

determining the people they speak with, in what situation and the purpose of

communication itself. Therefore, we often see the code switching and code

mixing in a conversation.

There are many factors that influence people using code mixing, such as

the speaker uses another language to soften the aim of the utterance, to avoid

ambiguous meaning, the word in another language is easier to remember and

the sense of the word is more stable and the limitation of the word of the

speaker’s language.5

Indonesian people are the plural society with many kinds of ethnic groups,

cultures, customs, religions, and languages. They usually communicate with

two or more languages. Most of Indonesian people are bilingual; they are able

to communicate in two languages; national and traditional language.

According to Hoffman and Stork as quoted by Alwasilah, traditional language

or vernacular language is general language, which is the original language of a

country, like native European language in middle era.6

3Abdul Chaer and Leony Agustina, Sosiolinguistik:Perkenalan Awal (Jakarta:Rineka

Cipta, 2004), p.84 4Harimurti Kridalaksana, Kamus Linguistik (Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2008),

p.36 5Uriel Weinreich, Languages in Contact : Finding and Problem (New York : Mouton

Publishers The Houge, 1963) 6A. Chaedar and Alwasilah, Sosiologi Bahasa, (Bandung : Angkasa, 1990), p.73

Nowadays, as everything becomes more sophisticated, English has

become a language that many people in Indonesia speak in their daily

communication. In addition, globalization era forces people to develop their

skills in many fields especially language. The language that has become an

international language is English. So, there’s no wonder that many people in

Indonesia is capable to speak English fluently.

The using of English has entered many fields like politics, economy,

education, art and entertainment. There are many announcers in the radio

program mixed English in their conversation. Many writers also mixed

English in the novel they wrote and the journalists especially in the teenage

magazine also mixed their articles with some English phrases and

vocabularies. The famous people like politician, singer, actor or actress mix

English in their daily conversation like Cinta Laura, Manohara and Agnes

Monica. Many musicians also put some of the English words or phrases in

their song lyrics. In addition, television programs especially the hosts also mix

English in presenting a program. One of them is Indonesian Idol.

Indonesian Idol is an annual Indonesian singing competition which began

its first season in 2004. Part of the Idol franchise, it is based on the British

reality program Pop Idol. It is aired on RCTI, one of Indonesia’s largest

commercial television networks. Indonesian Idol became one of the most

highly publicized music competitions in Indonesia. After Indonesian Idol’s

appearance on Indonesian television, many new similarly themed reality

shows were aired.7 In this season, Indonesian Idol has 4 judges. They are

Erwin Guttawa, Anang Hermansyah, Rossa and Agnes Monica.

The host of Indonesian Idol, Daniel Mananta frequently mixed English

when he was presenting the program. Beside Daniel, the judges of Indonesian

Idol 2010 also mixed English when they were giving the comment to the

contestants of Indonesian Idol. For example:

Host: “Kalo anda ingin Igo menjadi the next superstar untuk Indonesian

Idol 2010, ketik IGO”.

The utterance above contains a code mixing which is the next superstar

that can be classified as a noun phrase with superstar as the head word. The

speaker uses phrase the next superstar because of introduction and

development of the new culture.

The comment of the judges and the utterance of the host make the writer

curious to analyze about code mixing which was used by the judges and also

the host of Indonesian Idol.

The writer wants to analyze the kind of word classes, and phrases that are

frequently appeared when the judges and the host of Indonesian Idol season 6

on RCTI mixed code when they gave comment or gave the utterances.

Besides, the writer also wants to analyze the factors that influence the people

mix code in their utterances.

7 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_idol accessed April 19

th 2010 10.36 pm

B. Focus of the Study

In this research the writer has to limit discussion by focusing only the

word class and phrase that appeared in Indonesian Idol and the factors that

influence using code mixing. Data resource is taken from the transcript of

the comments of the judges and the utterances of the host of Indonesian

Idol which is taken from Indonesian Idol Workshop round Season 6

program on RCTI television station.

C. Research Question

Based on the focus of the study above, the research questions are:

1. What kind of word class and phrase that appeared in code mixing

used by the judges and the host of Indonesian Idol?

2. What are the factors that influence the judges and the host of

Indonesian Idol using code mixing?

D. Significance of the Study

The significance of this research are as follows:

1. Practically, this research is expected of giving valuable knowledge

in the development of linguistics in sociolinguistics field in general

and especially in the study of code mixing.

2. Theoretically, this research can be a reference to many linguistics

fields especially in sociolinguistics field for the language

researcher and the reader. For the researcher, this research can

enlarge knowledge about sociolinguistics especially code mixing.

E. Research Methodology

1. Objective of the Research

This research has some objectives:

a) To describe kind of word class and phrase that appeared in

code mixing used by the judges and the host of Indonesian

Idol

b) To identify the factors that influence the judges and the host

of Indonesian Idol using code mixing

2. Method of the Research

This research uses descriptive method by collecting data from the

source related to research. The writer records the conversations as

many as possible, listens to all conversations, transcribes the

conversations, finds the code mixing used in the conversation and

analyzes the data using theory of code mixing and word class and

phrase.

3. Data Analysis

In this research, the writer uses qualitative data analysis technique.

The writer chooses and classifies code mixing into the categories

based on the word class and phrase and the factors that influence

the judges and the host of Indonesian Idol using code mixing.

4. Instrument of the Research

The instrument in this research is the writer herself as the

instrument to get the data. The process of the collecting data in this

research is divided into three steps, namely (a) the writer records

Indonesian Idol program on television, (b) the writer watches the

video and writes the script, (c) the writer chooses the code mixing

in the script, (d) the writer analyzes the data to know what kind of

word class and phrase appeared in code mixing used by the judges

and the presenter of Indonesian Idol and the factors that influence

the judges and the host of Indonesian Idol using code mixing.

5. Unit Analysis

Unit analysis in this research is the comments of the judges and the

utterances of the host of Indonesian Idol Season 6 program on

television.

F. Time and Place of the Research

This research is conducted on the eighth semester in 2010 in the English

Letters Department Faculty of Adab and Humanities Syarif Hidayatullah

State Islamic University Jakarta and in the libraries that provide the theory

that the writer needs.

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Code Switching and Code Mixing

Before explaining about code switching and code mixing, the writer will

explain about code. Based on Kridalaksana, code is symbol or the expression

that is used to describe particular meaning, language system in a community,

and particular variety in a language. The code can be a variety that related to the

element of language like sentence, clause, phrase and word which have the

limitation because the code is chosen by the speaker based on his necessity in

communicating. So, language can be identified as a code.8

Code switching and code mixing is one of the effects of bilingualism.

Nababan stated that in bilingualism, code shifting is frequently appeared. The

shifting can be a code switching and code mixing. The definition of code

switching based on Appel is the condition where the switching code happens

because of the changing of situation.9 Kridalaksana explained code switching as

using the variation of a language or with other language to adapt with the role,

situation or the existence of other participant. Based on Kridalaksana definition

above, the code shifting happens not only between the different language but

also the variation of the same language. Based on the definitions above, code

switching can be defined as language switching or its variation that happen

8 Harimurti Kridalaksana (2006), op. cit. p. 13

9Abdul Chaer and Leony Agustina (2004) op. cit. p. 31

because of the changing of situation, topics and the existence of other participant

that has just come.

Nababan stated that code mixing is the situation that happens when a

person mix two or more languages in the conversation without any situational

force that push him to do it.10

Kridalaksana explained that code mixing is using

language element from one language to another language to extend language

style, including word, clause, idiom, etc. Code switching is different from code

mixing. Code mixing is only focused on the using of the element of language

while code switching is the using of language or its variety. Code switching

happens because the changing of situation that affects on the using of language

or its variety. However, there is no situation that pushes a person to mix the

code. Something that changes in code mixing is only the element of language

itself such as word, clause, idiom, etc.

Fasold explained the criterion that distinguished code switching from

code mixing:

“One criterion that is sometimes offered to distinguish

switching from mixing is that the grammar of the clause determined

the language. By the criterion, if a person uses a word or a phrase

from another language, he has mixed, not switched. But if one

clause has the grammatical structure of one language and in the

next is constructed of one language and the text is constructed

according to the grammar of another, a switch has occurred.”11

According to Fasold, code switching can be distinguished from code

mixing based on the grammar. If a person used a word or a phrase in other

language, he has mixed. However, if a clause is arranged based on the

10

P. W. J. Nababan(1984) op. cit. p. 30

11 Ralph Fasold, The Sociolinguistics of Society (New York: Basil Blackwell, 1984) p.182

grammar of a language and next clause is arranged by another language, he

has switched. The examples of code switching and code mixing are as

follows:

“It was not the best performance, tapi saya cukup suka sama cara

kamu berimprovisasi” (Code Switching)

“Saya actually agak-agak bingung mau komentar nya gimana, ya

klo buat saya bagus tapi ga bagus banget” (Code Mixing)

So, in this research the writer analyzed code mixing based on Fasold’s

theory. The writer described word class and phrase in the particular data of

code mixing.

B. Word

A word may be defined as the smallest portions of a sentence which can be

pronounced alone and still retain meaning.12

Some words may contain more than

one such element, each adding a measure of meaning to the completed word.

There are eight word classes in English. They are part of speech as a part of

central core (noun, pronoun and verb) or a modifier (adjective, adverb) or a

connector (preposition, conjunction) and another part of speech is interjection.13

1. Noun

A noun is the name of an object or idea. It is used to define a word

denoting a thing, place, person, quality, or action and functioning in a

sentence as the subject or object of action expressed by a verb or as the

object or a preposition. Nouns are divided into two main classes,

12

Patrick D. Hazard and Mary E. Hazard, Language and Literary Today (Chicago: Science

Research Associates, Inc. 1987) , p.31

13

Marcella Frank, Modern English : A Practical Reference Guide (USA: New York University,

1972), p. 25

common and proper. A common noun never begins with a capital letter

unless it is the first word in a sentence: man, boy, girl, house, river, tree,

etc. A proper noun is the official name of a single object or sometimes of

a single group of objects. A proper noun always begins with a capital

letters: God, the Deity, Galileo, Baltimore, the Romans, Boston, etc.14

2. Adjective

An adjective is a word used to describe or limit a noun or pronoun. It is

used to modify a noun or pronoun. When adjectives precede the nouns

they qualify, they are said to be attributive. For example: small casks,

nice girl. The adjective system allows us to compare one thing with

another and grade them on the same adjectival quality. Example: small,

smaller, the smallest.

3. Verb

A verb is a word that expresses action or state of being. Among verbs

expressing action are walk, run, ride, go come, look, see, call, shout, etc.

among verbs expressing emotion and state of being are be, exist, seem,

appear, remain, etc. in English, verb has three moods: the indicative,

which expresses actuality; the subjunctive, which express contingency;

and the imperative which expresses command (I run; I might run; Run!).

4. Adverb

An adverb is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective, an adverb, or in

some cases a noun or pronoun. According to their meaning, adverbs are

divided into six classes. They are adverb of place: here, there, away,

14

James G.Fernald, English Grammar Simplified (New York: Barnes & Noble Book, 1963), p. 54

inside; adverb of time: yesterday, today, next, soon, now, then,

immediately; adverb of manner: hard, fast, well, slow, nicely, slowly;

adverb of cause: therefore; adverb of number: first, secondly; adverb of

degree: very, completely, less, almost; adverb of frequency: often,

sometimes, always, never, once.

5. Preposition

Preposition is words that combine with a noun or pronoun to form a

phrase. The basic role of a preposition is to detail the position of

something, its physical location or direction, or a more abstract

relationship to other things. They are on, at, in during, since, by, from,

until, for, many, before, etc.

6. Conjunction

A conjunction is a part of speech that connects words, phrases, clauses,

or sentences, or that shows relation between sentences. There are two

kinds of conjunction. They are coordinate conjunction namely: and, but,

however, nevertheless, neither…nor; which join independent clause.

Another is subordinate conjunction: where, when, after, while, because,

if, unless, since, whether.

7. Pronoun

A pronoun is an identifying word used instead of a noun and inflected in

the same way nouns are. Pronouns may be divided into six classes or

groups, as follows: personal pronoun (I, you, he, she, it, we, they);

demonstrative pronouns (this, that, such); interrogative pronouns is a

pronoun used to ask a question (who, which); indefinite pronouns (each,

either, some, any, many, few, all, none), relative pronoun is a pronoun

that relates to an antecedent and at the same time joins to it a limiting or

qualifying clause (who, which, what, that).

8. Interjection

An interjection is a word used, independently of all grammatical relation,

to express strong feeling or to awaken attention or interest: Ah! Hallo!

Ho! Alas! Various parts of speech may be used as exclamations to

express surprise or sudden emotion or intense feeling of any kind. They

have the force of interjections and are called exclamatory nouns or

adjectives, etc.: What! Never! Good! Heavens! Mercy!15

C. Phrases

A phrase is a group of related words that does not have a subject and a predicate.

A phrase performs the function of a single part of speech. A phrase is often

thought of simply as a multiword unit, contrasting with the single word. In

English there are five types of phrases, according to the grammar of the key

word or head. The head word is often the first word of the phrase.16

Phrase may be classified by the type of head word.

1. Prepositional phrase

A phrase with a preposition as head word and followed by a noun or

pronoun object. For example: In love, in the classroom, after dinner.

2. Noun phrase

15

Ibid. p. 56.

16

Muhammad Farkhan, Introduction to Linguistics (Jakarta: UIN Jakarta Press, 2006) p. 82

Noun phrase is a phrase with a noun as head word with other modifying

words on either side of it. The noun phrase is premodified by determiners

and adjectives (one or more). The most common modifiers of nouns are

adjectives. For example: The nice boy, a girl in the car.

3. Verb phrase

Verb phrase is a phrase with a verb as head word and one or more

auxiliary verbs. For example: Read text books, pull out.

4. Adjective phrase

Adjective phrase is a phrase with an adjective as head word. For

example: Full of toys.

5. Adverbial phrase

Adverbial phrase is a phrase with adverb as head word. For example:

Very carefully, too hot.

D. Language Function

Jakobson (1960) in Pesona Bahasa classified function of the language into six

kinds:

1) Expressive Function. This function is oriented to the speaker or the

writer as the news sender. The most important thing here is the feeling of

the creator, not the response of the reader or news receiver. Poetry,

novel, drama can be the example of this function.

2) Informative function. The main idea of informative function is external

situation; the expression being said or written is oriented to the fact of a

topics or reality outside the language, including report text of a particular

theory or idea. This kind of text is usually use contemporary, nonregional

and nonclass language style.

3) Vocative function. The center of attention in vocative text is the reader or

the news receiver. Vocative means invite, appeal the news receiver to

act, think, feel or react as the text wants.

4) Aesthetic function. The main purpose of the text that has aesthetic

function is to give satisfy feeling and happy, through the rhyme or

metaphor.

5) Phatic function. It is usually used as an instrument to communicate and

make more personal greeting among the language user. In English, there

are many phatic expressions like “have a nice day”, “it’s hot today” etc.

6) Metalingual function. It is the language usage for language itself such as

language for explaining, defining, etc. Metalingual function is

universal.17

Based on the speaker, language has personal function. Jacobson called it

emotive function. Emotive function means that the speaker not only expresses

the emotion through the language but also shows the emotion when saying the

utterances.

Based on the listener, language has the directive function. It means that language

can lead listener’s behaviour. In this case, language is not only to make the

listener do something but also do something based on what the speaker wants.

17

Kushartanti, et al., Pesona Bahasa. (Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2005), p. 51

Based on the contact between the speaker and the listener, language has phatic

function. Language here has the function to build a relationship, maintain and

show friendly attitude and social solidarity.

Based on the topics, language has referential function. In this case, language has

the function as an instrument to describe an object or event around the speaker.

This function gives a concept that language is an instrument to state the thought,

to state how speaker opinion about the environment around him is.

Based on the message, language has the imaginative function. Language is used

to deliver the thought, idea, feeling, whether it is the real or imaginative things

like poetry, fairy tale, etc. This function is similar to informative and expressive

function.

E. Factors Influencing Code Mixing

The factors that influence code mixing based on Weinrich (1963) can be

distinguished into two types, they are attitudinal type and linguistic type.

1. Attitudinal type

a) Need for synonym. It means that the speaker used another language to

soften the aim of the utterance. For example:

“Hpnya blackmarket jadi tidak diperjualbelikan di Indonesia. Kalau

diservice selain datanya hilang ada resiko terburuk mati total.”

The word blackmarket was intentionally used by the speaker to inform

that the hand phone was smuggled and did not have any official license

in Indonesia. The speaker worried that the customer would be

embarrassed or offended if the speaker used the word in Bahasa

Indonesia. So, the word blackmarket is English element that can soften

the utterance.

b) Social Value. The speaker took the word from other language by

considering social factor. In this case, the speaker mixed code with

another language which is English to show that the speaker was an

educated and modern person. The people used to judge someone from the

language he used especially in village. When a speaker mixed his

language with other languages especially English, the people would think

that he was a modern and an educated person because he was capable to

speak English. So, the speaker used to insert a word or a phrase of

foreign language especially English in his utterance because of social

value.

c) Introduction and development of new culture. There are many

terminologies in every field like marketing, fashion, business, automotive

that using foreign language. So, it can be the factor that influences code

mixing by the speaker. The terminologies are actually not the speaker’s

mother tongue.

2. Linguistic type

Linguistics factors that influence a speaker mixed code are as follows:

a) Low frequency of word. It means that the word in another language is

easier to remember and the sense of the word is more stable.

For example: “Kita disini menyediakan handset original untuk hp mas

supaya menghasilkan suara jernih dan bagus.”

The word original is the insertion of foreign language which is English.

The customer of telecommunication device is more frequently to hear it.

If the speaker used the word in Bahasa Indonesia which is “asli”, the

meaning becomes unstable because in telecommunication terminology,

“asli” probably means first class or second class quality that actually

can’t be categorized as “asli”. But, if the speaker used word original, the

customer was sure that the product was really original.

b) Pernicious Homonymy. If the speaker used the word from his own

language, the word could make a homonymy problem namely ambiguous

meaning. For example:

“Untuk speakernya Ibu sudah kami urgentkan dipusat mudah-

mudahan dalam minggu ini sudah datang dan hpnya bisa segera kami

perbaiki.”

Urgent means “darurat”. The word urgent becomes an ambiguous

meaning if it is used by a customer services of telecommunication

company because the word “darurat” is usually used in medical

terminology.

c) Oversight, the limitation of the word of the speaker’s language. Many

kinds of field such as fashion, automotive, business, sports, etc have the

terminologies from another language that make the speaker difficult to

find similar word in speaker’s language. For example: the word hang in

multimedia field, the word chic in fashion field, etc.

d) End (Purpose and Goal), namely the result or the consequence that is

wanted. End include persuading, convincing, explaining the listener to do

what the speaker said. The speaker should use code mixing to reach the

goal. 18

18

Uriel Weinreich (1963) Loc. cit.

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH FINDING

A. Data Description

In this chapter, the writer will discuss about the research finding. The data in this

research is taken from five episodes of Workshop round in Indonesian Idol season 6

program. The things that the writer did first is watching and recording some episodes of

this program. The writer recorded the utterances as many as possible, listened to all

utterances and transcribed all of the utterances. Then, the writer chose randomly the

data that using code mixing. Next, the writer put the data into the table. Finally the

writer analyzed the data using the theory of code mixing and linguistics form especially

part of speech and phrase and the factors that influence code mixing.

In this research, there are 14 data that the writer analyzed. The writer analyzed

the presenter and the judges' utterances in mixing code. Most of the data that the writer

analyzed is Agnes' utterances because she frequently mixed English in her utterances

when she was giving comments to the finalists out of four judges.

The data that the writer used in this research are taken from five episodes of

Indonesian Idol program especially in the first round of Indonesian Idol program

namely “Workshop”. This stage was to decrease twenty four contestants into fourteen

contestants that would be the finalists of Indonesian Idol and went to the “Spektakuler”

show.

No. Utterances Corpus

Linguistics Forms Factors

Influencing Part of

Speech Phrase

1.

Kalo buat saya

kamu bisa

berkomunikasi

relax noun ----------

low

frequency of

word

dengan penonton,

kamu relax

2.

Tapi pembukaannya

kamu turun terus

pitchnya

pitch noun ----------

low

frequency of

word

3.

Pada saat lagi

chorus kamu banyak

banget yang turun-

turun, kayanya

kamu kurang

pemanasan

chorus noun ---------- social value

4.

Kalo anda ingin Igo

menjadi the next

superstar untuk

Indonesian idol

2010, ketik igo

the next

superstar ---------

Noun

phrase

introduction

and

development

of the new

culture

5.

Tapi kalo ternyata

karena ini masalah

monitor, pada saat

kamu GR pada saat

kamu rehearsal

kamu harus bisa

beraniin diri untuk

ngomong sama

orang sound

engineernya bahwa

monitornya kurang

kedengeran

Rehearsal

sound

engineer

Noun

---------

Noun

phrase

low

frequency of

word

oversight

6.

Klo misalnya

memang itu ternyata

kamu kurang

vocalization, ya

berarti next time

kamu harus lebih

banyak vocalization

vocalization noun ---------- Oversight

7.

Pergantian dari

chest voice kamu

sama ke falset kamu

sangat luar biasa

halus. kalo buat saya

kamu bisa jadi pop

idol

chest voice

pop idol

-----------

Noun

phrase

Noun

phrase

Oversight

introduction

and

development

of the new

culture

8.

Hanya ada satu

Agnes Monica dan

saya tahu lagu itu

memang udah

menjadi

trademark noun ---------- pernicious

homonymy

trademarknya

Agnes

9.

Semua penyanyi itu

pernah ngalamin

yang namanya

adrenaline rush

adrenaline

rush ----------

Noun

phrase

Low

frequency of

word

10.

Sebelum melihat

penampilan mereka,

kita akan menyapa

dulu our gorgeous

judges.

our

gorgeous

judges

--------- Noun

phrase

low

frequency of

word

11.

Line voting sudah

dibuka mulai dari

sekarang jadinya

anda bias langsung

sms dan dukung

idola favorit anda

Line voting ----------- Noun

phrase

introduction

and

development

of the new

culture

12.

Saya pernah ngasih

tau kamu mengenai

mic technique

mic

technique -----------

Noun

phrase oversight

13.

Memang masalah

suara itu jangan

dianggap enteng. Ya

memang kita semua

disini pake ear

monitor ya.

ear monitor ---------- Noun

phrase

introduction

and

development

of new

culture.

B. Data Analysis

Datum 1:

“Kalo buat saya kamu bisa berkomunikasi dengan penonton, kamu relax.”

The utterance above contains only one word of code mixing. It is the word relax

which is a noun. Relax means “mengendurkan, bersenang-senang, bersantai”. The factor

that influences the speaker using this word is because of low frequency of word. This

word has more stable meaning than the word “bersantai”. The speaker meant relax here

to show that the contestant sang without any pressure. The people in Indonesia also

more familiar with the word relax while the word “bersantai” or “bersenang-senang”

refers to having ourselves fun. “Bersantai” refers to sitting on a lounge chair while

you’re not doing anything.

Datum 2:

“Tapi pembukaannya kamu turun terus pitchnya.”

The utterance above has one code mixing. It is the word pitch which is a noun. It

is the music terminology. The word pitch means “pola titinada” but this meaning in

Bahasa Indonesia is not familiar at all. Since 2003, there have been many singing

competitions on Indonesian television. The judges or the commentators usually used the

word pitch when they were giving comments to the contestant, so the word is more

familiar to the people in Indonesia rather than its meaning in Bahasa Indonesia. In fact,

the Indonesian Idol viewers did not know the real meaning of the word pitch in Bahasa

Indonesia. It has more stable meaning if it is said in English. So, the speaker used this

word because of low frequency of word.

Datum 3:

“Pada saat lagi chorus kamu banyak banget yang turun-turun, kayanya kamu kurang

pemanasan.”

In the utterance the speaker only used one code mixing. It is word chorus which

is a noun. It is a music terminology. However, Bahasa Indonesia has the similar word

with chorus. Chorus means “refrein” or “ulangan lagu” in Bahasa Indonesia. In Kamus

Besar Bahasa Indonesia, the word refrein has been inserted. Refrein means “bagian

yang diulang (terutama dalam nyanyian).” The speaker used it because of social value.

Actually the word refrein or reff is more familiar in Bahasa Indonesia. In cassette or

compact disc, the word refrein is more frequently used rather than chorus. So, the

speaker used the word chorus to show the people that she had good competence in

singing technique. By using the word chorus, the audience would more appreciate her

as a professional singer who understood about music terminology.

Datum 4:

“Kalo anda ingin Igo menjadi the next superstar untuk Indonesian idol 2010, ketik

igo.”

The next superstar is the only phrase in this utterance. This phrase contains of

three words. They are the as a determiner, next as an adjective and superstar as a noun.

The head word in this phrase is superstar so it can be classified as a noun phrase.

The speaker used phrase the next superstar because of introduction and

development of the new culture. As the Indonesian Idol has reached six season, there

have been five champions of this singing competition. This singing competition is

aimed to bear a new superstar every year. So, the host or the judges usually use the next

superstar as the new terminology to name the next champion whom haven’t found yet.

Datum 5:

“Tapi kalo ternyata karena ini masalah monitor, pada saat kamu GR pada saat kamu

rehearsal kamu harus bisa beraniin diri untuk ngomong sama orang sound engineernya

bahwa monitornya kurang kedengeran.”

In this utterance, there are a word and a phrase in English. They are word

rehearsal which is noun and phrase sound engineer. The phrase sound engineer consists

of two words which is sound as a noun and engineer as a noun too. The head word of

this phrase is engineer. The phrase is a noun phrase.

Sound engineer is the terminology in music. Based on Oxford dictionary, sound

engineer is a person who works in a recording or broadcasting studio and whose job is

to control the levels and balance of sound. Based on Budi Pasadena, sound engineering

in Indonesia frequently known as an operator. The speaker used the phrase sound

engineer because of oversight. The writer didn’t find any word that similar to sound

engineer in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. So, the writer concluded that the speaker

used this phrase because of oversight. There’s no appropriate word similar with the

definition of the phrase sound engineer in Bahasa Indonesia.

Based on Oxford dictionary, rehearsal is time that is spent practicing a play or

piece of music in preparation for a public performance. In John Echols and Hasan

Shadily dictionary, rehearsal means “latihan, ulangan, repetisi”. The speaker used this

word because of low frequency of word. If the speaker used word “latihan”, the

audience would be confused of it. The word “latihan” did not clearly explain the

complete definition of rehearsal itself.

Datum 6:

“Klo misalnya memang itu ternyata kamu kurang vocalization, ya berarti next time

kamu harus lebih banyak vocalization.”

In the utterance above, there are two code mixing. They are word vocalization

and the other is phrase next time. Word vocalization is a noun while next time is an

adverbial phrase. Next time contains two words namely next which is a n adverb and

time which is a noun. The head word of the phrase is next.

The speaker used the word vocalization because of social value. The word

vocalization is singing terminology. Vocalization means the act of vocalizing, or the

state being vocalized. There’s no similar word in Bahasa Indonesia to state the word

vocalization clearly. So, the speaker used this word because of oversight.

Datum 7:

“Pergantian dari chest voice kamu sama ke falset kamu sangat luar biasa halus, kalo

buat saya kamu bisa jadi pop idol.”

The utterance above has two phrases without any single word in English. The

first phrase is chest voice that has two words, chest and voice. Chest is a noun and voice

is a noun. So, the phrase chest voice is a noun phrase. There is another phrase in this

utterance namely pop idol. This phrase is same as the phrase before. It can be

categorized as a noun phrase. The word pop in the phrase is a noun and the other word

idol is also a noun.

The writer neither found word falset in Oxford dictionary nor in Kamus Besar

Bahasa Indonesia. However the writer only found word falsetto. It is an English word.

Falsetto means an unusually high voice, especially the voice that men use to sing very

high notes.

The phrase chest voice is frequently used in singing competition. It is the singing

terminology. A few people in Indonesia know that the meaning of the phrase chest voice

in Bahasa Indonesia is “suara dada.” The writer ever found in one of music programs on

television, a famous vocal couch, Bertha said the phrase “suara dada” not chest voice

when she was teaching the contestant of a singing competition. However, based on

Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, there is no phrase in Bahasa Indonesia that similar to

chest voice phrase. So, the writer concluded that the judge used the phrase chest voice

because of oversight.

The phrase pop idol is a new phrase in music terminology. It is now frequently

used because nowadays there are many singing competition that bears many new stars.

They are usually the champion of the contest and the people called them as a pop idol.

So, the speaker uses the phrase as introduction and development of new culture.

Datum 8:

“Hanya ada satu Agnes Monica dan saya tahu lagu itu memang udah menjadi

trademarknya Agnes.”

The utterance above has only one code mixing namely trademark. This word

can be categorized as a noun. The meaning of trademark in Bahasa Indonesia is “cap or

merek dagang.” The speaker used the word trademark because of pernicious

homonymy. The speaker used the word in English rather than in Bahasa Indonesia

because it has more stable meaning. The word “merek dagang” refers to a product while

Agnes Monica is not a product. So, the listener would not be confused of it.

Datum 9:

“Semua penyanyi itu pernah ngalamin yang namanya adrenaline rush.”

Adrenaline rush is the mixing phrase in this utterance. This phrase contains two

words, they are adrenaline which is a noun and rush which is also a noun. So, the

phrase above is a noun phrase.

The speaker used the phrase adrenaline rush because it is difficult to find the

right meaning of the phrase in Bahasa Indonesia. This phrase cannot be satisfactorily

translated into Bahasa Indonesia. This phrase is frequently used by Indonesian people if

they face any challenges. The speaker used this phrase because of low frequency of

word.

Datum 10:

“Sebelum melihat penampilan mereka, kita akan menyapa dulu our gorgeous judges.”

This datum has one phrase of code mixing namely our gorgeous judges. It is a

noun phrase. The phrase is made of three words which is our as a possessive pronoun,

gorgeous as an adjective while judges as a noun. Although this phrase contains three

words that has different word class, but this phrase has a head word namely judges. So,

this phrase can be classified as noun phrase.

Based on John Echols dictionary, gorgeous in Bahasa Indonesia means “indah,

permai.” In Oxford dictionary, gorgeous means very beautiful and attractive, giving

pleasure and enjoyment. The speaker used this phrase because of low frequency of

word. Gorgeous involves outer and inner appearance especially the personality. The

word gorgeous has more stable meaning if it is said in English rather than in Bahasa

Indonesia.

Datum 11:

“Line voting sudah dibuka mulai dari sekarang jadinya anda bisa langsung sms dan

dukung idola favorit anda”

In this utterance there is only one code mixing. It is the phrase line voting that

consists of two words, line as a noun and voting as a noun. The head word of this phrase

is voting and the phrase can be categorized as noun phrase.

For the last ten years, there have been many reality shows on television station

in Indonesia including singing competition like Akademi Fantasi Indosiar (Indosiar),

Kontes Dangdut TPI (TPI), Kontes Dangdut Indosiar (Indosiar), Mendadak Dangdut

(TPI), Idola Cilik (RCTI), Mamamia (Indosiar), Stardut (Indosiar), Dreamband (Trans

7).19

A few years before, the champion in singing competition was still determined by

the judges. However, in the next decade, the champion is determined by line voting.

Television viewers sent message to a fix number to vote their idols. Other reality shows

outside singing competition like Seleb Dance (ANTV), Penghuni Terakhir (Antv),

Indonesian Model (Indosiar), Katakan Cinta (RCTI), and The Master (RCTI) also

19

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acara_realitas

follow the line voting method. Till now, line voting has been a new method to determine

who the champion of the show is. So, the speaker used the phrase line voting because of

introduction and development of new culture.

Datum 12:

“Saya pernah ngasih tau kamu mengenai mic technique”

Mic technique is the only code mixing in the utterance above. Mic is the brief

form of microphone. Microphone is a noun and technique is also a noun. The head word

of this phrase is technique and it can be categorized as a noun phrase.

Mic technique is microphone technique, specifically vocal microphone

technique, refers to how you hold (and possibly move) the microphone when singing.20

Mic technique is a singing terminology. This word doesn’t have the similar meaning in

Bahasa Indonesia. So, the speaker used this word because of oversight.

Datum 13:

“Memang masalah suara itu jangan dianggap enteng ya, memang kita semua disini pake

ear monitor ya”

The utterance above contains one code mixing. It is the phrase ear monitor that

can be classified as noun phrase with monitor as the head word. This phrase contains

two words namely ear as a noun and monitor as a noun too.

An in-ear monitor is a small, custom-fit earpiece headphone, consisting of a

high quality driver combination tuned to offer a specific frequency response, or "sound

signature".21

A few years ago, the judges in a singing festival only could listen to the

contestants’ voice via sound system. The judges couldn’t clearly listen to the

contestants’ voice when they were singing. However, today as everything becomes

20

http://www.rodbest.com/Downloads/MICROPHONE%20TECHNIQUE.pdf 21

http://homerecording.about.com/od/recordingglossary/g/what_is_an_in_ear_monitor.htm

more sophisticated and technology has been developed, more device and equipment’s

been created. One of them is ear monitor. This device can facilitate the judges in

singing competition to listen to the contestants’ voice more clearly. The speaker used

this phrase as an introduction and development of new culture.

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

In this research, the writer found and analyzed 13 data which contained

Code Mixing case in Indonesian Idol Singing Competition Season 6. As

explained in Chapter 3, the 13 data analyzed were the comments of the judges

especially Agnes Monica and the utterances of Daniel Mananta as a host when

he was presenting the program.

The writer used theory of word and phrase for the first research question

and the theory of Weinrich, about the factors influencing Code Mixing. The

writer also used Jacobson theory about language function that Code Mixing

occurs not only on dialogue but also on monologue.

From 13 data, the writer found 9 data contained Code Mixing in phrase.

All of the data are noun phrase. The data also contained Code Mixing in word.

There are 6 data and all the data are noun.

The second research question is about the factor influencing Code

Mixing. The writer found 6 factors. They were pernicious homonimy in 1

datum, oversight in 4 data, low frequency of word in 5 data, introduction and

development of a new culture in 4 data and social value in 1 datum.

B. Suggestion

The writer expected that this research can be a reference for the student

college especially for the linguistics students who wanted to extend their

knowledge in Sociolinguistics especially in Code Mixing fields. The writer is

opened to receive any suggestion and critics.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Alwasilah, A. Chaedar. Sosiologi Bahasa. Bandung: Angkasa, 1985.

Aslinda and Leni Syafyahya. Pengantar Sosiolinguistik. Bandung: PT. Refika Aditama,

2007.

Chaer, Abdul and Leonie Agustina. Sosiolinguistik: Perkenalan Awal. Jakarta: Rineka

Cipta, 2004.

Echols, Jhon M. and Hassan Shadily. Kamus Bahasa Inggris Indonesia. Jakarta :

Gramedia, 1996.

Farkhan, Muhammad. Introduction to Linguistics. Jakarta: UIN Jakarta Press, 2006.

Farkhan, Muhammad. Penulisan Karya Ilmiah. Jakarta: Penerbit Cella, 2006.

Fasold, Ralph. The Sociolinguistics of Society. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1984.

Fernald, James G. English Grammar Simplified. New York: Barnes & Noble Book,

1963.

Frank, Marcella. Modern English: A Practical Reference Guide. USA: New York

University, 1972.

Hoffman, Charlotte. An Introcuction To Bilingualism. London: Longman, 1991.

Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia Pusat Bahasa Edisi Keempat Departemen Pendidikan

Nasional. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2008

Kridalaksana, Harimurti. Kamus Linguistik. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2008.

Kushartanti, et. al. Pesona Bahasa. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 2005.

Hornby, A.S. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary Sixth Edition. New York: Oxford

University Press, 2000

Saville-Troike, Muriel. The Ethnography of Communication. New York: Basil

Blackwell, 1982.

Nababan, P. W. J. Sosiolinguistik: Suatu Pengantar. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama,

1993.

Hazard, Patrick D. and Mary E. Hazard. Language and Literary Today. Chicago:

Science Research Associates, Inc., 1987.

Suwito. Sosiolingistik Pengantar Awal. Solo : Hendri Offset, 1985.

Weinreich, Uriel. Languages in Contact: Finding and Problem. New York : Mouton

Publishers the Houge, 1963

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acara_realitas accessed on Feb, 17th

2011 08:27

http://www.rodbest.com/Downloads/MICROPHONE%20TECHNIQUE.pdf accessed

on Feb, 17th

2011 10:25

http://homerecording.about.com/od/recordingglossary/g/what_is_an_in_ear_monitor.ht

m accessed on Feb, 17th

2011 07:32

CURRICULUM VITAE

PERSONAL DETAILS

Name : Nopita Mulyani

Place and date of birth: Jakarta, November 21st 1987

Gender : Female

Religion : Islam

Marital Status : Single

Nationality : Indonesia

Address : Jl.Saibun Rt.011/04 No. 51 Susukan Ciracas Jak-Tim 13750

Handphone : 0856 101 8989

Phone : 021 877 81 431

Email : nopita_mulyani@yahoo.com

Id. No : 09.5410.611187.0191

FORMAL EDUCATION

University/school Faculty/Majoring Year

Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic

University Jakarta

English Letters

Department 2006-2010

SMAN 58 Jakarta Sciences 2003-2006

MTsN 7 MODEL Jakarta - 2000-2003

SDN Susukan 08 pagi - 1994-2000

NON FORMAL EDUCATION

----------------------------------

ORGANIZATION EXPERIENCES

Year Position

2006-2009 Committee of BEM-J English Letters Department State Islamic

University Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta

2003-2005 Committee of ROHIS 58 Jakarta

2003-2004 Committee of OSIS SMAN 58 Jakarta

CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP EXPERIENCE

Time and Place Status Program Organizer

Jakarta, May 12th,

2007

Committee The 7th

Anniversary of

English Letters

Department

BEM-J English

Letters Department