code book content analysis_print.pdf

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ISSREPORT NO.75

ISBN 978-82-90217-48-3

MEDIA SYSTEMS AND THE CHARACTER OF NEWS

ACROSS-NATIONAL CONTENT ANALYSIS

Project description, coding guide, code sheet and codebook

Tove Brekken & Toril Aalberg

2010

Department of Sociology and Political Science

Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)

Trondheim, Norway


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ISSREPORT NO.75

ISBN 978-82-90217-48-3

MEDIA SYSTEMS AND THE CHARACTER OF NEWS

ACROSS-NATIONAL CONTENT ANALYSIS

Project description, coding guide, code sheet and codebook

Tove Brekken & Toril Aalberg

2010

Department of Sociology and Political Science

Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)

Trondheim, Norway


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Contents:

Project description......2

Coding guide... 4

Code sheet.22

Reliability ..40Frequency distributions...44


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Project description

The content analysis presented here was initiated by the project Media Systems, news

content and public perception of political reality directed by Toril Aalberg and funded by

the Research Council of Norway. The aim of the overall project, in which this content

analysis is an important part, is to study the information given by the news media to the

public, and how this information influences publics knowledge and perception of political

reality.The content analysis will let us study between and within country variations in news

content, including important factors such as hard versus soft news, thematic versus episodic

news frames, domestic versus international focus, use of actors and sources as well as main

arguments presented on a few selected topics. The battery of variables included in the

content analysis also refers to important background information including the news items

size, placement etc. This content analysis was followed by an extensive survey of the public

measuring among other things media use, public affairs knowledge, political interest and

perceptions of political realities (see Strabac and Aalberg 2009 for details).1

The content

analysis include news media output from 3 non-consecutive weeks in the end of 2008 and

early 2009.

Six countries are included in this study. These are the US, UK, Norway, Sweden, Belgium

(Flandern) and The Netherlands. The country experts are represented by six research

associates affiliated with the project. These include Shanto Iyengar (United States), James

Curran (United Kingdom), Kees Aarts (the Netherlands), Peter van Aelst (Belgium/Flandern),

Jesper Strmbck (Sweden) and Anders Todal Jenssen (Norway). Tove Brekken, Audun

Fladmoe, Egbert Leppink and Toril Aalberg (all at NTNU, Trondheim) have been responsible

for the coordination of the content analysis. We have also received valuable assistance from

a numbers of other coders including Nils Erik Bjrge, Berit Kvaly and Ron van Blokland.

The news output in the six countries was collected by the country experts based on an

agreed sample procedure. Information about the selection of news media is provided in the

Coding guide. A team of coders with the required language skills, all located in Trondheim,

1

Zan Strabac and Toril Aalberg (2009) Media use, political knowledge and perception of reality. A Cross-National survey.Project description, questionnaires and codebook ISS Report no. 74 Trondheim: Department of Sociology and Political

Science, NTNU.


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analysed the news content manually and entered the data into SPSS. The final sample from

the six countries equals a total of 44,921 units, where one unit is the individual news story.

Each item is also linked to audience ratings and population figures, so that researchers more

easily can create desired weights variables.

Trondheim February 26th

2010

Tove Brekken and Toril Aalberg


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Coding Guide

Six-Nation Study on Media Systems, News Content and Perceptions of Reality

This Coding Guide is part of the comparative research project Media Systems, News Content andPublic Perception of Political Reality directed by Toril Aalberg, NTNU. The purpose of the project is

to investigate differences in news content within and across various media systems and how the

news content can influence public knowledge and perceptions of reality. In addition to surveys of the

public the project will include content analysis of main news sources in various countries. The

content analysis will be quantitative, and the purpose of this Coding Guide is to provide the

instructions for how to code the news stories in a way that makes direct comparisons possible and

reliable. In order to do that, the same Coding Guide will be applied universally in studies of both

different media (print versus broadcast) and different countries. The only exception applies to V48

V66: Issues related to education, which are only to be coded in Norway and Sweden (and Finland)

News content are to be selected from major print and broadcast media in Belgium

(Wallonia), The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. Thesample should consist of the main (largest) elite/prestige newspaper, the main tabloid/popular

newspaper as well as a selected regional newspaper. Also included are the main daily news

programme on the two biggest television channels (based on audience rating and preferably 1 PBS

and 1 commercial channel if possible). See table 1 for details on which news media are to be included

in the various countries.

Print and Broadcast media to be included in content analysis

Belgium Netherlands Norway Sweden UK US

Print

Elite

De

Standard

Volkskrant Aftenposten Dagens

Nyheter

The

Telegraph

New York

Times

Print Tabloid Het LaatsteNieuws

Telegraaf VG Aftonbladet The Sun USA Today

Print

Regional

Gazet van

Antwerpen

De Twente

Courant

Tubantia

Adresseavisen Gteborgs

Posten

Glasgow

Herald

Acron

Beakon

Journal

Broadcast

Public

(Except NBC

in USA)

VRT:

Het

Journaal

(1900)

Ned1:

NOS 8 uur

journaal

(2000)

NRK1:

Dagsrevyen

(1900)

SVT1:

Rapport

(1930)

BBC1:

BBC News

(2200)

NBC

Nightly news

(1830)

Broadcast

Commercial

VTM:

Het Nieuws

(1900)

RTL4:

RTL4 Journaal

(1930)

TV2:

Nyhetene

(2100)

TV4:

Nyheterna

(1900)

ITV:

News at ten

(2200)

ABC

World News

(1830)

The unit of analysis are individual news stories (also including very short news articles/items). All the

news contained in the main sections of the newspaper (including all regular units) should be coded.

Special magazines and supplements that are attached on a non daily basis should not be included).

Service features with real news in them is to be coded e.g. a review with an interview with the

author, actor etc. which goes beyond just reviewing the play, book, music etc. Editorials, opinion

pieces, or other articles that does not constitute news journalism, should be excluded. Service

features like horoscopes, games, tv listings, weather forecast and other supplements (not news

journalism) should also be excluded. The time frame for the content analysis will be three non-

consecutive weeks in the end of 2008 and early 2009. Within this period a total number of 21 days

are to be sampled, including week 47, week 2 and week 4. One week runs from Monday trough

Sunday, but Newspapers should not be sampled on Sundays).


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V1 News item identification number

Each news item is to be uniquely identified. Belgian news items should start with 1xxxxxx, Dutch

news items with 2xxxxxxx, Norwegian news items with 3xxxxxxx, Swedish news items with 4xxxxxxx,

UK news items with 5xxxxxxx and finally US news items with 6xxxxxxx. The second digit should refer

to the news medium (se values 1 to 5 in V4). Hence, a news item from Norwegian PBS should have an

id number that starts with 41xxxxx, a news item from the Norwegian tabloid should start with44xxxxx. The next digit should refer to the coder id number.

V2A Country

Countries included in the study.

V2B Population

Population of each country is reported in absolute numbers.

V2C Coder identification number

Each coder are given a coder id number. This is specified in the code sheet.

V3 Date

Four numbers - the first two marks the month and the second two the day. November the

seventeenth is written 1117.

V4A Medium

Coders should identify which media category the news item originates from. Public TV or the TV that

has the highest ranking should be given value 1, commercial TV or the channel with the second

highest ranking should be given value 2. Elite news papers should be given value 3 and tabloid

newspapers should be given value 4. Regional newspapers are coded as 5.

V4B Circulation, Newspapers

Circulation figures from 2008 included in content analysis:


Print

Elite

102 280 263204 247 556 335 600 845,167 * 1,000,665

Print Tabloid 340 899 695635 284 414 368 200 3,073,106 * 2,293,310

Print

Regional

127 960 116513 77 044 242 400 62290** 110,999

Circulation refers to the number of sold, reduced price and free copies of a title distributed on an

average day over the stated period of time. Figures include weekdays only (not Sunday editions).

Sources for daily newspaper circulations

Belgium

http://www.cim.be/auth/nl/d/dp.html

Average circulation for 2007.

Netherlands

https://www.hoi-online.nl/en


Norway

Medienorge / Avisret (rlig rapport) /Landslaget for Lokalaviser (LLA) /Mediebedriftenes

Landsforening (MBL) http://www.medienorge.uib.no/



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Sweden

Swedish Newspapers' Publishers' Association / dagspress.se (http://www.dagspress.se/index.jsp)


UK

* Source: ABC (Audit Bureau of Circulations) Average July December 2008)(http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/table/2009/jan/09/abc-december-national-newspapers)

** Newspaper Society database average july december 2008 (http://www.nsdatabase.co.uk/)

USA

ABC (Audit Bureau of Circulations) Average circulation March trough september 2008

http://www.burrellesluce.com/top100/2009_Top_100List.pdf

V4C Viewer ratings, Television

Average viewer statistic from 2007

Belgium Netherlands Norway Sweden UK US*

Broadcast

Public

756000 1630000 706000 1023000 4850000 8400000

Broadcast

Commercial

630000 101000 494000 491000 3750000 8300000

*Except NBC in USA.

V5 Placement of news item

Coders should identify where the news item is placed in the programme or in the newspaper.

Numeric codes should be used that indicate page number or entry number for broadcast news.

A news story on page 10 are to be coded as 10 while a news item that is broadcasted as the third

news story should be coded as 3.


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V5A Newspaper unit

This extra variable is to be coded for newspapers only. And should indicate in which newspaper unit

the article is printed. Only units that are a regular part of the newspaper should be included in the

analysis. Special magazines and supplements that are attached on a non daily basis should not be

included.

Supplements included in the study:


3. Print Elite De Standard

1. Main

2. Economy,

Sports

Volkskrant

1: Main

2: Culture,

sports

Aftenposten

1.Main

2. Culture

3. Economy

Dagens

Nyheter

1. Main

2. Culture

3.Economy /

Sports

The

Telegraph

1. Main

2. Business

3. Sports

New York

Times

1. Main(A)

2.

Business(B)

3. Arts (C)

4. Various(D)

4. Print

Tabloid

Het Laatste

Nieuws

1. Main

2. Economy,

Sports,

Culture

De Telegraaf

1: Main

2: Culture,

Sports,

Economy

VG

1. Main

2. Sports

Aftonbladet

1. Main

2. Sports

3.

Entertainm. /

Lifestyle*

The Sun

1. Main

2. TVBiz

USAToday

1. Main(A)

2. Money(B)

3. Sports(C)

4. Life(D)

5. PrintRegional

Gazet vanAntwerpen

1: Main

2: Sports,

culture

3: Region

De TwenteCourant

Tubantia

1: Main

2: Region

3: Sports

Adresseavisen

1. Main

2. Culture

3. Economy

GteborgsPosten

1. Main

GlasgowHerald

1. Main

2. Sports

AcronBeakon

Journal

1. Main

2.

Community

News(B)

3. Sports (C)

* Only Fridays and Saturdays other days included in the main section.

V6 Status of News item

Coders should identify if news items are to be considered as headline/frontpage news.

When it comes to TV the top-3 TV news are to be considered Headline and the rest are to be coded

does not apply. HOWEVER if a story has been mentioned in the teasers or one of the top-3 stories

is mentioned later in the program it is still to be coded as Headline. E.g. the teaser introduces Iraq,

global warming and the US election. And then starts with a couple of stories on Iraq. When the global

warming story comes up it is still a headline story. And the same goes for the US election when it

comes up after the two other themes it is still a headline code. On the other hand any other story is a

does not apply. For newspaper coding the Headline/front page item and Other item on front

page system is similar to the broadcast coding. Headline/front page item are to be coded for the

large and medium headlines on the front page. And again when those stories appear in the paperthey are to be coded as headline/front page item. Other item on front page is for the small news


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V13 & V14 Issue of news item (Primary and secondary)

Coders should identify the primary (and secondary) issue of the news item. The categories are meant

to be mutually exclusive, which means that, for example, whatever concerns electoral campaigns

goes under political campaign and election and NOT under party politics. Likewise, a love story

between celebrities goes under sex/love/romance and NOT under other human

interest/celebrities The headline and lead should be given extra weight in the judgment of whatcategory that applies for news story. 99 other/non of the above category has been added but is

only to be used, in the unlikely case that the article cannot fit in any of the other categories. Do not

code more then one item per theme in V13+V14 in sum. This indicates that if the primarily issue in

V13 is poverty, social and welfare issues and housing urban affairs seem to be a second issue in the

news item, this is not to be coded in V14. However, if the primary issue in V13 is poverty, social and

welfare issues and immigration, regugees and border issues seem to be a second issue, this is to be

coded 03 in V14.


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NEXT SECTIONS TO BE CODED ONLY IF ISSUE OF NEWS ITEM IS

1) IMMIGRATION OR INTEGRATION,

2) GOVERNMENT REGULATION

3) EDUCATION.

V15A-V18A Story actorWho is the story about? The idea is to register whom the news story is about.

This variable assesses the actors in the story, and importance is indicated by a combination of the

amount of time, or frequency, or order in which they appear. If it is possible to single out the most

important story actor, that actor should be coded first. If it is hard to differentiate between the

importance of different story actors, just code story actors in order of appearance.

Story actors number 2, 3 and 4 should be coded in order of appearance for all cases.

If the news story consists of fewer than four story actors, just code the actors present in the story

and assign value 99 to the other variables concerning story actors.

If the news story consists of more than four story actors, code the most important story actor and

three others in order of appearance or code all four story actors in order of appearance. Story actors

appearing after these four, shall not be coded.If an actor has different official roles (for instance being both a cabinet minister and a deputy

leader of a specific Party coders should pay attention to the main role the actor is taking/being

presented as in the news item. If he/she appears as a representative for the government code 1

should be used. If the main focus is on his/her role in the party rather than in cabinet, coders should

assign code 2-7. If the news story uses just one of the persons titles or refers to only one role that

indicates what code to assign. If the news story is not clear or both roles are referred to, coders

should use their best judgement to try to decide which role is the most dominant or important.

Journalists are only to be coded as actors if the story is about their role as journalists.

If the news story is about journalists in general, the role of the media or about cutting jobs in

newspapers, then a journalist being interviewed about that subject, could also be considered an

actor.

Example of coding from the tv-clip viewed during meeting on November 26th.

Who is the story about? The story is about the consequences of the financial crisis for the car industry.

The main actor is the car companies. Clues are that they are mentioned first (both visually with their

logos displayed and by the news anchor talking about them in the intro and at the beginning of the

actual news story) and the car companies are followed through out the news story. So main actor will

be coded 12 business leader or private companies.

The other actors in this story are the different congress/senate members being shown in the news

story. The story is about their views on the bailout plan for the car industry. The congress/senate

members will be coded in order of appearance and should be coded with values depending on their

party affiliation (value 2-6). If party affiliation is not possible to determine, assign code 7 Other

party or representatives.

V15B-V18B Gender of story actor

Coders should identify gender of the story actor if possible. 1 indicate that the story actor is female,

2 indicates that the story actor is male. Code 3 if this does not apply (for instance if the story actor is

an organization or a company) or if it is impossible to tell.


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V19A-V22A Sources for quotes

There is often considerable overlap between the main actors in the story,

and those who are quoted or who are seen speaking (soundbites on TV) in the

story. But there is not necessarily a direct correspondence. Who is quoted or speaking as a source in

the story? If the news story consists of fewer than four sources for quotes, just code the sources

present in the story and assign value 99 to the other variables concerning sources for quotes. If thenews story consists of more than four sources for quotes, code all four sources in order of

appearance. Sources for quotes appearing after these four, will not be coded.

If a source has different official roles (for instance being both a cabinet minister and a deputy

leader of a specific Party, coders should pay attention to the main role the actor is taking/being

presented as in the news item. If he/she appears as a representative for the government code 1

should be used. If the main focus is on his/her role in the party rather than in cabinet, coders should

assign code 2-7. If the news story uses just one of the persons titles or refers to only one role that

indicates what code to assign. If the news story is not clear or both roles are referred to, coders

should use their best judgement to try to decide which role is the most dominant or important.

Journalists are only to be coded as sources if they are being interviewed or quotedin the

news item. For a journalist to be considered a source, the journalist must go beyond his or her role asa conveyor. If the journalist interviews someone, speaks to make transitions from one segment of

the news story to another or otherwise acts as someone who lets others pass on their knowledge,

the journalist should not be considered a source. If the journalist disseminates knowledge about the

issue, the journalist should be coded as a source. If a journalist is a foreign correspondent and makes

a comment of some length or if a journalist talks about an issue as an expert or is portrayed as

knowledgeable about the issue (must also be of some length), the journalist should be considered a

source. In newspapers a quote is sufficient for the person or organization to be considered a source.

Anchors should never be coded as sources in any cases. The same goes for the journalist(s)

writing the article in newspapers.

Example of coding from the tv-clip viewed during meeting on November 26th

.

Who gets to speak and to be quoted? In this news story the first source would be the journalist

interviewed/talking to/making a comment to the anchor. (The journalist would not be an actor

because the story is not about him). So, the first source in the news clip would be the journalist,

assigned code 14 journalist/media representative/media. The next sources would be the first three

congress/senate members because they get to speak/be quoted in the news story. Coders should

assign code 2-7 (depending on party affiliation) to the next three sources.

V19B-V22B Gender of source

Coders should identify gender of the source if possible. 1 indicates that the source is female, 2

indicates that the source is male. Code 3 if this does not apply (for instance if the source is referred

to as an organization or a company or if it is an anonymous source) or if it is impossible to tell.


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Immigration (If V13/V14 = code 03 or 12)The next section is only to be coded for news items about immigration or integration

V23 Main argument towards immigration

Coders should type 1 if the news story contains considerable negative evaluations or criticism

towards immigration or immigrants, and 2 if the main argument in the news story seem favorabletowards immigration/immigrants. If the news story seems neutral and just presents facts with no

arguments or evaluation attached to these facts it should also be coded as 1 (neutral). If the news

story includes both positive and negative statements about immigration/immigrants the main

argument should be identified according to the amount of time, frequency and\order of appearance

of the various arguments.

V24 Is there a reference to economic arguments?

Coders should type 1 if the news story contains statements that indicate that immigrants exploit

economic system or benefits and, and 2 if the story includes statements that point to the economic

benefits related to immigrants/immigration. If the news story seems neutral and just presents facts

with no arguments or evaluation attached to these facts it should be coded as 2. If the news storyincludes both negative and positive statements about immigration and the economy the main


of the various arguments. If there is no reference to economic arguments the article should be coded

as 0.

V25 Is there a reference to cultural arguments?

Coders should type 1 if the news story contains statements that indicate that immigrants represent a

threat to national/local culture, and 2 if the story includes statements that point to the cultural

benefits related to immigrants/immigration. If the news story seems neutral and just presents facts

with no arguments or evaluation attached to these facts it should be coded as 2. If the news story

includes both negative and positive statements about immigration and culture the main argumentshould be identified according to the amount of time, frequency and\order of appearance of the

various arguments. If there is no reference to cultural arguments the article should be coded as 0.

V26 Is there a reference to crime?

Coders should type 1 if the news story contains statements that indicate that immigrants perform

crime/increase crime and 2 if the story includes statements that indicate that immigrants are victims

of crime. If the news story seems neutral and just presents facts with no arguments or evaluation

attached to these facts it should be coded as 2. If the news story includes both types of statements

the main argument should be identified according to the amount of time, frequency and\order of

appearance of the various arguments. If there is no reference to crime related arguments the article

should be coded as 0.

V27 Is there a reference to laws that regulate immigration?

Coders should type 1 if the news story contains statements related to laws to reduce immigration or

limit immigrant rights and 2 if the story includes statements that point to the need to prevent

immigrant discrimination. If the news story seems neutral and just presents facts with no arguments

or evaluation attached to these facts it should be coded as 2. If the news story includes both types of

statements the main argument should be identified according to the amount of time, frequency

and\order of appearance of the various arguments. If there is no reference to laws that regulate

immigration the article should be coded as 0.


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V28 Are immigrants mainly framed as a problem or a resource in the news story?

Coders should type 1 if the news story generally frames immigrants/immigration/integration as a

problem and 2 if the story generally frames immigrants as a resource/deserved group. If the news

story includes both types of statements equally the news item should be given the code 3. If it is

impossible to say how immigrants are framed the news item should be coded as 0 (cannot say).

V29 Is there a geographical reference to where immigrants originate from?

Coders should type 0 if no geographical reference is made as to where immigrants originate from.

Code 1 for reference to Western immigrants, 2 for reference to East European immigrants and 3 for

immigrants from South America, Africa and Asia. If the news story includes references to different

geographical locations the main reference should be identified according to the amount of time,

frequency and\order of appearance of the various references (including pictures).

V30 Is there an explicit reference to main religious background of immigrants?

By explicit reference we mean direct mentioning of immigrants as being Muslims, Christians, etc., or

mentioning that they are of Islamic, Muslim, etc. background. Typically, a word or words identifying

religion would be in the article / newscast. Coders should type 0 if no reference to religiousbackground of immigrants. Code 1 for reference to Christian immigrants, 2 for reference to Muslim

immigrants and 3 for reference to any other religion. If the news story includes references to

different religious backgrounds the main reference should be identified according to the amount of

time, frequency and\order of appearance of the various references (including pictures).

V30 Is there an implicit reference to main religious background of immigrants?

By implicit reference we means other clues that might lead a reader/viewer to identify the religion of

immigrants with a reasonable degree of certainty. Clues may be applied to mentioning

nationality/country of origin that clearly has one dominant religion. These countries are generally

considered muslim: Afghanistan, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Djibouti, Egypt,

Gaza strip (Palestine), Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman,

Pakistan, Quatar, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Somalia, Syria, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab

Emirates and Yemen. Most European and American countries are considered Christian. One should

not use skin complexity to determine religion if no other clue is provided. Coders should type 0 if no

reference to religious background of immigrants. Code 1 for reference to Christian immigrants, 2 for

reference to Muslim immigrants and 3 for reference to any other religion. If the news story includes

references to different religious backgrounds the main reference should be identified according to

the amount of time, frequency and\order of appearance of the various references (including

pictures).

V31 Does the news story present picture(s) of immigrants that reflect skin complexion?

Coders should type 0 if no picture of immigrants. Code 1 if picture reflects immigrants with (mainly)

dark skin complexion (non-white), 2 if equal reference to immigrants with dark and white skin

complexion and 3 for reference to immigrants with white skin complexion only.

V32 Immigrant sources (text)

Coders should identify if any immigrant sources are quoted or cited in the story. 0 indicate that no

immigrant sources is quoted, 1 indicate that an immigrant sources is represented in the news item.

V33 Is any party/candidate position described as extreme?

Coders should identify if a party or a political candidate is described in the news story as having

extreme opinions towards the issue of immigrant. 0 indicate that there is no such reference, 1

indicate that a party or candidate is characterised as extreme.


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V33A Which party?

Coders should identify the name of the party if V33 is given code 1. Parties to be coded are:

Code Type Belgium Netherlands Norway Sweden UK US

1 Left

wing

Groen SP SV Vnsterp.

2 Center

left

Sp.a PvdA AP Socialdemokratarna. Labour Democrats

3 Center CD&V CDA KrF Folkpartiet. Lib.Dem

4 Center

right

VLD VVD H Kristdemokraterna. Conservatives Republicans

5 Right Vlaams

Belang

LPF FrP Moderaterna

All other parties are coded as 6.

V34 Is there description of disagreement within a party over the issue of immigration?

Coders should identify the news item refer to a party disagreement over the issue of immigration. 0

indicate that there is no such reference, 1 indicate that such a party disagreement exist.

V34A Which party?



1 Left

wing


2 Center

left



4 Center

right


5 Right Vlaams

Belang

LPF FrP Moderaterna



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Government regulation (If V13/V14 = code 14-16 and 31-40)The next section is only to be coded for news items about immigration or integration

V35 Main argument towards government regulation /free marked

Coders should type 1 if the news story contains considerable negative evaluations or criticism

towards government regulation or positive statements towards the free market. Code 2 should beassigned if the main argument in the news story seems favorable towards government regulation or

is negative/critical towards free markets. If the news story includes both positive and negative

statements towards government regulation/free marked the main argument should be identified

according to the amount of time, frequency and\order of appearance of the various arguments. If

the news story seems neutral and just presents facts with no arguments or evaluation attached to

these facts it should be coded as 3 (neutral).

V36 Is there a reference to economic growth?

If there is no reference to economic growth the article should be coded as 0.Coders should type 1 if

the news story contains statements that government regulation will reduce growth or that the free

market will increase economic growth. Code 2 should be assigned if the story includes statementsthat point a positive effect of government regulation on growth or a negative effect of free market

on economic growth. If the news story includes both negative and positive statements about

government regulation/ free market and economic growth the main argument should be identified


the news story seems neutral and just presents facts with no arguments or evaluation attached to

these facts it should be coded as 3 (neutral).

V37 Is there a reference to economic stability?

If there is no reference to economic stability the article should be coded as 0. Coders should type 1 if

the news story contains statements that government regulation will reduce stability or that the free

market will increase stability. Code 2 should be assigned if the story includes statements that point apositive effect of government regulation on economic stability or a negative effect of free market on

economic stability. If the news story includes both negative and positive statements about

government regulation/ free market and economic stability the main argument should be identified


the news story seems neutral or stability are not really related to government regulation/ free

market arguments it should be coded as 3.

V38 Is there a reference to individual freedom?

If there is no reference to individual freedom the article should be coded as 0. Coders should type 1 if

the news story contains statements that government regulation will reduce individual freedom or

that the free market will increase individual freedom. Code 2 should be assigned if the story includesstatements that point a positive effect of government regulation on individual freedom or a negative

effect of free market on individual freedom. If the news story includes both negative and positive

statements about government regulation/ free market and individual freedom the main argument

should be identified according to the amount of time, frequency and\order of appearance of the

various arguments. If the news story seems neutral or individual freedom is not really related to

government regulation/ free market arguments it should be coded as 3.

V39 Is there a reference to individual rights/opportunities?

If there is no reference to individual rights/opportunities the article should be coded as 0.

Coders should type 1 if the news story contains statements that government regulation will reduce

individual rights or that the free market will increase individual rights. Code 2 should be assigned ifthe story includes statements that point a positive effect of government regulation on individual


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16

rights or a negative effect of free market on individual rights. If the news story includes both negative

and positive statements about government regulation/ free market and individual rights the main


of the various arguments. If the news story seems neutral or individual rights are not really related to


V40 Is there a reference to inequality?

If there is no reference to inequality the article should be coded as 0. Coders should type 1 if the

news story contains statements that government regulation will increase inequality or that the free

market will have an opposite effect. Code 2 should be assigned if the story includes statements that

point to a positive effect of government regulation on inequality or a negative effect of free market

on inequality. If the news story includes both negative and positive statements about government

regulation/ free market and inequality the main argument should be identified according to the

amount of time, frequency and\order of appearance of the various arguments. If the news story

seems neutral or inequality are not really related to government regulation/ free market arguments

it should be coded as 3.

V41 Is there a reference to unemployment?

If there is no reference to unemployment the article should be coded as 0. Coders should type 1 if

the news story contains statements that government regulation will reduce unemployment or that

the free market will increase unemployment. Code 2 should be assigned if the story includes

statements that point to a negative effect of government regulation on unemployment or a positive

effect of free market on unemployment. If the news story includes both negative and positive

statements about government regulation/ free market and unemployment the main argument

should be identified according to the amount of time, frequency and\order of appearance of the

various arguments. If the news story seems neutral or unemployment are not really related to


V42 Is there a reference to taxes?

If there is no reference to taxes the article should be coded as 0. Coders should type 1 if the news

story contains statements that government regulation will not increase taxes or that the free market

will increase taxes. Code 2 should be assigned if the story includes statements that indicate that

government regulation will increase taxes or that free marked will reduce taxes. If the news story

includes both negative and positive statements about government regulation/ free market and taxes

the main argument should be identified according to the amount of time, frequency and\order of

appearance of the various arguments. If the news story seems neutral or taxes are not really related

to government regulation/ free market arguments it should be coded as 3.

V43 Clearness of party/candidate positions.

Coders should identify if the news story make a reference to whether position taken by a particular

party or candidate is clear or unclear. Coders should type 0 if such reference is made. Code 1 if

reference is made to a very clear party position and 2 if reference is made to a a unclear party

position.


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V43A To which political party is this comment directed?

Coders should identify the name of the party if V43 is given code 1 or 2. Parties to be coded are:


1 Left

wing


2 Center

left



4 Center

right


5 Right Vlaams

Belang

LPF FrP Moderaterna


If V43 applies to several parties choose only party listed as main actor or main source.

V44 Changing of party/ candidate positions.

Coders should identify if the news story make a reference to whether or not a party/candidateposition has been changed. Coders should type 0 if such reference is made. Apply code 1 if reference

is made to a stable party position and 2 if reference is made to a changing or unstable party position.

V44A To which political party is this comment directed?

Coders should identify the name of the party if V44 is given code 1 or 2. Parties to be coded are:


1 Left

wing


2 Center

left



4 Center

right


5 Right Vlaams

Belang

LPF FrP Moderaterna


If V44 applies to several parties choose only party listed as main actor or main source.

V45 In what direction is it said that a party\actor has changed its position:

Coders should identify the direction of change if V45 is given code 2. Code 1 if Party/candidate now is

described as more opposed to government regulation and code 2 if party/candidate now is described

as more supportive of government regulation

V46 Is any party/candidate position described as extreme?

Coders should identify if a party or a political candidate is described in the news story as having

extreme opinions towards the issue of government regulation/free marked. 0 indicate that there is

no such reference, 1 indicate that a party or candidate is characterised as extreme.


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V46A Which party?



1 Left

wing


2 Centerleft Sp.a PvdA AP Socialdemokratarna. Labour Democrats


4 Center

right


5 Right Vlaams

Belang

LPF FrP Moderaterna


V47 Is there description of disagreement within a party over the issue of government regulation?

Coders should identify the news item refer to a party disagreement over the issue of government

regulation. 0 indicate that there is no such reference, 1 indicate that such a party disagreement exist.

V47A Which party?



1 Left

wing


2 Center

left



4 Center

right


5 Right Vlaams

Belang

LPF FrP Moderaterna



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Education (Norway and Sweden only) (If V13/V14 = code 17)

V48. Is the main focus of the content generally negative towards some aspect of the education

system?

0: No1: Yes

2: Does not apply

V49. Is there a discussion about foundational skills (reading/writing, mathematics, and natural

science)?

0: No

1: Yes, should be morefocus on foundational skills

2: Yes, should be lessfocus on foundational skills

V50. Is there a discussion about academic differences between pupils in schools?

0: No1: Yes, there are too largedifferences between pupils

2: Yes, there are no largedifferences between pupils

V51. Is there a discussion about the teaching of social skills in the education system?

0: No

1: Yes, there should be more focuson social skills

2: Yes, there should be less focuson social skills

V52. Is there a debate about education in relation to the national welfare system?

0: No

1: Yes, the current education system illustrates a great welfaresystem2: Yes, the current education system illustrates problemswith the welfare system

V53. Is there a debate about gender differences in the education system?

0: No

1: Yes, the education system favours girls

2: Yes, the education system favour boys

3: Yes, the education system does not create gender differences

V54. Is there a debate about differences between social classes in schools?

0: No.

1: Yes, the education systemfavours middle- or upper class2: Yes, the education systemfavours the lower class

3: Yes, social classes are irrelevantfor success in the education system

V55. Is there a debate about education and ethnicity?

0: No

1: Yes, the education systemfavours ethnic citizens

2: Yes, the education systemfavours immigrants

3: Yes, ethnic background is irrelevantfor success in the education system


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V56: Is there a debate related to education infrastructure (buildings, ict, restructuring, etc)?

0: No

1: Yes, there areproblemsor a conflictrelated to infrastructure

2: Yes, positive aspects related to infrastructure are debated

3: Yes, infrastructure is debated in a balanced or a neutral way

V57: Actor/source criticising current education policy/system:

Is there a source or an actor in the news story that criticize current educational policies? (If more

than one, pick the most important by a combination of amount of time, frequency and order of

appearance).

- No criticismgo to V60

- Yes, politician from a party in government

- Yes, politician from a party in opposition

- Yes, academics, other experts

- Yes, from organization (e.g. teacher unions)

- Yes, public official

-

Yes, other actors

V58: Who does main criticiser blame?

Who does main criticiser blame for current problems?

1. Current government

2. Former government

3. The profession (teachers, incl the teachers education)

4. Academics (e.g. bad pedagogic theories)

5. Public official

6. Other

7. None

V59: Reference to national measurement:

Do the main criticiser use results on nationalmeasurements as an argument for his/her view?

0. No

1. Yes

2. Cant tell

V60: Reference to international measurement:

Do the main criticiser use results on internationalmeasurement (e.g. PISA & TIMMS) as an argument

for his/her view?

3. No

4. Yes

5. Cant tell

V61: Reference to other countries

Does the main criticiser refer to other countries in arguing the way he/she does?

0. No

1 99. List of countries (see appendix for country codes)


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V62: Actor/source defending current educational policy/system:

Is there a source or an actor in the news story that defend current educational policies? (If more than

one, pick the most important by a combination of amount of time, frequency and order of

appearance).

0. No actor defending policy/systemthis is last variable to be coded

1.

Yes, politician from a party in government2. Yes, politician from a party in opposition

3. Yes, academics, other experts

4. Yes, from organization (e.g. teacher unions)

5. Yes, public official

6. Yes, other actors

V63: Who gets the credit?

If there are identified actors that defend the education system/policies, who do they give credit to?



3.

The profession (teachers, incl the teachers education)4. Academics

5. Public official

6. Other

7. None


Do the main defender use results on nationalmeasurement as an argument for his/her view?

0. No

1. Yes

2. Cant tell


Do the main defender use results on internationalmeasurement (e.g. PISA and TIMMS) as an

argument for his/her view?

0. No

1. Yes

2. Cant tell



0. No

1. 99. List of countries (see appendix for country codes)


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Code Sheet

Six-Nation Study on Media Systems, News Content and Perceptions of Reality

V1 Identification number

Belgian news items should start with 1xxxxxx, Dutch news items with 2xxxxxx, Norwegian news items

with 3xxxxxx, Swedish news items with 4xxxxxx, UK news items with 5xxxxxx and finally US news

items with 6xxxxxx. The second digit should refer to the news medium (se values 1 to 5 in V4). The

third digit should refer to the coder id number.

V2A Country

Country

1: Belgium

2: Netherlands

3: Norway

4: Sweden5: UK

6: US

V2B Population

Population of each country is reported in absolute numbers.

4 600 000: Norway

6 300 000: Belgium

9 100 000: Sweden

16 600 000: Netherlands

61 100 000: UK

307 200 000: US

V2C Coder identification number

1: Toril Aalberg

2: Tove Brekken (Coordinator of US & UK news content)

3: Egbert Leppink (Coordinator of Belgian and Dutch news content)

4: Audun Fladmoe (Coordinator of Norwegian and Swedish news content)

5: Berit Kvaly

6: Nils Erik Bjrge

7: Ron van Blokland

V3 Date(four numbers where the first two marks the month and the second two the day)

V4A Medium

1: TV1 (PBS or main broadcaster)

2: TV2 (Commercial or second largest broadcaster)

3: Newspaper 1 (Elite/quality newspaper)

4: Newspaper 2 (Tabloid/popular newspaper)

5: Newspaper 3 (Regional newspaper)


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V4B Circulation, Newspapers

Circulation figures from 2008 included in content analysis


Print

Elite

102 280 263204 247 556 335 600 845,167 1,000,665

PrintTabloid

340 899 695635 284 414 368 200 3,073,106 2,293,310

Print

Regional

127 960 116513 77 044 242 400 62290 110,999

V4C Viewer ratings, Television

Average viewer statistic from 2007


Broadcast

Public

(Except NBC

in USA)

756000 1630000 706000 1023000 4850000 8400000

Broadcast

Commercial

630000 101000 494000 491000 3750000 8300000

V5 Placement of news item

(Numeric indicating page or news item number. For newspapers, if article runs over several pages

refer to the starting page).

V5A Newspaper unit

(Indicating if page refers to main/first unit or regular additional unit/supplements).

1: Main/ first unit

2: Second unit/supplement3: Third unit/supplement

4: Forth unit/supplement

5: Fifth unit/supplement

V6 Status of news item

Considers top-3 TV news as headlines, and all newspapers front page items

0: Does not apply (not headline of front news)

1: Headline/front page item

2: Other item on front page

V7A Size of news item TVContinually indicate seconds on TV.

V7B Size of news item TV, recoded

Recorded seconds for each news item recoded into categories.

1: XS ( > 10 sec.)

2: S (11-30 sec.)

3: M (31-90 sec.)

4: L (91-150 sec.)

5: XL (> 150 sec.)


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V7C Size of news item Newspaper

(size include pictures for newspapers)

1: notes (up to 10 % of a page)

2: small (between 10-30 % of a page)

3: medium (between 30 -70 % of a page)

4: large (between 70 - 150 % of a page)5: extra large (more then 150 % of a page)

V8 News section

1: General news (inc. main page and sections with no specific heading)

2: Domestic news

3: Economy and trade

4: Foreign news

5: Regional/local news

6: Culture

7: Sport

8: Entertainment9: Lifestyle (house and home, fashion, travel)

10: Traffic and transportation

11: Crime

12: Consumer news

13: IT and computers/ Technology

14: Weather

15: Children

16: Other

V9 Contextualised or decontextualised (thematic vs episodic frame)

1: Contextualised2: Decontextualised

(V10 -12 only to be coded if V8 is coded as 1 through 5)

V10 Foreign news /Primary country mentioned

(see appendix 1 for country codes, continuous 0 to 207 CODE 0 FOR DOMESTIC CONTENT)

V11 Secondary foreign country


V12 Tertiary Foreign country



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V13 PRIMARY THEME/ISSUE OF NEWS ITEM

01-09 World politics

01: War, armed and military conflict

02: Terrorism

03: Immigration, refugees and border issues

04: Third World and development aid05: Global Warming & climate change

06: Energy supply & Oil issues

07: Nuclear (dis-)armament & other means of mass destruction

08: EU-enlargement

09: Foreign politics/diplomacy

10: Other Wold Politics issues

11-21 Politic areas

11: Housing/Urban affairs

12: Integration

13: Environment issues14: Poverty, Social and Welfare policies

15: Healthcare issues (including child/elderly care)/Public health

16: Labour policies

17: Education issues

18: Family matters

19: Transportation and traffic

20: Justice Affairs (incl. Gun control/Justice department affairs)

21: Other domestic politics issues

22-30. Political areas and the political game

22: Party politics

23: Political campaigns and elections

24: Personal focus on candidates/politicians/public officials

25: Democracy and structural reforms

26: Human Rights, Civil liberties, freedom of speech and Minority discrimination

27: Government (legislative and executive branch)

28: Social unrest/Civil Strife/labour unrest

29: Consumer issues

30: Other news about the political game

31-40 Business

31: General economy developments and trends

32: Trade/commerce

33: Prices/interest rates

34: Monetary/fiscal policy

35: Stock market

36: Individual company performance or sector performance

37: Public sector finance (taxes, budgets)

38: Collective bargaining

39: Agriculture/farming/rural issues/fishing

40: Other business issues

41-49 Crime/Punishment and Accidents

41: Police work, overall security and customs

42: Court cases and claims


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43: Prison issues and punishment issues

44: White collar crimes, counterfeit and corruption

45: Sex & drug related crimes

46: Violent crimes

47: Accidents

48: Emergencies and disasters49: Other 911-stories

50-59 Culture/Arts and Religion

50: Fine Art; Books, Theatre, Music

51: Popular culture; popular music, media and film

52: Culture Industry (business issues)

53: News media reporting about (other) news media

54: Religion & Church issues

55: Personal Stories about Faith & Philosophy

56: Cultural Traditions (eg. Easter, Hanukkah)

57: -58: The Muhammad Cartoon-Crises

59: Other Culture

60-69 Sports and Betting

60: National (and local) sports events (incl.mass/popular sport)

61: Internationals sports events (home team vs. foreigners)

62: Foreign sports events

63: Sports Stars/Celebrities

64: Sports doping and other types of cheating

65: Sports economics including Media sports rights

66: Olympic Games and other mega-events in the past and future

67: Betting and lottery

68: -

69: Other sports

70-79 Lifestyle/Family and Health

70: Hobbies, leisure and interior

71: Tourism

72: Beauty/fashion/fitness/wellness

73: Retirement/the elderly

74: Shopping

75: Food and Drinks

76: Tobaccos and Cigarettes

77: Obesity

78: Alcohol and drug issues (e.g. abuse related)

79: Other Lifestyle /Family/Health Issues

80-89 Entertainment/Celebrities and Gossip

80: Sex/love/romance/weddings

81: Divorce/Battering/Suicide

82: Sensations & Curiosities (e.g. duck with four legs)

83: Other human interest (ordinary citizens)

84: Other human interest (celebrity)

85: Hero/Villain-stories about criminals/detectives/victims

86: Royalty


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87: Personal focus on public officials/scandal

88: Personal focus on individual celebrity/scandal

89: Other Entertainment

90-99 History, Science, Technology and other

90: Science & Research91: Innovations & New Gadgets

92: National History

93: International History

94: Technology

95: Organic/Ecology

96: Natural disasters and response to them

97: Weather

98: Animals

99: Other Issues/No theme

V14 SECONDARY THEME/ISSUE OF NEWS ITEMsame categories as V13 + 0 = Does not apply (do not code more than one item per theme in V13 +

V14 in sum)


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Remaining variables only to be coded if V13/V14 is coded asa) Immigration(code 03 and 12) Immigration and integration

or

b) Government regulationincluding (Code 14 -16 and 31-40) (Welfare, labour and health

policies & Business 37)

orc) Education(17) (NB: Norway and Sweden only)

******************************************************************************

V15A V18A Story actor main/nr 1

1: Cabinet member

2: Party A or a representative from party A (Left wing parties Socialists/greens etc)

3: Party B or a representative from party B (Center left parties Labor, social democrats etc)

4: Party C or a representative from party C (Center parties Christian Democrats/ liberals etc)

5: Party D or a representative from party D (Center right parties Conservatives, Republican etc)

6: Party E or a representative from party E (Right wing parties Progressive party, Vlaams Belang etc.)

7: Other party or representative from other party

8: Foreign politician/foreign parties/foreign governments9: Government official

10: NGOs or NGO representative

11: Academics, other experts

12: Business leaders or private companies

13: Celebrities

14: Journalists/media representatives/media

15: Ordinary citizens

16: Anonymous actors

99: Does not apply (no main, second, third or fourth story actor)

V15B V18B Gender of story actor nr 11. Female

2. Male

3. Does not apply / cannot tell

V19A V22A Sources for quotes nr 1

1: Cabinet member

2: Party A or a representative from party A (Left wing parties Socialists/greens etc)

3: Party B or a representative from party B (Center left parties Labor, social democrats etc)

4: Party C or a representative from party C (Center parties Christian Democrats/ liberals etc)

5: Party D or a representative from party D (Center right parties Conservatives, Republican etc)

6: Party E or a representative from party E (Right wing parties Progressive party, Vlaams Belang etc.)7: Other party or representative from other party

8: Foreign politician/foreign parties/foreign governments

9: Government official

10: NGOs or NGO representative

11: Academics, other experts

12: Business leaders or private companies

13: Celebrities

14: Journalists/media representatives/media

15: Ordinary citizens

16: Anonymous actors

99: Does not apply (no main, second, third or fourth source)


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V30a. Is there an implicit reference to main religious background of immigrants?

4. No

5. Yes: Christian

6. Yes: Muslim

7. Yes: Other religion

V31. Does the news story present picture(s) of immigrants that reflect skin complexion?

0. No

1. Yes; mainly of immigrants with dark skin complexion (non-white)

2. Yes; Immigrants with dark and white skin complexion is equally represented in pictures

3. Yes; mainly of immigrants with white skin complexion

V32. Immigrant sources (text)

0. No

1. Yes

2. Cannot tell

V33. Is any party/candidate position described as extreme?

0. No

1. YesV33a

V33. Which party?

1: Left wing party (Socialists/greens etc)

2: Center left party (Labor, social democrats etc)

3: Center party (Christian Democrats/ liberals etc)

4: Center right party (Conservatives, Republican etc)

5: Right wing party (Progressive party, Vlaams Belang etc.)

6: Other parties

V34. Is there description of disagreement within a party over the issue of immigration?

0. No

1. YesV34a

V34a. Which party?





5: Right wing party (Progressive party, Vlaams Belang etc.)

6: Other parties


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Government regulation (If V13/V14 = code 14-16 and 31-40)

V35. Main argument towards government regulation /free marked

1. General anti government regulation or pro free marked

2. General pro government regulation or anti free marked

3. Neutral to government regulation/free marked

V36. Is there a reference to economic growth?

0. No

1: Yes, government regulation will reduce growth/ free marked will increase growth

2: Yes, government regulation will increase growth/ free marked reduce growth

3: Yes, but not at all related to government regulation/free marked (or totally neutral)

V37. Is there a reference to economic stability?

0. No

1: Yes, government regulation will reduce stability/ free marked will increase stability

2: Yes, government regulation will increase stability/ free marked will reduce stability3: Yes, but not at all related to government regulation/free marked (or totally neutral)

V38. Is there a reference to individual freedom?

0. No

1: Yes, government regulation will reduce individual freedom/ free marked increase ind. freedom

2: Yes, government regulation will increase individual freedom/ free marked reduce ind. freedom


V39. Is there a reference to individual rights/opportunities?

0. No

1: Yes, government regulation will reduce individual rights/ free marked increase ind. rights2: Yes, government regulation will increase individual rights/ free marked reduce ind. rights


V40. Is there a reference to inequality/welfare?

0. No

2: Yes, government regulation will reduce welfare for all/ increase inequality / free marked +

1: Yes, government regulation will increase welfare for all / reduce inequality/ free marked -


V41. Is there a reference to unemployment?

0. No1: Yes, government regulation will reduce unemployment? / free marked -

2: Yes, government regulation will increase unemployment?/ free marked +


V42. Is there a reference to taxes?

0. No

1: Yes, government regulation will not increase taxes? / free marked -

2: Yes, government regulation will increase taxes?/ free marked +



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V47a. Which party?





5: Right wing party (Progressive party, Vlaams Belang etc.)6: Other parties


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Education (Norway and Sweden only) (If V13/V14 = code 17)

V48. Is the main focus of the content generally negative towards some aspect of the education

system?

0: No

1: Yes2: Does not apply

V49. Is there a discussion about foundational skills (reading/writing, mathematics, and natural

science)?

0: No

1: Yes, should be morefocus on foundational skills

2: Yes, should be lessfocus on foundational skills

V50. Is there a discussion about academic differences between pupils in schools?

0: No

1: Yes, there are too largedifferences between pupils2: Yes, there are no largedifferences between pupils

V51. Is there a discussion about the teaching of social skills in the education system?

0: No

1: Yes, there should be more focuson social skills

2: Yes, there should be less focuson social skills

V52. Is there a debate about education in relation to the national welfare system?

0: No

1: Yes, the current education system illustrates a great welfaresystem

2: Yes, the current education system illustrates problemswith the welfare system

V53. Is there a debate about gender differences in the education system?

0: No

1: Yes, the education system favours girls

2: Yes, the education system favour boys

3: Yes, the education system does not create gender differences

V54. Is there a debate about differences between social classes in schools?

0: No.

1: Yes, the education systemfavours middle- or upper class

2: Yes, the education systemfavours the lower class3: Yes, social classes are irrelevantfor success in the education system

V55. Is there a debate about education and ethnicity?

0: No

1: Yes, the education systemfavours ethnic citizens

2: Yes, the education systemfavours immigrants

3: Yes, ethnic background is irrelevantfor success in the education system


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V56: Is there a debate related to education infrastructure (buildings, ict, restructuring, etc)?

0: No

1: Yes, there areproblemsor a conflictrelated to infrastructure

2: Yes, positive aspects related to infrastructure are debated

3: Yes, infrastructure is debated in a balanced or a neutral way

V57: Actor/source criticising current education policy/system:

Is there a source or an actor in the news story that criticize current educational policies? (If more

than one, pick the most important by a combination of amount of time, frequency and order of

appearance).

- No criticismgo to V60

- Yes, politician from a party in government

- Yes, politician from a party in opposition

- Yes, academics, other experts

- Yes, from organization (e.g. teacher unions)

- Yes, public official

-

Yes, other actors

V58: Who does main criticiser blame?

Who does main criticiser blame for current problems?



10.The profession (teachers, incl the teachers education)

11.Academics (e.g. bad pedagogic theories)

12.Public official

13.Other

14.None


Do the main criticiser use results on nationalmeasurements as an argument for his/her view?

6. No

7. Yes

8. Cant tell


Do the main criticiser use results on internationalmeasurement (e.g. PISA & TIMMS) as an argument

for his/her view?

9. No

10.Yes

11.Cant tell



1. No

1 99. List of countries (see appendix for country codes)


39/90


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37

APPENDIX 1

WORLD COUNTRIES

0 Domestic

1 Afghanistan

2 Albania

3 Algeria4 Andorra

5 Angola

6 Antigua & Barbuda

7 Argentina

8 Armenia

9 Australia

10 Austria

11 Azerbaijan

12 Bahamas

13 Bahrain

14 Bangladesh15 Barbados

16 Belarus

17 Belgium

18 Belize

19 Benin

20 Bhutan

21 Bolivia

22 Bosnia & Herzegovina

23 Botswana

24 Brazil

25 Brunei Darussalam26 Bulgaria

27 Burkina Faso

28 Burma (Myanmar)

29 Burundi

30 Cambodia

31 Cameroon

32 Canada

33 Cape Verde

34 Central African Republic

35 Chad

36 Chile37 China

38 Colombia

39 Comoros

40 Congo

41 Democratic Republic of the Costa Rica

42 Cte d'Ivoire

43 Croatia

44 Cuba

45 Cyprus

46 Czech Republic

47 Denmark

48 Djibouti

49 Dominica

50 Dominican Republic

51 Egypt

52 El Salvador

53 Equatorial Guinea

54 Eritrea

55 Estonia56 Ethiopia

57 Fiji

58 Finland

59 France

60 Gabon

61 Gambia

62 Georgia

63 Germany

64 Ghana

65 Greece

66 Grenada67 Guatemala

68 Guinea

69 Guinea-Bissau

70 Guyana

71 Haiti

72 Honduras

73 Hungary

74 Iceland

75 India

76 Indonesia

77 Iran

78 Iraq

79 Ireland

80 Israel

81 Italy

82 Jamaica

83 Japan

84 Jordan

85 Kazakhstan

86 Kenya

87 Kiribati

88 Korea, North

89 Korea, South

90 Kuwait

91 Kyrgyzstan

92 Laos

93 Latvia

94 Lebanon

95 Lesotho

96 Liberia

97 Libya

98 Liechtenstein

99 Lithuania

100 Luxembourg

101 Macedonia


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102 Madagascar

103 Malawi

104 Malaysia

105 Maldives

106 Mali

107 Malta108 Marshall Islands

109 Mauritania

110 Mauritius

111 Mexico

112 Micronesia

113 Moldova

114 Monaco

115 Mongolia

116 Montenegro

117 Morocco

118 Mozambique119 Namibia

120 Nauru

121 Nepal

122 The Netherlands

123 New Zealand

124 Nicaragua

125 Niger

126 Nigeria

127 Norway

128 Oman

129 Pakistan

130 Palau

131 Palestinian State*

132 Panama

133 Papua New Guinea

134 Paraguay

135 Peru

136 The Philippines

137 Poland

138 Portugal

139 Qatar

140 Romania

141 Russia

142 Rwanda

143 St. Kitts & Nevis

144 St. Lucia

145 St. Vincent & The Grenadines

146 Samoa

147 San Marino

148 So Tom & Prncipe

149 Saudi Arabia

150 Senegal

151 Serbia

152 Seychelles

153 Sierra Leone

154

155 Singapore

156 Slovakia

157 Slovenia

158 Solomon Islands

159 Somalia160 South Africa

161 Spain

162 Sri Lanka

163 Sudan

164 Suriname

165 Swaziland

166 Sweden

167 Switzerland

168 Syria

169 Taiwan

170 Tajikistan171 Tanzania

172 Thailand

173 Togo

174 Tonga

175 Trinidad & Tobago

176 Tunisia

177 Turkey

178 Turkmenistan

179 Tuvalu

180 Uganda

181 Ukraine

182 United Arab Emirates

183 United Kingdom

184 United States

185 Uruguay

186 Uzbekistan

187 Vanuatu

188 Vatican City (Holy See)

189 Venezuela

190 Vietnam

191 Western Sahara*

192 Yemen

193 Zaire

194 Zambia

195 Zimbabwe

196 Arctic

197 Antarctica

198 Historical states (e.g. USSR, Yugoslavia)

199 Other

200 Everywhere/ nowhere (country not

important)


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39

201 Asia

202 Oceania

203 North America

204 South America

205 Africa

206 Middle East207 Europe


43/90


44/90


45/90

42

IRC Television all countries

US UK Netherlands Belgium Sweden Norway Total

Number of

jugdements261 297 522 1098 279 324 2781

Number of

agreements237 279 490 1010 270 313 2599

C.R. 0,91 0,94 0,94 0,92 0,97 0,97 0,93

N 62 33 29 61 31 36 252

IRC Newspapers all countries

US UK Netherlands Belgium Sweden Norway Total

Number of

jugdements3470 3190 4180 5220 1600 2350 20010

Number of

agreements3209 3001 3930 4890 1489 2229 18748

C.R. 0,92 0,94 0,94 0,94 0,93 0,95 0,94

N 347 319 209 261 160 235 1531


46/90


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Frequency distributions

V2A_COUNTRY COUNTRY

Frequency Percent Valid Percent

Valid 1 Belgium 10025 22,3 22,3

2 Netherlands 6034 13,4 13,4

3 Norway 6439 14,3 14,3

4 Sweden 5849 13,0 13,0

5 UK 8342 18,6 18,6

6 US 8232 18,3 18,3

Total 44921 100,0 100,0

V2B_POPULATION POPULATION OF COUNTRY IN ABSOLUTE NUMBERS


Valid 4600000 Norway 6439 14,3 14,36300000 Belgium 10025 22,3 22,3

9100000 Sweden 5849 13,0 13,0

16600000 Netherlands 6034 13,4 13,4

61100000 UK 8342 18,6 18,6

307200000 US 8232 18,3 18,3

Total 44921 100,0 100,0

V2C_CODER_IDNUMBER CODER IDENTIFICATION NUMBER


Valid 1 Toril Aalberg 1763 3,9 3,9

2 Tove Brekken 3117 6,9 6,93 Egbert Leppink 9228 20,5 20,5

4 Audun Fladmoe 2097 4,7 4,7

5 Berit Kvaloy 10734 23,9 23,9

6 Nils Erik Bjorge 12167 27,1 27,1

7 Ron van Blokland 5815 12,9 12,9

Total 44921 100,0 100,0


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45

V3_DATE DATE (MM/DD)


Valid 0105 2313 5,1 5,1

0106 2327 5,2 5,2

0107 2567 5,7 5,7

0108 2570 5,7 5,70109 2660 5,9 5,9

0110 2367 5,3 5,3

0111 179 ,4 ,4

0119 2331 5,2 5,2

0120 2403 5,3 5,3

0121 2383 5,3 5,3

0122 2539 5,7 5,7

0123 2768 6,2 6,2

0124 2126 4,7 4,7

0125 219 ,5 ,5

1117 2411 5,4 5,4

1118 2446 5,4 5,4

1119 2581 5,7 5,7

1120 2719 6,1 6,1

1121 2594 5,8 5,8

1122 2241 5,0 5,0

1123 177 ,4 ,4

Total 44921 100,0 100,0

V4A_MEDIUM TYPE OF MEDIUM


Valid 1 Public Service (PBS) / Main

Broadcast2405 5,4 5,4

2 Commercial / Second Largest

Broadcast1936 4,3 4,3

3 Elite / Quality Newspaper 13687 30,5 30,5

4 Tabloid / Popular Newspaper 14184 31,6 31,6

5 Regional Newspaper 12709 28,3 28,3

Total 44921 100,0 100,0


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46

V4B_CIRCULATION_NP NEWSPAPER_CIRCULATION FIGURES 2008


Valid 62290 UK-Print Regional 2304 5,1 5,7

77044 Norway-Print Regional 1948 4,3 4,8

102280 Belgium-Print Elite 1994 4,4 4,9

110999 US-Print Regional 1642 3,7 4,0116513 Netherlands-Print

Regional1697 3,8 4,2

127960 Belgium-Print Regional 3186 7,1 7,9

242400 Sweden-Print Regional 1932 4,3 4,8

247556 Norway-Print Elite 1813 4,0 4,5

263204 Netherlands-Print Elite 1746 3,9 4,3

284414 Norway-Print Tabloid 1969 4,4 4,9

335600 Sweden-Print Elite 1867 4,2 4,6

340899 Belgium-Print Tabloid 3888 8,7 9,6

368200 Sweden-Print Tabloid 1187 2,6 2,9

695635 Netherlands-Print Tabloid 2000 4,5 4,9845167 UK-Print Elite 2856 6,4 7,0

1000665 US-Print Elite 3411 7,6 8,4

2293310 US-Print Tabloid 2605 5,8 6,4

3073106 UK-Print Tabloid 2535 5,6 6,2

Total 40580 90,3 100,0

Missing System 4341 9,7

Total 44921 100,0

V4C_RATINGS_TV TV_AVERAGE VIEWER RATINGS 2007


Valid 101000 Netherlands-Commercial

Broadcast315 ,7 7,3

491000 Sweden-Commercial

Broadcast343 ,8 7,9

494000 Norway-Commercial

Broadcast283 ,6 6,5

630000 Belgium-Commercial

Broadcast420 ,9 9,7

706000 Norway-PBS 426 ,9 9,8

756000 Belgium-PBS 537 1,2 12,4

1023000 Sweden-PBS 520 1,2 12,01630000 Netherlands-PBS 276 ,6 6,4

3750000 UK-Commercial

Broadcast306 ,7 7,0

4850000 UK-PBS 341 ,8 7,9

8300000 US-Commercial

Broadcast (ABC)269 ,6 6,2

8400000 US-PBS (NBC) 305 ,7 7,0

Total 4341 9,7 100,0


Total 44921 100,0


50/90

47

V5_PLACEMENT PLACEMENT OF NEWS ITEM WITHIN MEDIUM. Pagenumber for newspapers and

presentation sequence of news items for TV


Valid 1 4097 9,1 9,2

2 2616 5,8 5,9

3 2240 5,0 5,0

4 2142 4,8 4,8

5 1514 3,4 3,4

6 2055 4,6 4,6

7 1651 3,7 3,7

8 1719 3,8 3,9

9 1623 3,6 3,6

10 1301 2,9 2,9

11 1304 2,9 2,9

12 1252 2,8 2,8

13 1250 2,8 2,8

14 1141 2,5 2,6

15 1122 2,5 2,516 955 2,1 2,1

17 918 2,0 2,1

18 1003 2,2 2,2

19 856 1,9 1,9

20 781 1,7 1,8

21 706 1,6 1,6

22 673 1,5 1,5

23 693 1,5 1,6

24 621 1,4 1,4

25 732 1,6 1,6

26 636 1,4 1,4

27 541 1,2 1,228 473 1,1 1,1

29 503 1,1 1,1

30 400 ,9 ,9

31 362 ,8 ,8

32 358 ,8 ,8

33 458 1,0 1,0

34 359 ,8 ,8

35 280 ,6 ,6

36 264 ,6 ,6

37 307 ,7 ,7

38 205 ,5 ,5

39 224 ,5 ,5

40 270 ,6 ,6

41 259 ,6 ,6

42 220 ,5 ,5

43 234 ,5 ,5

44 127 ,3 ,3

45 150 ,3 ,3

46 136 ,3 ,3

47 97 ,2 ,2

48 157 ,3 ,4

49 165 ,4 ,4

50 158 ,4 ,451 122 ,3 ,3


51/90

48

52 144 ,3 ,3

53 92 ,2 ,2

54 140 ,3 ,3

55 125 ,3 ,3

56 133 ,3 ,3

57 80 ,2 ,2

58 65 ,1 ,1

59 40 ,1 ,1

60 64 ,1 ,1

61 85 ,2 ,2

62 112 ,2 ,3

63 121 ,3 ,3

64 77 ,2 ,2

65 45 ,1 ,1

66 62 ,1 ,1

67 44 ,1 ,1

68 38 ,1 ,1

69 53 ,1 ,170 46 ,1 ,1

71 25 ,1 ,1

72 45 ,1 ,1

73 37 ,1 ,1

74 59 ,1 ,1

75 28 ,1 ,1

76 37 ,1 ,1

77 30 ,1 ,1

78 37 ,1 ,1

79 15 ,0 ,0

80 23 ,1 ,1

81 13 ,0 ,082 30 ,1 ,1

83 19 ,0 ,0

84 37 ,1 ,1

85 20 ,0 ,0

86 26 ,1 ,1

87 9 ,0 ,0

88 19 ,0 ,0

89 12 ,0 ,0

90 11 ,0 ,0

91 16 ,0 ,0

92 13 ,0 ,0

93 4 ,0 ,0

94 9 ,0 ,0

95 5 ,0 ,0

96 5 ,0 ,0

97 5 ,0 ,0

98 2 ,0 ,0

99 1 ,0 ,0

100 3 ,0 ,0

102 1 ,0 ,0

118 1 ,0 ,0

Total 44593 99,3 100,0

Missing System 328 ,7Total 44921 100,0


52/90

49

V5A_NEWSPAPERUNIT PLACEMENT OF NEWS ITEM IN WHICH NEWSPAPER UNIT/SUPPLEMENT


Valid 1 Main/First unit 23454 52,2 57,8

2 Second unit 11191 24,9 27,6

3 Third unit 5374 12,0 13,2

4 Fourth unit 561 1,2 1,4Total 40580 90,3 100,0


Total 44921 100,0

V6_STATUS STATUS OF NEWS ITEM


Valid 0 Does not apply 38145 84,9 84,9

1 Headline/Frontpage Item 3787 8,4 8,4

2 Other Item on Frontpage 2989 6,7 6,7

Total 44921 100,0 100,0

V7B_SIZE_TV_RECODED TV: SIZE OF NEWS ITEM IN SECONDS, RECODED


Valid 1 XS ( 150 sec.) 703 1,6 16,2

Total 4341 9,7 100,0


Total 44921 100,0

V7C_SIZE_NP NEWSPAPERS: SIZE OF NEWS ITEM IN PERCENTAGES OF A PAGE


Valid 1 Notes ( < 10 percent) 21427 47,7 52,8

2 Small (10 - 30 percent) 10247 22,8 25,3

3 Medium (30 - 70 percent) 5878 13,1 14,5

4 Large (70 - 150 percent) 2333 5,2 5,7

5 Extra Large (>150 percent) 695 1,5 1,7

Total 40580 90,3 100,0


Total 44921 100,0


53/90

50

V8_NEWSSECTION EXPLICIT PLACEMENT OF NEWS ITEM IN A SPESIFIC NEWSSECTION


Valid 1 General News 15408 34,3 34,3

2 Domestic News 2522 5,6 5,6

3 Economy and Trade 5531 12,3 12,3

4 Foreign News 2748 6,1 6,15 Regional/Local News 3618 8,1 8,1

6 Culture 1764 3,9 3,9

7 Sport 9592 21,4 21,4

8 Entertainment 1265 2,8 2,8

9 Lifestyle (house and home,

fashion, travel)741 1,6 1,6

10 Traffic and Transportation 27 ,1 ,1

11 Crime 39 ,1 ,1

12 Consumer News 160 ,4 ,4

13 IT and Computers/Technology 94 ,2 ,2

14 Weather 60 ,1 ,115 Children 10 ,0 ,0

16 Other 1342 3,0 3,0

Total 44921 100,0 100,0

V9_NEWSFRAME CONTEXTUALISED OR DECONTEXTUALISED NEWSFRAME


Valid 1 Contextualized 7258 16,2 16,2

2 Decontextualized 37626 83,8 83,8

Total 44884 99,9 100,0

Missing System 37 ,1

Total 44921 100,0

V10_COUNTRY_1st PRIMARY COUNTRY MENTIONED


Valid 0 Domestic 22350 49,8 73,2

1 Afghanistan 116 ,3 ,4

2 Albania 3 ,0 ,0

3 Algeria 5 ,0 ,0

5 Angola 2 ,0 ,0

6 Antigua & Barbuda 1 ,0 ,0

7 Argentina 19 ,0 ,1

8 Armenia 1 ,0 ,09 Australia 94 ,2 ,3

10 Austria 29 ,1 ,1

11 Azerbaijan 3 ,0 ,0

12 Bahamas 3 ,0 ,0

13 Bahrain 3 ,0 ,0

14 Bangladesh 4 ,0 ,0

15 Barbados 1 ,0 ,0

16 Belarus 1 ,0 ,0

17 Belgium 247 ,5 ,8

21 Bolivia 3 ,0 ,0

22 Bosnia & Herzegovina 6 ,0 ,0

24 Brazil 32 ,1 ,1

26 Bulgaria 16 ,0 ,1


54/90


55/90

52

100 Luxembourg 7 ,0 ,0

101 Macedonia 1 ,0 ,0

102 Madagascar 5 ,0 ,0

103 Malawi 1 ,0 ,0

104 Malaysia 3 ,0 ,0

106 Mali 11 ,0 ,0

110 Mauritius 1 ,0 ,0

111 Mexico 45 ,1 ,1

114 Monaco 2 ,0 ,0

115 Mongolia 1 ,0 ,0

117 Moroco 25 ,1 ,1

118 Mozambique 1 ,0 ,0

121 Nepal 8 ,0 ,0

122 The Netherlands 261 ,6 ,9

123 New Zealand 8 ,0 ,0

124 Nicaraqua 4 ,0 ,0

125 Niger 1 ,0 ,0

126 Nigeria 7 ,0 ,0127 Norway 38 ,1 ,1

128 Oman 5 ,0 ,0

129 Pakistan 68 ,2 ,2

131 Palestinian State 379 ,8 1,2

132 Panama 1 ,0 ,0

133 Papua New Guinea 2 ,0 ,0

135 Peru 5 ,0 ,0

136 The Philippines 5 ,0 ,0

137 Poland 28 ,1 ,1

138 Portugal 5 ,0 ,0

140 Romania 12 ,0 ,0

141 Russia 302 ,7 1,0142 Rwanda 17 ,0 ,1

149 Saudi Arabia 26 ,1 ,1

150 Senegal 4 ,0 ,0

151 Serbia 17 ,0 ,1

155 Singapore 5 ,0 ,0

156 Slovakia 2 ,0 ,0

159 Somalia 132 ,3 ,4

160 South Africa 28 ,1 ,1

161 Spain 115 ,3 ,4

162 Sri Lanka 41 ,1 ,1

163 Sudan 9 ,0 ,0

164 Suriname 4 ,0 ,0

165 Swaziland 1 ,0 ,0

166 Sweden 59 ,1 ,2

167 Switzerland 34 ,1 ,1

168 Syria 7 ,0 ,0

169 Taiwan 4 ,0 ,0

171 Tanzania 9 ,0 ,0

172 Thailand 36 ,1 ,1

173 Togo 1 ,0 ,0

176 Tunesia 8 ,0 ,0

177 Turkey 56 ,1 ,2

180 Uganda 7 ,0 ,0181 Ukraine 38 ,1 ,1

182 Unites Arab Emirates 11 ,0 ,0


56/90

53

183 United Kingdom 389 ,9 1,3

184 United States 1514 3,4 5,0

185 Uruguay 2 ,0 ,0

186 Uzbekistan 2 ,0 ,0

188 Vatican City 22 ,0 ,1

189 Venezuela 17 ,0 ,1

190 Vietnam 10 ,0 ,0

192 Yemen 5 ,0 ,0

193 Zaire 1 ,0 ,0

195 Zimbabwe 39 ,1 ,1

196 Arctic 1 ,0 ,0

197 Antarctica 13 ,0 ,0

198 Historical States (e.g. USSR,

Yugoslavia)4 ,0 ,0

199 Other 39 ,1 ,1

200 Everywhere/nowhere (Country

not important)303 ,7 1,0

201 Asia 16 ,0 ,1203 North America 274 ,6 ,9

204 South America 9 ,0 ,0

205 Africa 29 ,1 ,1

206 Middle East 25 ,1 ,1

207 Europe 373 ,8 1,2

Total 30516 67,9 100,0


Total 44921 100,0

V11_COUNTRY_2nd 2nd COUNTRY MENTIONED


Valid 0 Domestic 364 ,8 6,81 Afghanistan

Documents

code book content analysis_print.pdf