KOD DAN NAMA PROGRAM / PROGRAM’S CODE & NAME

HT-023-3-2012 TOURIST GUIDE (CITY GUIDE)

TAHAP / LEVEL TOURIST GUIDE - TAHAP 3

NO. DAN TAJUK UNIT KOMPETENSI /

COMPETENCY UNIT NO. AND TITLE

COCU 4/1

Duty 4/1 Tour Commentary Delivery MODULE 3 : HISTORY OF MALAYSIA

NO. DAN PENYATAAN AKTIVITI KERJA / WORK ACTIVITIES NO. AND STATEMENT

This module contains the scope of History of Malaysia consisting

of study to gather information of pre history of Malaysia, Sultanate

of Malacca, pre independence history of Malaysia and Malaysia

After Independence. Prepare a storyline on History of Malaysia

and conduct commentary on History of Malaysia. The content of

this module is used to design teaching, learning activities and

assessment tools to evaluate trainees performances.

NO. KOD / CODE NUM. HT-023-3:2012 CO4/1-M3 Page 1 of 22

TAJUK/TITLE :

This module contains the scope of tourist guide professionalism consisting of gathering tourist

guide professionalism content, documenting with tourist guide professionalism content, and

disseminating tour information and content. The content of this module is used to design

teaching / learning activities and assessment tools to evaluate trainees’ performances.

TUJUAN/PURPOSE :

History of Malaysia using Reference Materials (Book, Websites, Booklets, Newspaper), Stationery, Storyline, PA System so that the information on History of Malaysia are gathered, Storyline on History of Malaysia prepared and Commentary on History of Malaysia conducted in accordance with established (Tourist) requirement.

KERTAS PENERANGAN ( INFORMATION SHEET )

GREENCITY INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE 9,Ground Floor, Jalan Gereja,

50100 Kuala Lumpur.

ISI KANDUNGAN Page 2 of 22

1.0 Gather Information on History of Malaysia.

1.1 Sources of Information

1.2 Pre history of Malaysia information

Palaeolithic

Mesolithic

Neolithic

Iron age

1.3 Early Kingdom (Malaya, Sabah and Sarawak) information

1.4 Colonial era information

Portuguese in Malacca

Dutch in Malacca

British in Malacca

1.5 Pre independence history of Malaysia information

Straits Settlement of Malacca

Federated Malay States

Un-federated Malay States

Second World War

Malayan Union

Federation of Malaya

Communist Insurgency

1.6 Malaysia After Independence information

Independence of Malaysia

Formation of Malaysia

No. & TAJUK PENGALAMAN PEMBELAJARAN

This module contains the scope of History of Malaysia consisting of study to gather information of pre history of Malaysia, Sultanate of Malacca, pre independence history of Malaysia and Malaysia After Independence. Prepare a storyline on History of Malaysia and conduct commentary on History of Malaysia. The content of this module is used to design teaching, learning activities and assessment tools to evaluate trainees performances.

No. & TAJUK TUGASAN

This important module was added into the COS. The element is not included in the development of the NOSS HT-023-3

Code No. : HT-023-3/M03/IS(1/1)

Page 3 of 22

TAJUK : HISTORY OF MALAYSIA

TUJUAN : History of Malaysia using Reference Materials (Book, Websites, Booklets, Newspaper), Stationery, Storyline, PA System so that the information on History of Malaysia are gathered, Storyline on History of Malaysia prepared and Commentary on History of Malaysia conducted in accordance with established (Tourist) requirement. PENERANGAN :

1.0 Gather Information On History of Malaysia Please refer to the Reference part of the information sheet. 1.1 OBJECTIVE

The objective of this module is to make student understand and will be able to deliver the information on

History of Malaysia to the tourist.

1.1.1) WHAT DOES A TOURIST REQUIRE FROM A TOURIST GUIDE?

As a tourist guide you must be able to describe the tourist sites or places of interest in detail as the

tourist would expect a complete history on them. The information given should be clear and concise.

When a tourist guide is at a tourist spot, the tourist guide must know how to relate the significance of the

history to the tourist spot.

Example: National Monument is related to the Emergency Period of Malaysia.

Independence Square is related to how Malaysia achieved independence.

Whenever we talk about history, we will always relate it to the state of Melaka. It is almost always that

every group will go to Melaka. As such, tourist guide must learn the history of Melaka well. After all, it is

said, to understand Malaysia is to visit Historical City of Melaka because Melaka is so rich of historical

places.

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1.1.2 HISTORY OF MALAYSIA

The history of Malaysia can be divided into:

I. The Pre-Melaka Era

II. The Melaka Sultanate Era

III. The Administration of British Before Japanese Occupational Era

IV. The Federal Malay States Era

V. The Malaysia Independence History

1.2.1) The Pre-Melaka Era

The Pre-Melaka Era can be divided into: 1. The Archeology Period

2. Bujang Valley,Kedah (100Years B.C.)

3. Langkasuka in Patani (2nd–14th century)

4. Srivijaya in Sumatra (7th century-13th century)

5. Majapahit Empire in Pulau Jawa (1293–1500)

1.2.2) The Archeology Period

There are about 200 prehistoric caves and open spaces in Malaysia about 40 000 years ago.

There are 4 stages of changes in the Prehistory Era of the Nusantara :

i. The Paleolitic Era or the Early Stone Age – About 35 000 years ago

ii. The Epi-Paleolitic or The Mid Stone Age – about 11 000 years ago

iii. The Neolitic or The New Stone Age – About 5000 years ago

iv. The Metal Era or The Copper – Metal – About 2500 years ago

1.2.3) The History of Archeological Research In Malaysia

In the early 70’s, started the new era history of archeology in Malaysia when a local historian for the

first time explore the Niah Cave, Sarawak in 1977 and Cha Cave, Kelantan by Adi Hj Taha in 1979.

In 1987 the Archeology Project in Malaysia was established in University Sains Malaysia and in 1997 it

has been the Archeology Research Centre of Malaysia.

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1.2.4) Archeology Open Sites In Malaysia

The main archeological sites in Malaysia :

Hulu Perak, Perak

Lembah Tembeling, Pahang

Lembah Tingkayu, Sabah

In 1987, excavation in Kota Tampan gave strong evidence there are artifacts found. As such, the site has been chosen to build a museum – the Archeology Museum of Lenggong.

1.2.5) Archeological Cave Sites In Malaysia

There are more than 150 caves in Malaysia which have proven prehistorical sites.

The main sites found in Niah Cave, Sarawak shows that it has a few layers of deposits which are about

12 feet thick since 40 000 years ago.

1.2.6) The Paleolitic Era

In Malaysia, early habitats of Paleolic human are found in Kota Tampan (Perak), Gua Niah (Sarawak),

dan Tingkayu (Sabah).

The Paleolitic is also known as the Early Stone age because human that time started to use tools made

of stone.

The Paleolitic stayed in the cave since 35 000 years ago and was believed the earliest residence in

Malaysia.

1.2.7) The Epi-Paleolitic Era

Also known as the Melitic Era and started about 11 ooo years ago.

At that time, the sea and river water flooded a few earthen areas and hence builds up the Straits of

Melaka, the South China Sea, the Jawa Sea and the Straits of Sunda.

This has changed the life style of the people during this era.

The Epi-Paleolitic Era People is also know as the Hoabinh because the stone tool they used are of the

same as the the tools found in Hoabinh, Vietnam.

In Peninsular, the ancestors of the Mesolitic people are the Negrito and Senoi tribes.

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1.2.8) The Neolitic Era

The Neolitic Era is also known as the New Stone Age Era. This era started about 5000 years ago.

In Peninsular, early habitats of Neolitic Era was found at :

1. Gua Cha, Kelantan

2. Gua Kecil, Pahang

3. Gua Kepah, Kedah

4. Gua Gomantong, Sabah

5. Gua Niah, Sarawak.

At the Neolitic Era, a few commercial centres appeared due to the commercial activities.

The main commercial products are the forest products, the sea products and the ornaments product.

1.2.9) The Steel Age

The Metal Era was believed started in Peninsular about 2500 years ago.

Among the earliest settlement of Metal Age in Peninsular:

1. Sungai Langat, Selangor

2. Batu Buruk, Terengganu

3. Sungai Tembeling, Pahang

4. Sungai Muar, Johor

At this era, the human started to use the tools made of metal.

The copper drum during the Metal Era found in Sungai Lang, Selangor and Batu Buruk, Kuala

Terengganu.

The people of the Metal Era have believes and certain lifestyle. The proven sites are :

a) The pieces of stone formed graveyard found in Batu Ubin, Perak.

b) The boat shape coffin found in Sungai Lang, Selangor.

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1.2.10) The Perak Man

The skeleton has been dated at between 10,000 and 11,000 years old, which makes him a Stone Age

man, from the Palaeolithic period.

The skeleton was found by Datuk Prof Zuraini Majid and her team from Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM).

1.2.11) The Skeleton of Perak Man

1.2.12) Kota Tampan

Kota Tampan is the site of a prehistoric stone tool workshop, and has been dated at about 75,000 years

old.

This makes it older than the archaeological remains which have been found at Niah Cave in Sarawak,

where one human skull has been dated at about 40,000 years old.

1.2.13) Niah Cave

From East Malaysia, Sarawak's Niah Caves, there is evidence of the oldest human remains in Malaysia,

dating back some 40,000 years.

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1.3.1) Bujang Valley(100years B.C.)

The Bujang Valley or Lembah Bujang is a sprawling historical complex and has an area of

approximately 224 square km.

Situated near Merbok, Kedah, between Gunung Jerai in the north and Sungai Muda in the south, it is the

richest archaeological area in Malaysia.

Archaeological research indicates that there was an old Hindu-Buddhist empire built here.

The name itself is roughly translated into "Dragon Valley".

The area consists of ruins that may date more than 1,500 years old.

More than fifty ancient tomb temples, called candi, have also been unearthed, many of which were built

during the Bujang Valley civilization's heyday.

The most impressive and well-preserved of these is located in Pengkalan Bayang Merbok.

The Bujang Valley Archaeological Museum is also located here.

Research also indicates that an ancient Hindu-Buddhist kingdom ruled here as early as 300 CE.

Relics(遗迹，残片) found at the site are now on display at the archaeological museum.

Items include inscribed stone caskets(棺材) and tablets(碑), metal tools and ornaments(装饰), ceramics,

pottery, and Hindu icons.

Bujang Valley (Lembah Bujang)

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1.3.2) Candi

Early Kedah's architecture, the Candi (pronounce Chandi), in a miniature model, on display at the

National History Museum, Kuala Lumpur.

One of the ancient artifacts on display at the Musuem of archeology in Bujang Valley.

1.3.3) Langkasuka (2nd–14th century)

Langkasuka (-langkha Sanskrit for “resplendent(辉煌) land" -sukkha of "bliss") was an ancient Hindu

Malay kingdom located in the Malay Peninsula.

The kingdom along with Old Kedah are probably the earliest kingdom founded on the Malay Peninsula.

According to tradition the founding of the kingdom happened in the 2nd century.

Malay legends claim that Langkasuka was founded at Kedah, and later moved to Pattani.

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1.3.4) Majapahit Empire

The Majapahit Empire was an Indianized kingdom based in eastern Jawa from 1293 to around 1500.

Its greatest ruler was Hayam Wuruk, whose reign from 1350 to 1389 marked the empire's peak when it

dominated other kingdoms in southern Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sumatra, Bali, and the Philippines.

The Majapahit was the last of the great Hindu empires of the Malay archipelago. It was preceeded by

the Srivijayan kingdom, based in Palembang on the island of Sumatra.

1.3.5) Srivijaya

Srivijaya, Sriwijaya, Shri Bhoja, Sri Boja or Shri Vijaya (200s-1400) was an ancient Malay kingdom on the island of Sumatra which influenced much of the Malay Archipelago.

Records of its beginning are scarce/insufficient while estimations range from the 3rd to 5th centuries. The kingdom ceased to exist around 1400. In Sanskrit, sri means 'shining' or 'radiant' and vijaya means victory or excellence 1.3.6) The Melaka Sultanate Era

The Sultanate of Malacca was a Malay sultanate founded by Parameswara in 1400.

Centered in the town of Malacca, the sultanate stretched from southern Thailand in the north to Sumatra

in the southwest.

Malacca Sultanate

1.3.7) Parameswara &Malacca

Parameswara was a Hindu Srivijayan prince alleged to be the descendant(后裔) of Macedonian King

Alexander the Great.

Also, he is the fourth descendant of Raden Wijaya. (Raden Wijaya, the first king (1293-1309) of

Majapahit )

He escaped the Majapahit capture of Palembang, then settled on Temasek island(now Singapore) -

where he briefly instituted himself as the regent there after killing a Siam representative, Temagi.

However, his rule in Temasek didn't last long as native Malays later chased him out. From the island, he

fled to Muar before deciding to make Malacca his new capital in 1402.

According to the Malay Annals, legend has it the king saw a mouse deer outwit a dog in Malacca. He

took what he saw as a good omen and decided to establish a capital for his kingdom there.

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Parameswara use the name Raja Iskandar Syah but He was not converted to Islam yet.

In 1414, Sultan Mahkota Iskandar Syah (Prince of Parameswara) converted to Islam after marrying a

princess from Pasai.

His conversion also encouraged his subjects to embrace Islam and this is how Malacca became a

sultanate.

1.3.8) Sultan of Malacca

Sultan of Malacca Reign

Parameswara (Raja Iskandar Syah) 1400-1414

Sultan Mahkota Iskandar Syah 1414-1424

Sultan Muhammad Shah(Seri Maharaja) 1424-1444

Parameswara Dewa Syah(Raja Ibrahim) 1444-1445

Sultan Muzaffar Shah(Raja Kassim) 1445-1459

Sultan Mansor Shah 1459-1477

Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah 1477-1488

Sultan Mahmud Shah 1488-1511

1.3.9) Bendahara Malacca

Bendahara Malacca Term

Seriwa Raja(Father Of

Tun Perak)

1445

Tun Ali 1445-1456

Tun Perak 1456-1498

Tun Mutahir 1500-1510

Paduka Tuan 1510-1511

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1.3.10) Ta' Melayu Hilang Di-Dunia

A bronze sculpture of Hang Tuah, a legendary Malay hero, with Ta' Melayu Hilang Di-Dunia (Malays will

never vanish from the earth) written at the top.

1.3.11) FACTORS OF MELAKA GROWTH

1) Malacca was as a major player in the spice trade, serving as a gateway between the Spice

Islands and high-paying Eurasian markets.

2) One of the factors that contributed to the rise of Malacca was the monsoon winds that enabled

Arab and Indian traders from the west to travel to China in the east and vice versa.

3) Strategic location

4) Deep & suitable bay for large ship to ashore

5) Good and complete administration

6) Good law enforcement:- Undang² Laut Melaka & Hukum Kanun Melaka

7) Good taxation system

8) Islam as the official religion

9) Bahasa Melayu as the official media

10) Usage of Melaka currency in trading process

11) Relationship with Ming Dynasty

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1.4.1) Portuguese Invasion And Its Effects

It was in 1509, during the reign of the last Sultan of Malacca, Sultan Mahmud Shah that the Portuguese

became the first European power to reach Malacca and Southeast Asia in general.

The Portuguese delegation was led by Admiral Lopez de Sequira.

Trouble however ensued after the general feeling of rivalry between Islam and Christianity was invoked

by a group of Goa Muslims in the sultan's court after the Portuguese had captured Goa.

Soon, the Portuguese fleet was attacked by Malacca and was forced to flee.

In 1511, a larger Portuguese fleet from Cochin, India led by Admiral Alfonso d'Albuquerque came back

to Malacca.

The Admiral made a number of demands - one of which was for permission to establish a Portuguese

trading post near the city.

All the demands were refused by the Sultan.

Conflict was unavoidable, and after 30 days of fighting, Malacca fell to the Portuguese on 1511August

25.

Sultan Mahmud Shah was forced to flee Malacca.

The sultan made several attempts to retake the capital but his efforts were fruitless.

The Portuguese retaliated and forced the sultan to flee to Pahang.

Later, the sultan sailed to Bintan and established a new capital there.

With a base established, the sultan rallied the disarrayed Malay forces and organized several attacks

and blockades against the Portuguese's position.

Frequent raids/attacks on Malacca caused the Portuguese severe hardship.

The raids helped convince the Portuguese that the exiled sultan's forces must be silenced.

A number of attempts were made to suppress the Malay forces, but it wasn't until 1526 that the

Portuguese finally razed Bintan to the ground.

The sultan then retreated to Kampar in Sumatra where he died two years later.

He left behind two sons named Muzaffar Shah and Alauddin Riayat Shah.

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Muzaffar Shah was invited by the people in the north of the peninsula to become their ruler, establishing

the Sultanate of Perak.

Meanwhile, Mahmud's other son, Alauddin succeeded his father and made a new capital in the south

and established the Sultanate of Johore, the successor of Malacca.

The Portuguese were encouraged to marry local girls and soon there were a strong Eurasian

community.

Today, there are Portuguese Eurasians in Melaka and other towns of Malaysia and many of them speak

a Portuguese dialect.

Though the Portuguese lost Melaka more than 300 years ago, many words from their language are still

used by the Malays.

Some of the examples include almari (almario), bendera (bandera), mentega (mantaga), garfu (garfo)

and meja (mesa)

1.4.2) Dutch Invasion

In the 17th century, the Dutch reached Southeast Asia.

The Dutch were no friend of the Portuguese and allied themselves with Johor.

Finally in 1641, the Dutch and Johor defeated the Portuguese.

Malacca hence became a Dutch territory and remained so until the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824 was

signed.

III) The Administration of British Before Japanese Occupational Era

1.4.3) British Malaya

British Malaya loosely described a set of states on the Malay Peninsula that were colonized by the

British from the 18th and the 19th until the 20th century.

Before the formation of Malayan Union in 1946, the colonies were not placed under a single unified

administration.

Instead, British Malaya was comprised of the Straits Settlements, the Federated Malay States and the

Unfederated Malay States.

Malaya was also one of the most profitable British protectorates, being the world's largest producer of tin

and later rubber.

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1.4.4) British In Penang

In the mid-18th century, British firms could be found trading in the Malay Peninsula.

In April 1771, Jourdain, Sulivan and de Souza, a British firm based in Madras, India sent Sir Francis

Light to meet the sultan of Kedah, Sultan Abdullah Mukkaram Shah, to open up the state's market for

trading.

Light was also a captain within the British East India Company.

At the same time, the sultan was facing multiple external threats that could challenge the sultan's power

in Kedah.

Siam of which was at war with Burma and saw Kedah as its vassal state, frequently demanded Kedah

to send in reinforcement.

Kedah in many cases was a reluctant ally/partner to the Siam.

Through negotiation between the sultan and Light, the sultan agreed to allow the firm to build a trading

post and operate in Kedah if the British agree to protect Kedah from external pressure.

Light conveyed the message to his superior in India. The British however decided against the proposal.

Two years later, Sultan Muhammad Jiwa died and was replaced by Sultan Abdullah Mahrum Shah.

The sultan was getting desperate and offered Light, who became a British representative, the island of

Penang in return for military assistance for Kedah.

Light informed the British East India company of the sultan's offer.

The Company however ordered Light to take over Penang and gave him no guarantee of the military aid

the sultan had asked earlier.

Light later took over Penang and assured the sultan of military assistance despite the Company's

position.

Soon, the Company made up its mind and told Light that they would not give any military aid to Kedah.

In June 1788, Light informed the sultan of the Company's decision.

British took over Penang by 11 ogos 1786

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1.4.5) British in Malacca

From the 16th to the early 19th century, Malacca was a Dutch colony.

During the Napoleonic Wars, between 1811 and 1815, Malacca as with other Dutch holdings in

Southeast Asia, was under the care of British.

This was done in order to prevent the French from claiming Dutch processions in there.

When the war ended in 1815, Malacca was returned to the Dutch.

In 1824, the British and the Dutch signed a treaty known as Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824.

The treaty, among other things, legally transferred Malacca to British administration.

The treaty also became the one agreement that officially divided the Malay world into two separate

entities and the basis for current Indonesian-Malaysian boundary.

1.5.1) Straits Settlements(1826-1946)

After the British secured Singapore from the Dutch through the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824, the British

aimed to centralize the administration of Penang, Malacca and Singapore.

As such, in 1826, a framework known as the Straits Settlements was established with Penang as its

capital.

Later in 1832, the capital was moved to Singapore.

While the three holdings formed the backbone of the Settlements, throughout the years Christmas

Island, Cocos Islands, Labuan and Dinding of Perak were placed under the authority of the Straits

Settlements.

1.5.2) Pangkor Treaty of 1874

The Pangkor Treaty of 1874 was a treaty signed between the British and the Sultan of Perak. Signed

on January 20, 1874 on the island of Pangkor off Perak, the treaty is significant in history of the Malay

states as it signalled official British involvement in the policies of the Malays.

Why Pangkor Treaty of 1874 ?

Pangkor Treaty of 1874

The agreement dictated:

Raja Abdullah was acknowledged as the legitimate Sultan to replace Sultan Ismail who would be given a

title and a pension of 1000 Mexican pesos a month.

The Sultan would receive a British Resident whose advice had to be sought and adhered to in all

matters except those pertaining to the religion and customs of the Malays.

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All collections and control of taxes as well as the administration of the state had to be done under the

name of the Sultan but arranged according to the Resident's advice.

The Minister of Larut would continue to be in control, but would no longer be recognized as a liberated

leader. Instead, a British Officer, who would have a vast authority in administrating the district, would be

appointed in Larut.

The Sultan and not the British government would pay the Resident's salary

Perak handed the area of Dinding to the British.

IV) The Federal Malay States Era

1.5.3) Federated Malay States (FMS)(1895-1946)

The Federated Malay States (FMS) was a federation of four states on the Malay Peninsula - Selangor,

Perak, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang - established by the British government in 1895, and lasted until

1946, when they together with the Straits Settlements and the Unfederated Malay States formed the

Malayan Union.

The United Kingdom was responsible for foreign affairs and defence, whilst the states continued to be

responsible for their domestic policies. Even so, the British Resident General would give advice on

domestic issues, and the states were bound by treaty to follow that advice.

1.5.4) Unfederated Malay States

The Unfederated Malay States were five Malay states, namely :

Johore

Terengganu

Kelantan

Kedah

Perlis

Johore accepted a treaty of protection in 1885 and eventually succumbed under pressure to accept a

British Advisor in 1904.

Under the Bangkok Treaty of 1909, Siam (as Thailand was once known) transferred whatever rights or

power over the northern Malay states (Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah and Perlis) to the United Kingdom.

The British later imposed treaties similar to the Federated Malay States towards these northern states.

The chief officer of the British colonial administration was called the "advisor". In contrast to the

Federated Malay States, the Unfederated Malay States enjoyed greater autonomy.

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1.5.5) World War II (1941 till 1945)

By 13th December 1941 Japanese troops were in Kedah and had started their big push towards

Singapore.

The Japanese forces landed in Singapore on the 8th February and Singapore surrendered to the

Japanese forces on the 15th February 1942.

The Japanese set up a military administration for Malaya, which lasted for forty two(42) months.

The occupation was a great hardship for most of the people.

The Japanese occupation in Malaya ended when they surrendered in August 1945. British forces under

Lord Louis Mountbatten reoccupied Malaya on 5th September 1945 and a British Military Administration

was set up to run the country.

On 14th August 1945 Japan surrendered and the Japanese military occupation of Malaya ended.

The Japanese Occupation led to the loss or at least lowering of the prestige of the western powers.

The defeat of the British in Malaya, the Dutch in Indonesia, and the Americans in the Philippines brought

this result.

The British government was supposed to protect Malaya. It had concluded agreements with the various

Malay rulers in which an undertaking was given by the British to protect the Malay states in return for the

many privileges and rights it enjoyed.

Yet, when the Japanese came, the British had not provided an adequate defence arrangement for this

country, hence the speedy surrender.

Nonetheless, the Japanese Occupation had aroused the political consciousness of the people and when the British returned to Malaya, a new situation had emerged.

V) The Malaysia Independence

1.5.6) Malayan Union (1946-1948)

The Malayan Union was a confederation of the Malay states and the Straits Settlements excluding

Singapore, which was placed as a crown colony under direct British rule. It was the successor to British

Malaya and was conceived to simplify the administration of British colonies in the Malay Peninsula. It

was formed on April 1, 1946 by the British.

Few of the key details of the Union were:

Malayan citizenship that would give equal rights to all would be citizens regardless of race

Citizenship based on the jus soli principle

The transformation of the title Sultan to President.

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1.5.7) Federation of Malaya(1948-1963)

The Federation of Malaya, or in Malay Persekutuan Tanah Melayu, was a federation of 11 states formed in

1948 from the nine Malay states and the British settlements of Penang and Malacca.

From 1946 to 1948, the 11 states formed a single crown colony known as the Malayan Union. Due to

opposition from Malay nationalists, the Union was disbanded and replaced by the Federation of Malaya,

which restored the symbolic positions of the rulers of the Malay states.

Within the Federation, while the Malay states were protectorates of the United Kingdom, Penang and

Malacca remained British colonial territories. Like the Malayan Union before it, the Federation did not include

Singapore, which before this time had usually been considered to be part of Malaya.

The Federation achieved independence within the Commonwealth of Nations on August 31, 1957. In 1963,

the federation together with Singapore, Sarawak and British North Borneo (which was renamed Sabah)

formed a new federation called Malaysia. Singapore separated from Malaysia to become an independent

republic on August 9, 1965.

1.5.8) List of members of the federation

Perlis

Kedah

Penang

Perak

Selangor

Negeri Sembilan

Malacca

Johor

Pahang

Terengganu

Kelantan

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1.5.9)British Malaya

1.6.1) Towards Malaya Independence

Pressure from communism and strong nationalism feelings among the Malays, the British organized the first

general election in 1951.

Difficulties to achieve political cooperation among the various races were solved with the setting up of

Alliance party. (UMNO, MCA & MIC)

The Alliance Party succeeded in giving pressure to the British to give independence to Malaya.

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1.6.2) Formation of Malaysia

In 1955 Singapore was granted internal autonomy under the Rendel Constitution and David Marshall was

appointed the first Chief Minister. By 1959, Singapore had achieved full interval self government and was led

by the Peoples' Action Party (PAP) under Lee Kuan Yew. In Sarawak, local elections were introduced in

1959.

The first move towards the formation of Malaysia came in 1961 when the idea for the formation of a wider

federation comprising the Federation of Malaya, Singapore, Sarawak, Sabah and Brunei was mooted by

Tunku Abdul Rahman. Tunku's proposal was generally accepted by the people of Malaya and Singapore but

raised doubts in Sabah and Sarawak.

However, the proposal was opposed by the Philippines as they asserted a claim over Sabah. The proposal

also received opposition from Indonesia where it was viewed as a 'neo-colonialist' plot by Sukarno and the

powerful Indonesian Communist Party. The proposal also had an immediate effect of accelerating

constitutional development in Sarawak, Sabah and Brunei.

Elections were held for the first time in Brunei and in Sabah in 1962. A joint Anglo-Malayan commission

headed by a former of the bank of England, Lord Cobbold, visited Sabah and Sarawak in 1962 and reported

that the majority of the states favored the formation of Malaysia. However, continued Philippine and

Indonesian opposition led to the sending of a United nations mission to Borneo in 1963, which also reported

that the public opinion was in favor of joining Malaysia.

Thus on 16 September 1963, the formation of Malaysia which consisted of the Federation of Malaya, Sabah,

Sarawak and Singapore was formally promulgated. However, Brunei declined to join Malaysia. However, in

1965 Singapore ceased to be a member of the Federation of Malaya and became an independent state.

SOALAN

Question 1

Why is Melaka port important during the Malay sultanate era?

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Question 2

Briefly describe how Malaysia obtained its independence.

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Code No. : HT-023-3/M03/IS(1/1) Page 22 of 22

REFERENCES / RUJUKAN:

1. Encyclopedia of Malaysia: Early History, 1998, Didier Millet, ISBN 981-3018-42-9

2. Encyclopedia of Malaysia: Early Modern History, 2001, Didier Millet, ISBN 981-3018-47-X

3. Sejarah Malaysia 1400 – 1963, Lotfi Ismail, Cetak keenam 1982, Utusan Publications & Distributors

4. www.sejarahmalaysia.pnm.my

5. National Museum of Malaysia