CocoEthanol Progress Report (January-June 10, 2011

8/13/2019 CocoEthanol Progress Report (January-June 10, 2011

1/18


2/18

P a g e | 1

COCO-ETHANOL PROJECT PROGRESS REPORT

(A SUB-PROJECT UNDER COCONUT BIOMASS PROJECT)

Melencion1, N.J. and L.J Penamora

2

Timber Utilization DivisionPCA-Zamboanga Research Center

San Ramon, Zamboanga City

Period Covered: January 1, 2011 to June 9, 2011

ExecutiveSummaryThe Coconut-Based Ethanol Project (CocoEthanol) was conceptualized to adapt and

fine tune existing ethanol production technologies. In the process, it is envisioned that newer

technologies suited to Philippine conditions will be generated to help utilize every available

coconut-based feedstocks for bioethanol production. It was first proposed in 2009 but was

funded only in the late December of last year. It was tucked as a sub-project under the

Coconut-based Biomass Utilization Project.

Coco-ethanol project is designed to be implemented in two stages due to the huge

project cost (P10-20M) required in establishing a laboratory capable of doing researches on

lignocellulosic ethanol. The first stage of the project involves the use of simple equipmentand easy fermentable feedstock sugars from inflorescences of coconut, sugar palm

(Arenga pinnata/cabo negro/kaong/kalong-kaleng), and pugahan (Karyota urens). A

proposal along this line entitled Enzymatic bioethanol production from toddies of different

coconut cultivars was reviewed and approved by the Project Review Committee and

subsequently endorsed by the then PCA Administrator Oscar Garin to the DA-Biotechnology

Unit for possible funding last July 15, 2010. The proposal, however, did not get the funding it

sought. Likewise, fermentable sugars from tubers that can be grown as coconut intercrops

will also be evaluated in the first phase of the project. These tubers include ube (Dioscorea

alata), camote (Impomoea batatas), cassava (Manihot eculenta), and yakon (Smallanthus

sonchitolius). Second stage calls for specialized (and costlier) equipment and chemicals for

the biological handling/treatments required to reduce cellulose and hemicelluloses in

coconut biomass (leaves, stem, husks, and other plant materials generated in coconut

cultivation) into simple sugars for subsequent fermentation and distillation.

_______1Science Research Specialist II;

2Division Chief III

Republic of the PhilippinesPhilippine Coconut AuthorityZamboanga Research CenterSan Ramon, Zamboanga City 7000P.O. Box 356 Tel/Fax No. 062 982


3/18

P a g e | 2

To date, the preparation and furnishing of a basic laboratory is almost complete. A

simple pot still/reflux distiller was also fabricated locally as no equipment outlay was

released for the said project. The successful fabrication and testing of the PCA-ZRC distiller

enables the project to conduct fermentation trials as we can now separate ethanol from the

fermented brew. Estimated manufacturing cost of the said distiller is about P10,000 to

P15,000.

The PCA-ZRC Distiller was first tested last April 28, 2011 using tuba from coconut.

The distillation rate is about 20.58mL of ethanol per minute or roughly 1.2L per hour.

Distillate purity ranges from 50 (faster heating) to 75% (slower heating) ethanol by volume

depending on how fast heat was supplied per unit time during the distillation process.

Redistillation using the same still increases the ethanol concentration to 90% by volume.

Fuel-grade or anhydrous ethanol, however, requires 99% purity. No matter how many times

re-distillation is repeated, however, can produce ethanol beyond 95-96% purity as water

molecules form an azeotrophic bonds with ethanol molecules. Nevertheless, to bring ethanol

purity closer to fuel grade standards, a still capable of producing 95% ethanol purity is

currently being constructed. The remaining 5% water can be removed using molecular

sieves like zeolite 3A.

Pressing problems encountered are the inability to purchase vital equipment due to

the lack of allocation for equipment outlay and the delay of the release of the 2010 fund

balance (P465,000) together with the promised 1M funding support for 2011 Biomass

Project budget from AFMA-RDEB.

In as much as the project is already in the second semester, assistance in facilitating

the release of much delayed funds (including capital outlay allocation) is humbly requested.


4/18

P a g e | 3

Introduction

The Coconut-Based Ethanol Project (CocoEthanol) was conceptualized to

adapt and fine tune existing ethanol production technologies. In the process, it is

envisioned that newer technologies suited to Philippine conditions will be generated

to help utilize every available coconut-based feedstocks for bioethanol production.

The project was first proposed in 2009 with the aim of helping farmers improve their

income and at the same time complementing the Biofuels program of the

government. Unfortunately, the original proposal Biofuels production from coconut

lignocellulosic biomass which calls for the use of 2nd generation bioethanol

technology i.e., using sugars derived from lignocellulosic materials from plants to

produce ethanol failed to get any funding support either from PCA or from other

funding institutions. Later on, the said proposal was revised and scaled down to use

first generation ethanol production technologies which are simpler and more

importantly, less costly to produce. Although the modified proposal Enzymatic

Bioethanol Production from Toddies of Different Coconut Cultivars passed the

PCAs Project Review Committee (PRC) and was subsequently endorsed for funding

consideration by the then PCA Administrator Garin to the DA Biotech Program, the

revised proposal was also unsuccessful in soliciting the much needed funding

support. It was only in the late December of 2010 when CocoEthanol Project finally

got funded internally under AFMA-RDEB funds.

The present CocoEthanol Project is designed to be implemented in two

ladder-like phases to suit with the increasing cost of equipment outlay and the

complexity of the production processes as the Project progresses from one phase to

the other. Laboratory wares, equipment, labor and technical skills generated from the

first phase will be used in the succeeding phase, thus saving valuable resources in

the process.

Phase 1. First Generation Ethanol Technology Production

The first phase is the production ethanol using age-old first

generation ethanol (sugar/starch-based) technologies. Fermentable

sugars will come from coconut toddies harvested using the

sequential coconut-toddy-nut production (SCNTP) technology so as

not to affect the nut production.


5/18

P a g e | 4

A related study entitled Collection and Establishment of

Energy Crops Cultivated With Coconuts for Ethanol

Production is also being prepared to complement this project.

Based on literature review, the most promising energy crop

that can be cultivated with coconut is sugar palm (Arenga pinnata)

locally known as cabo negro, kaong, or kalong-kaling. Cabo negro

is reported to be a very good source of very sweet and copious

inflorescence sap. It is reported to produce 4.3L per day per spathe

(as opposed to ~2L/day for coconut) of very sweet sap which if

fermented has the potential to produce 40,000L of ethanol/hectare

per year. Other energy crops like petroleum nut tree, yakon,

cassava, etc. will likewise be evaluated for its suitability as intercrop

with coconuts.

Phase 2. Second Generation Ethanol Technology Production.

The second phase of this project calls for the use of second

generation ethanol technologies. Feedstocks to be used are

coconut biomass like fronds, dread leaves, husks, and shell.

Enzymes, acids and their combination will be used to hydrolyze this

biomass into monomeric sugar which in turn fermented into ethanol

using different fungi and bacteria.

Present Status

1. Laboratory Establishment

The repainting and refurnishing of the former VLCP laboratory is now

90% finished. It will soon serve as the CocoEthanol/Biomass Laboratory. Despite

the lacked of equipment outlay, we managed to fabricate one of the key

equipment for ethanol production ethanol distiller or still. This development

enables the project to do fermentation trials as we can now indirectly measure

the outcome of a particular fermentation trial by way of determining ethanol

recovery.


6/18

P a g e | 5

1.1. The PCA-ZRC Dist il ler

The PCA-ZRC Distiller (Photo 1) was fabricated based on a common

pot still/reflux design often used in moonshine alcohol production. It is easy to

maintain, relatively simple to use, and cost only between P10,000- P15,000. It

can be heated with any heat source including farm residues. The PCA-ZRC

distiller was first tested last April 28, 2011 using tuba from coconut. The

distillation rate is about 20.58mL of ethanol per minute or roughly 1.2L of ethanol

per hour. Made from stainless-steel and copper, this equipment can produce both

food grade and fuel grade ethanol (with further refluxing/stripping of the first

distillate to increase ethanol purity). Depending on how fast it is heated (amount

of heat supplied per unit time), PCA-ZRC Distillers ethanol purity ranges from 50

% (faster heating) to 75% (slower heating) ethanol by volume. Re-distillation will

increase ethanol purity to 90%, 9-10% short of the required purity for fuel grade

ethanol. A better still (Photo 2) that can produces ethanol with 95% purity is

under construction. It based on the Warren still design similar to the one

proposed by the Samar Coco/Nipa Ethanol Project. It may become operational in

two weeks time. The remaining 5% water will be removed using molecular sieve

zeolite 3A.

Photo 1. PCA-ZRC portable distiller using LPG and firewood asfuel respectively.


7/18

P a g e | 6

2. Financial Aspects

Only P465,000 of the approved P930,000 AFMA-RDEB 2010 fund

allocation for Coconut Biomass Project was released in December 22, 2010

(Attachment 1). No equipment outlay, however, was included in the said fund

release. Thus, it was apparent even from the start that purchases of needed

equipment will become a problem. Nevertheless, the process of purchasing

laboratory supplies was immediately started last January 2011. It took 3 months

for the purchasing unit of PCA-ZRC to produce the first supplies purchased. As of

June 6, 2011 the remaining fund balance is P244, 906.44 (Attachment 2) after

the purchase of several laboratory supplies and the hiring of two personnel to

help in the project.

The current balance for supplies (expense codes 760 & 765) is P95,000.

This amount, however, is not enough to cover the on-going purchases like

chemicals (approximately P143,000), other laboratory supplies for the

construction of still, and the supplies-to-equipment swap arrangement

(approximately P50,000) with Breeding and Genetics Division.

The project is likely to run out of funds in the midst of its preparation if no

additional funds will be released sooner. May we therefore request assistance in

facilitating the release of the remaining P465,000 fund allocation for 2010 and the

promised one million pesos (1M) fund allocation for 2011 under the AFMA funds.

Photo 2. Warren still.


8/18

P a g e | 7

3. Toddy Supply

At present, 10 coconut palms are being toddy-tapped by a hired toddy-

tapper to supply the necessary feedstock for ethanol production. The hired

toddy-tapper has been instructed to use SCNTP technology. When chemical

supplies arrive, experiments will be conducted to improve the sugar-to-ethanol

conversion efficiency in coconut sap like the use of sodium metabisulfite to

prevent spontaneous fermentation during collection and the introduction of

Saccharomyces cerevisiaein the collected coconut sap.

As supplementary source of sweet toddy,

several Cabo negro palms inside the Center were

identified for toddy-tapping. Cabo negro

inflorescences produces large amount of sweet sap

(900 1600 liters/tree/year with sugar content of 15-

20%), and if fermented, about 40, 000 liters

bioethanol per hectare per year can be produced

(Widodo, Elita, and Asari, 2010).

Photo 4. Sugar palm bunches are being harvested for seed production (inside PCA-ZRC).

Cabo negro tolerates low lighting conditions and may be a good intercrop

under coconuts. To evaluate its feasibility, a total of 500 cabo negro wildlings

(Photo 5, left side) and were put in polybags at the nursery last April, 2010. High

mortality rates, however, were observed after 2 months in the nursery (Photo 5,

right side). Transplanting stress and fungi infestation were speculated to be the

Photo3.Cabonegroinflorescencesap.


9/18

P a g e | 8

Photo 6. Vino de Coco (70 Proof).

cause of high mortality rate. To avoid such problem, matured cabo negro seeds

were collected and will soon be germinated directly in prepared polybags.

Photo 5. Transplanted sugar palm wildlings polybagged for nursery care, newly

transplanted (left) and after 2 months (right).

4. CocoEthanol Application Studies

4.1. Economics

Recovery rate of ethanol from tuba (1 day-old) is about 9% i.e., 1.4L of

cocoethanol (50% ethanol by volume) from 15 liters of tuba. If the cost of tuba is P6.25/L

(P25/gal), the cost of ethanol produce is P92 /L (including P35 LPG cost) or P67/L if the

fuel cost is neglected (ordinary firewood). The production price is still high at this point.

However, with further refinement of the equipment, procedures (collection, fermentation,

and distillation), the cost of production may still be lowered.

4.2 Vino de Coco

One of the possible and probably the most profitable

use of ethanol is alcoholic beverage as evidenced by the

thriving industry in Quezon and Laguna provinces.

The feasibility of using ethanol produced from

distilling tuba was demonstrated by diluting it with distilled

water to 35% ethanol by volume (70 Proof). The resulting

alcoholic beverage was initially daubed as Vino de Coco.

Based on computations in section 4.1, one liter of 50% (priced

at P67/L) will become 1.428L of 35% ethanol by volume when


10/18

P a g e | 9

Photo 7. Ethanol being tested askerosene substitute.

Photo 8. Coconutwater(~23%fermentablesugar)from

maturedcoconutscollectedforfermentationand subsequentdistillationatPCAZRC.

diluted. Rough estimates of the production price of Vino de Coco is P46.92/L (excluding

bottling and overhead costs)

4.3 Other uses

Preparations are being undertaken to test the use of

CocoEthanol on various household fuel requirements. These

include the use of cocoethanol to substitute kerosene in

petromax and kerosene stoves. Initial trials using hydrous

ethanol (90% ethanol by volume) encountered problems of

lack of appropriate heat to cause the mantle to glow in the

case of petromax and uneven flame in the kerosene stove.

Additional trials will be conducted once we can

produce anhydrous ethanol. Likewise, several blend ratios with

kerosene will also be tested in the future.

5. Exploration of other sources of ethanol

5.1 Ethanol from Cocowater

The feasibility of producing ethanol from coconut water was evaluated upon the

suggestion of Mr. Bonifacio B. Pangahas, Chairman of PRC when he visited the Center

last week.

Coconut water was collected from

mature coconuts. Mother liquor or natural

tuba yeast cells were collected from 1-day

old tuba that settles at the bottom of the

container. Incorporation of tungog(tangal)

and pH adjustment were the additional

treatments used.

As expected, only a small amount

of ethanol can be recovered from fermented

coconut water, ranging from 0.43% to

0.98% (Table 1). These results are consistent with the theoretical ethanol potential of

coconut water of roughly 1.28% (one half of the total fermentable sugar present). Total

sugars in coconut water from mature nuts averages only about 2.56% (Banzon and


11/18

P a g e | 10

Amount Fermentation ETOH

Fermented Time(days) mL (%) Purity1 15L 1 w/tungog,pHadjtdto4.3 66 0.43 nottested*2 15L 2 WITHOUTTungog 120 0.77 nottested*3 15L 2 with25gtungog 150 0.98 nottested*3 15L 2 with25gtungog 130 0.84

nottested

*

3 15L 3 with25gtungog 116 0.68 nottested*

TrialETOHRecovery

Treatments

Velasco 1982 citing Sison, 1977). The difference of 0.30 (a very small amount) between

the theoretical and actual recovery values can be attributed to the incomplete

fermentation of available sugars and the losses during distillation. Adding molasses or

concentrating the sugar content in coconut water by reverse osmosis was proposed by

Banzon and Velasco (1982). However, such processes require additional cost and the

resulting product may not be worth the effort and the money invested.

Table 1. Preliminary trials on the potential of coconut water from matured nuts as a feedstock forethanol production.

*not enough samples to test purity of distillates using existing hydrometer.

6. Future Plans And Proposals Related To CocoEthanol Project

6.1 Pilot testing of a village-level cocoethanol production system

A proposal is being prepared to request the assistance of PCA to pilot

test a village-level cocoethanol production system in selected coconut cluster

communities in the country (Cartoon 1). Under this proposed scheme, several

PCA-ZRC distilling apparatus will be distributed to coconut farmers at a cost

(subsidized price or soft loan scheme with ethanol produced as payment).

Redistillation/ethanol drying to anhydrous ethanol (99% purity) will be done at the

barangay buying station. Selling of anhydrous or fuel-grade ethanol to oil

companies or to local buyers will be the responsibility of each cluster with the

assistance of PCA.


12/18

P a g e | 11

Farmer4Tuba

production

&

Distillationto75%

Ethanolbyvolume

Farmer3Tuba

production

&

Distillationto75%

Ethanolbyvolume

Farmer1Tubaproduction&

Distillationto75%

Ethanolbyvolume

BarangaySCFOEthanol

BuyingStation(Redistillationto

99%ethanolby

volume)

Farmer5Tubaproduction

&Distillationto

75%Ethanolby

volume

Farmer2Tubaproduction

&Distillationto

75%Ethanolby

volume

BUYERAnhydrous/Fuel

GradeEthanol

(99%Ethanolby

volume

Cartoon 1. Proposed CocoEthanol village-level production system.

6.2. Exploration of other Energy Crops

6.2.1 Collection and Establishment of Energy Crops Cultivated With Coconutsfor Bioethanol Production

Preliminary preparations were undertaken to establish a collection of

energy crops that can be cultivated with coconuts in order to quickly evaluate its

potential and to produce proof-of-concept often required by funding institutions.

6.2.1.1Sugar palm/Cabo negro (Arenga pinnata)

Cabo negro palm is endemic to the Philippines and in other countries in

Southeast Asia. Agroforestry database (Orwa et al.2009) describes cabo negro

as a monoecious palm (separate male and female flowers) with solitary,

unbranched trunk (30-40cm in diameter). Its height reaches to about 15-20m. Its


13/18

P a g e | 12

leaves are pinnate, and leaf sheaths with numerous black hairs cover the stem.

Flowering occurs as early as 5-6 years to as late as 10-12 years old, starting from

the top and ends near the base of the trunk. The flowering stage covers a 4-6

year period. Cabo negro reaches maturity at 15 years old. Although rarely

cultivated, immature fruits are harvested from the wild for its seeds and

processed for culinary condiments known as kaong. It is classified as non-timber

forest products and is sporadically found in clusters along riverbanks and in log-

over areas.

6.2.1.2 Petroleum nut tree or Hanga (Pittosporum resineferum)

Arrangement has been made for the Department of Agriculture - La Paz

Experiment Station in La Paz, Zamboanga City for them to provide PCA-ZRC with

grafted Petroleum nut tree at P15 piece (Photo 9).

Photo 9. Petroleum nut tree or Hanga (Pittosporum resineferum)at DA Experimental Station, La Paz, Zamboanga City.

6.2.1.3 Ycon (Smallanthus sochitolius)

Ycon (Smallanthus sochitolius) is an exotic plant from Peru. It produces

tuber roots that have a lot of stored sugars which can be fermented to ethanol.

Arrangement has been made for a joint study with DA La Paz Experimental

Station to plant yacon under coconuts (Photo 10).


14/18

P a g e | 13

Photo 10. Ycon (Smallanthus sochitolius) at the DAExperimental Station, La Paz, Zamboanga City.

7. Cocoweek 2011 and 1stPhilippine Biofuels Conference

We intend to showcase a simple ethanol distillation set-up using tuba as

feedstock in the coming Cocoweek 2011 and, if possible, at the 1 st Biofuels

Conference in August of 2011.

8. Literature Cited

Banzon, J.A. and J.R. Velasco. 1982. Coconut. Production and Utilization.Philippine Coconut Research and Development Foundation, Inc.(PCRDF). Amber Avenue, Pasig, Metro Manila.

Elberson, W and Oyen, L. 2010. Sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) Potential of sugarpalm for bio-ethanol production. Translated from Nieuwe grondstoffenvoor biobrandstoffen alternatieve 1e generatie energiegewassen.FACT Foundation. Wageningen University

Orwa C, Mutua A , Kindt R , Jamnadass R, Simons A. 2009. AgroforestryDatabase: a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0(http://www.worldagroforestry.org/af/treedb/)

WidodoT.W., Elita R., and A. Asari . 2010. Sugar Palm (Arenga pinnataMerr)Plantation for Bioethanol Production, Sustainable


15/18

P a g e | 14

Attachment 1


16/18

P a g e | 15

Attachment 2


17/18

PROPOSED BUDGET

Program Title: Biofuel production from coconut lignocellusic biomass

Project Title: Utilization of Coconut Lignocellulosic Biomass For Bioethanol Production. Phase 1. Coconut toddy and starch-based ethanol.

Acc ount

Code June July August September October November

I. Personal Services

A. Direct Cost

1. Salaries

2. Wages

Laboratory Aid @ P300/day 795 6,600.00 6,600.00 6,600.00 6,600.00 6,600.00 6,600.00

General Services 795 25,000.00 25,000.00 25,000.00 25,000.00 25,000.00 25,000.00

II. Maintenance and Operating Expenses

A. Direct Cost

1. Traveling ExpenseLocal 751 15,000.00 15,000.00 15,000.00 15,000.00 15,000.00 15,000.00

2. Supplies and Materials

Office Supplies 755 5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00 5,000.00

Laboratory Supplies 760-2 500,000.00

760-3 500,000.00

Telephone - Mobile 773 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00

Postage and Deliveries 771 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00 1,000.00

4. Training and Seminar 753 50,000.00

5. Membership Dues 778 30,000.00

6. Publication 780 50,000.00

7. Meetings and Conferences 969-3 20,000.00

8. Magazine and subscriptions 786 25,000.00

Sub-total

3. Communication

Grand Total

Monthly

Salary

Attachment 3


18/18

P a g e | 17

Attachment 4

Work and Financial Plans for 2011

Coconut Biomass Utilization

Work and Financial Plan for 2011

PROGRAM/PROJECT/

ACTIVITIES

Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4

A. Biofu el/Bio -energ y

Development

Repair of VLCP bldg for

bioethanol laboraory use

1set

Lab glasswares and

laboratory equipment

1 set

Distilling Apparatus 1 unit each

Fermentation vat 1 unit

Ethanol fermentation trials

Established toddy and

starch based

fermentation/distillation

Fermentation/d

istillation

proces

1 protocol

developed

Development of low-emission

and low cost biomass charcoal

kiln for small farms and villages

Low-emission biomass

charcoal kiln

Design and

construction

of kiln

Design and

construction of

kiln

Design and

construction of

kiln

Testing of

charcoal kiln

1kiln

constructed/

established

50

Emission test apparatus/ Acquisition of

test

apparatus

Acquisition of test

apparatus

Testing of

emission

apparatus

Methods of

test on

emission

establsihed

Emission test

apparatus

acquired and

tested

100

Data on coco-biomass

charcoal emission

Emission

Testing/data

gathering

Emission

Testing/data

gathering

Emmission

gases

characterized

50

Solid Bio -fuel: Charcoal and

briquette, activated carbon from

coconut biomass studies

Production of charocal

and briquette, activated

carbon manufacture for

revenue generation

Design of

charcoal kiln

and

briquetting

machine

Construction of

charcoal kiln and

briquetting

machine

Charcoal and

briquette,

activated

carbon

manufacture

/testing

Charcoal and

briquette,

activated

carbon

manufacture

/testing

1

Recommendati

on for revenue

generation 100

Use of coir-basedbioengineering technologies for

climate change mitigation

Data on soil erosionrates in vulnerable areas

where bioengering

technologies are studied

1 twinning,looming

machines

1 stichingmachine

transferred from

DRC

Evaluation/analysis of data Performancereport/data on

bioengineering

technologies 250

B. Biomass Composite

Development

Binderless composite piloting Pilot trials for

Binderless boards

Acquisition of

hydraulic hot

press

Establishment

of Pilot plant

Pilot testing 1 Pilot plant

established

200

CFB products enhancement Improved physical,

mechanical properties of

CFB

Product

improvement

trials on weight

and density

Product

improvement

trials on weight

and density

Improvement

on surface

quality

Improved at

least 2

properties of

CFB

50

Coir-plastic composite

Extruder, Hot press, coir-

plastic composite

manufacture

Acquisition/install

ation of

equipment

Acquisition/inst

allation of

equipment

testing on

manufacture of

fiber-plastic

compositeusing

established

Developed I

technology on

fiber-plastic

composite

150

Paper and paperboard

New products from

coconut paper

introduced and

disseminated the

technology

Introduced

new paper

products and

imrpoved

paper-making

facilities

Production of

paper and

paperboard

Production of

paper and

paperboard

Production of

paper and

paperboard

Conduct of

training for

technology

dissemination

50

TOTAL 2,531

Characteri zation of greenhouse

gases emission from coconut

biomass carbonization process

Acquisition/Fabrication of Lab

Equipment and machineries

procurement of

lab wares

installation/

testing of lab

wares

installation/

testing of lab

wares1581

PROJECT TITLE: COCONUT-BASED BIOMASS UTILIZATION

KEY RESULT AREA PERFORMANCE

INDICATOR

QUARTERLY TARGETS (CY 2011) TOTAL FOR

THE YEAR

2011

BUDGET

ALLOCATION

(PhP'000)

Documents

CocoEthanol Progress Report (January-June 10, 2011