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COCAINEMembers:Lucelle Zuniga

Celine Briones

Zarah Abu

Eunice Ho

Razel Bugayong

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WHATIS COCAINE?

Cocaine(benzoylmethylecgonine)(INN) is a crystalline tropane

alkaloid that is obtained from

the leaves of the cocaplant.The name comes from

"coca" and the alkaloid suffix

-ine, forming cocaine.

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It is a stimulant, an appetite suppressant, and a

topical anesthetic. Biologically, cocaine acts as a

serotoninnorepinephrinedopamine reuptake

inhibitor, also known as a triple reuptake inhibitor

(TRI). It is addictive because of its effect on themesolimbic reward pathway.

cocaine has pockets with both high hydrophilic and

lipophilic efficiency, violating the rule of hydrophilic-lipophilic balance. This causes it to cross the

bloodbrain barrier far better than other

psychoactive chemicals.

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COCAINEINTOXICATION

It refers to the immediate effects of cocaine on the body.

Although cocaine intoxication and cocaine dependence canbe present in the same individual, they present with differentsets of symptoms.

Cocaine's primary acute effect on brain chemistry is to raisethe amount of dopamine and serotonin in the nucleus

accumbens (the pleasure center in the brain); this effectceases, due to metabolism of cocaine to inactive compoundsand particularly due to the depletion of the transmitterresources (tachyphylaxis). This can be experiencedacutely as feelings of depression, as a "crash" after the initialhigh.

Studies have shown that cocaine usage during pregnancytriggers premature laborand may lead to abruptioplacentae

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HOW DOES COCAINE AFFECTTHE BRAIN?

Cocaine is a strong central nervous system

stimulant that increases levels of dopamine, a brain

chemical (or neurotransmitter) associated with

pleasure and movement, in the brains reward

circuit.

Certain brain cells, or neurons, use dopamine to

communicate. Normally, dopamine is released by a

neuron in response to a pleasurable signal (e.g.,

the smell of good food), and then recycled back intothe cell that released it, thus shutting off the signal

between neurons.

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Cocaine acts by preventing the dopamine from

being recycled, causing excessive amounts of the

neurotransmitter to build up, amplifying the

message to and response of the receiving neuron,

and ultimately disrupting normal communication.

It is this excess of dopamine that is responsible for

cocaines euphoric effects. With repeated use,

cocaine can cause long-term changes in the brains

reward system and in other brain systems as well,which may eventually lead to addiction.

http://www.drugabuse.gov/sites/default/files/images/colorbox/cocrrenneuron.jpghttp://www.drugabuse.gov/sites/default/files/images/colorbox/cocrrenneuron.jpg

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Cocaine in the brain: In the normal communication process,

dopamine is released by a neuron into the synapse, where it canbind to dopamine receptors on neighboring neurons. Normally,

dopamine is then recycled back into the transmitting neuron by a

specialized protein called the dopamine transporter. If cocaine is

present, it attaches to the dopamine transporter and blocks the

normal recycling process, resulting in a buildup of dopamine in the

synapse, which contributes to the pleasurable effects of cocaine.

http://www.drugabuse.gov/sites/default/files/images/colorbox/cocrrenneuron.jpghttp://www.drugabuse.gov/sites/default/files/images/colorbox/cocrrenneuron.jpghttp://www.drugabuse.gov/sites/default/files/images/colorbox/cocrrenneuron.jpg

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MEDICALEFFECTS

Cocaine is a powerful nervous system stimulant. Its effects

can last from 1530 minutes to an hour, depending on the

route of administration.

Cocaine increases alertness, feelings of well-being and

euphoria, energy and motor activity, feelings ofcompetence and sexuality. Athletic performance may be

enhanced in sports where sustained attention and endurance

is required. Anxiety, paranoia and restlessness are alsofrequent. With excessive dosage, tremors, convulsions andincreased body temperature are observed.

Occasional cocaine use does not typically lead to severe oreven minorphysical or social problems.

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gives users more energy (the drink that relieves exhaustion)

it makes them feel confident and even euphoric, meaning they areextremely elated or happy, usually for no reason. This feeling ofelation and power makes users believe they can do anything, yet

when this high wears off, they usually feel upset, depressed, tired,and even paranoid

You don't eat after you do it (possibly lose weight)

You feel motivated to be productive (good inworking situations)

You are more sociable and talkative

BENEFITSOFCOCAINE

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the user experiences fatigue and depression when he or she stops,there is little reason to want to quit

Severe and heavy overuse can make the abuser suffer dizziness, headache,

anxiety, insomnia, depression, hallucinations, and have problems moving about

Increase in blood pressure can cause bleeding in the brain as well as breathingproblems, both of which have killed many a user

Extremely addictive (bc it lasts such a short time, then you feel down after youlose your high)

cocaine also has legal consequences, and besides the disorder and dysfunction

it brings to a person's life, it can also land them in jail

creates a profound psychological dependence in which the mind craves theecstasythat comes with the drug.

DISADVANTAGESOF COCAINE

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Symptoms of Cocaine

loss of appetite

weight lossIncreased heart rate

Irritability

Restlessness

Frequently Change in mood

Dilated pupils

When the drug is injected:

There will be track marks where the cocaine is

injected.

When the drug is snorted:The cocaine user may often have nose bleeds or often touch their nose

because of discomfort.

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DISEASESTHAT COCAINECAN CAUSE

Physical side effects from chronic smoking of cocaine

include

hemoptysis, bronchospasm, pruritus, fever, diffusealveolar infiltrates without effusions, pulmonary and

systemic eosinophilia, chest pain, lung trauma, sorethroat, asthma, hoarse voice, dyspnea (shortness ofbreath), and an aching, flu-like syndrome., parkinsonsdiseases.

Gastrointestinal complications such as abdominal painand nausea. A common but untrue belief is that the smoking

of cocaine chemically breaks down tooth enamel and causestooth decay. However, cocaine does often cause involuntarytooth grinding, known as bruxism, which can deterioratetooth enamel and lead to gingivitis.

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Chronic intranasal usage can degrade the cartilageseparating the nostrils (the septum nasi), leadingeventually to its complete disappearance.

Cocaine may also greatly increase this risk ofdeveloping rare autoimmune or connective tissuediseases such as lupus, Goodpasture's disease,vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, StevensJohnsonsyndrome and other diseases. It can also cause a widearray ofkidney diseases and renal failure.

Cocaine misuse doubles both the risks ofhemorrhagicand ischemic strokes, as well as increases the risk ofotherinfarctions, such as myocardial infarction.

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TREATMENTFOR ADDICTIVEUSINGOF

COCAINE

Behavioral Treatment it encompasses a varietyof treatment methods, all of which work on thepatient to help modify their attitudes and behaviorsso that they become less inclined towards drug

abuse Use of Medication - There are no drugs currently

available that can provide an all-in-one solution tococaine addiction, but for certain steps in thetreatment process, medications can be of great

value. In the detox stage, for example, patients willexperience severe withdrawal symptoms as theirbody rids itself of cocaine, and medications can beprescribed to help with these symptoms.

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TREATMENTFOR ADDICTIVEUSINGOF

COCAINE

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Counseling

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REFERENCES

http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/co

caine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine

http://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/cocaine http://uncyclopedia.wikia.com/wiki/UnNews:Crack_c

ocaine_cures_cancer

http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15310599/ns/health-

addictions/t/unproven-meth-cocaine-remedy-hits-market/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine_intoxication

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