Coastal Planning of Jakarta Waterfront - Pratama Rizqi Ariawan.pdf

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  • Integrated Coastal Planning of Jakarta Waterfront

    (Assignment week 4)

    Student : Pratama Rizqi Ariawan

    Student ID : 20012611419010

    Lecturer : Ir. Ari Siswanto, MCRP, PhD

    Subject : Integrated Aspect of River, Lowand, and Coastal Management

    Course : Double Master Degree of Integrated River, Lowland, and Coastal

    Development and Management Planning

    Due Date : 25 August 2014

  • Pratama Rizqi Ariawan Sriwijaya University

    Page 2

    Background - Coastal Condition

    Jakarta, capital city of Indonesia, has suffered by flooding for many years. Land

    subsidence due to groundwater extraction is a major cause of the flooding problems. But

    subsidence is not the only cause for Jakartas water problems. No fewer than thirteen

    rivers that flow from the hinterland into Jakarta Bay have worsened inundated areas all

    over Jakarta city, especially in its waterfront, the north Jakarta.

    Figure 1 Land Subsidence in Jakarta in Period 1974-20101

    Moreover, global sea levels have risen at a rate of about 1 to 2 millimeters per year on

    average, and this rate is expected to increase to 5 millimeters per year by 2050. A study

    by ITB showed that the sea level in the Jakarta northern coastal region rose at a rate of

    5.7 millimeters per year.

    Spatial Planning The Giant Seawall

    Integrated coastal planning is the best solution to protect Jakarta from flooding for the

    next hundreds years. Therefore, the Government of Jakarta city has proposed to build

    giant seawall or polder, a low-lying tract of land enclosed by embankments (barriers)

    known as dikes that forms an artificial hydrological entity, meaning it has no connection

    with outside water other than through manually operated devices2.

    Based on Presidential Decree number 54 year 2008 about Spatial Planning of Jakarta,

    Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, Bekasi, Puncak, Cianjur, and also Medium Development Plan

    2013-2017 by Local Legislative, it is mentioned that the government has approved the plan

    to build the project.

    1 Source: Coordinating Committee for Geoscience Programmes in East and Southeast Asia, 9 Nov 2012 2 Source: Wikipedia.org

    A recent study concluded that land

    subsidence in Jakarta accelerated at

    an alarming pace in the past four

    decades, and if no remedial

    measures were taken, the northern

    part of the city could sink below sea

    level in the next decade. It is

    predicted that several areas in the

    northern coastal region of Jakarta

    will subside by 60 centimeter by

    2020.

  • Pratama Rizqi Ariawan Sriwijaya University

    Page 3

    Figure 2 First Stage of The Giant Seawall Construction

    It is expected that the flood protections can also be used for fresh water reservoirs,

    wastewater treatment plants, extended port developments, luxury resorts, and also

    railway and roadway connections within east sector (Bekasi) to west sector (Tangerang)

    with approximately 30 kilometres long.

    In planning this future project, the Government of Jakarta city has proposed three

    different schemes to construct the giant seawall; however, only the best one will be

    constructed which meets economic value and more functions, as can be seen as follows:

    1. First scheme involves integrated seawall with reclamation of north Jakarta bay;

    2. Second scheme involves integrated seawall forward to the deeper sea (-16 m);

    3. Third scheme involves integrated seawall connecting the thousand islands.

    Figure 3 Proposed Schemes of Integrated Giant Seawall

  • Pratama Rizqi Ariawan Sriwijaya University

    Page 4

    Figure 4 The New Perspective of The Capital City of Indonesia

    Problems of Actual Conditions

    Flooding has always been a problem of Jakarta coastal bay. To reduce or to prevent the

    flood, some flood protections have been built in the past, however, those protections

    cannot be last longer. A number of dikes constructed by the city, including in Muara

    Angke, Muara Karang, Pluit, Cilincing and Marunda, are no longer capable of holding back

    the water. Jakarta needs to build bigger retention ponds to hold excessive water from

    both the river and the sea. However, there is no available area to build the ponds in the

    increasingly expensive land, so taking further the waterfront is the only option. However,

    in constructing the project, there may be some other problems related to the finance, and

    environment.

    Some Critics Related to Spatial Planning

    This mega project seems to be an ideal solution to solve flood problems in Jakarta and

    subsequently gives other benefits in improving spatial planning as well. However, there

    are some other questions related to the construction of this project, as follows:

    Cost

    Investment cost is always being the biggest problem in every development. To build an

    approximately 30 kilometers long and more than 16 meters deep of giant dikes will cost

    more than 200 trillion rupiah. Although the government of Jakarta city has the fund, but

    cost sharing with or fully granted by private sectors will be a better option.

    Operating, repairing and maintenance cost can be the other challenges, to maintain the

    water level in low-lying areas there is no other option other than using pump. Instead of

    using electric pump, wind powered pump can be used to reduce the cost.

  • Pratama Rizqi Ariawan Sriwijaya University

    Page 5

    Time

    To build this mega project, undeniably will take long time. It is predicted that the

    construction will be finish in about 10 years. Not to mention for the development of fully

    available facilities including the freshwater reservoir systems, the wastewater

    management plants, roadway connections, railway tracks, deep seaports, luxury resorts or

    even luxury yacht harbors will take couple of years.

    Environment

    The giant seawall is designed to be a fully enclosed to make it easier to control the water.

    This however will reduce quality of water and will lead to marine ecosystem degradation.

    Alternative Solution Instead of building the giant seawall for either preventing or reducing the flood, it may be

    better to conserve the upland areas so that the runoff water can be minimized, dredging

    the silts and elevating the river embankment to maximize the capacity, using the river

    easement wisely, cleaning the river of rubbish to prevent clogging of the waterways, and

    building the dikes alongside the coastline may be cheaper, faster and last longer rather

    than constructing this ambitious project.

    Conclusion

    Flooding has laways been a problem of Jakarta city, moreover mixing of 13 rivers and high

    tide of sea water level have worsened the flood. Recent development of Jakarta coastal

    defence cannot be last any longer. Integrated coastal planning of Jakarta waterfront is

    one of the sustainable way and also give other uses in spatial planing. However, the cost

    of the project, the time to construct and the impact to the environment have made this

    project even harder to be realized.

    References

    1. Eko Priliawito, et al. 2011. Contoh Belanda, DKI Bangun Tanggul Raksasa.

    http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=1316051. Accessed on 20 July

    2014.

    2. Erna. 2013. Pembangunan Giant Seawall Dipercepat.

    http://www.jakarta.go.id/web/news/2013/11/pembangunan-giant-sea-wall-

    dipercepat. Accessed on 20 July 2014.

    3. The Jakarta Post. 2011. Jakarta to Have Giant Seawall by 2025.

    http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/02/08/jakarta-have-giant-seawall-

    2025.html. Accessed on 20 July 2014.