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Shanghai Yiyang Commercial and Trade co., LTD.(Fine Chemical Department)
Soft Pitch Coal Tar Chemicals Coal Tar Pitch
Name Standard Item Index Operation Specification
Soft Pitch GB2290-94
Soft Point 80-90 GB2294-80% Ash Content ≤0.3 GB2295-80
% Volatile Matter Content 58-68 GB2201-91Water content ≤5.0 GB2288-80
TI% 15-25 GB2292-80QI% ≤10
Use: Raw material for smelting of pitch coke; adhesive for carbon electrode and
electrolytic
aluminium anode; water-proof material; linoleum coating; adhesive for the production of battery
and refractory material.
terdari Wikipedia, ensiklopedia gratis
Tar batubara adalah cairan coklat atau hitam sangat tinggi viskositas . Tar batubara adalah salah satu oleh-produk ketika batubara yang dikarbonisasi untuk membuatkokas atau gasifikasi untuk membuat gas batubara . Ter batubara adalah campuran kompleks dan variabel fenol , hidrokarbon aromatik polisiklik (PAH), dan senyawa heterosiklik . [1]
Hal ini pada WHO Model Daftar Obat Esensial , obat yang paling penting yang dibutuhkan dalam dasar sistem kesehatan . [2]
Isi [hide]
1Penggunaan o 1.1Pavement sealcoat
o 1.2Industri
o 1,3Medis
2Keselamatan
3penyuling tar Batubara
4Nama
5Lihat juga
6Catatan
7Referensi
8Pranala luar
Penggunaan [ sunting ]
Trotoar sealcoat [ sunting ]Artikel utama: Sealcoat
Tar batubara dimasukkan ke dalam beberapa parkir-banyak sealcoat produk, yang digunakan untuk melindungi dan mempercantik trotoar yang mendasari. [3] produk Sealcoat yang batubara-tar berdasarkan biasanya berisi 20 sampai 35 persen batubara-tar lapangan. [3] Penelitian [ 4] menunjukkan hal itu digunakan di Amerika Serikat negara dari Alaska ke Florida dan beberapa daerah telah dilarang penggunaannya dalam produk sealcoat [5] [6] [7] termasuk: The District of Columbia; Kota Austin, Texas; Dane County, Wisconsin; Washington Negara; dan beberapa kota di Minnesota dan lain-lain. [8] [9]
Industri [ sunting ]
Menjadi mudah terbakar, tar batubara kadang-kadang digunakan untuk pemanasan atau untuk api boiler . Seperti kebanyakan minyak berat, harus dipanaskan sebelum itu akan mengalir dengan mudah.
tar batubara adalah komponen dari jalan pertama disegel. Dalam perkembangannya aslinya oleh Edgar Purnell Hooley , aspal itu tar ditutupi dengan chip granit.Kemudian filler yang digunakan adalah industri slag . Hari ini, minyak bumi berasal pengikat dan sealer yang lebih umum digunakan. Sealer ini digunakan untuk memperpanjang umur dan mengurangi biaya pemeliharaan yang terkait dengan aspal trotoar, terutama di jalan aspal paving, taman mobil dan trotoar.
Sebagian besar dari pengikat yang digunakan dalam industri grafit untuk membuat "blok hijau" adalah kokas volatil oven (COV). Sebagian besar COV ini digunakan sebagai pengikat adalah tar batubara. Selama proses pembakaran dari blok hijau sebagai bagian dari komersial grafit produksi, sebagian besar pengikat tar batubara menguap dan umumnya dibakar di insinerator untuk mencegah pelepasan ke atmosfer, sebagai COV dan tar batubara dapat merugikan kesehatan.
tar batubara juga digunakan untuk memproduksi cat, pewarna sintetis, dan bahan fotografi.
Medis [ sunting ]
Hal ini dapat digunakan dalam obat shampoo , sabun dan salep , sebagai pengobatan untuk ketombe dan psoriasis , serta digunakan untuk membunuh dan mengusirkutu kepala . Ketika digunakan sebagai obat di Amerika Serikat , persiapan tar batubara dianggap over-the-counter obat -obatan dan tunduk kepada peraturan olehUSFDA . Merek bernama termasuk Denorex , Balnetar, Psoriasin, Tegrin, T / Gel , dan Neutar. Ketika digunakan dalam penyusunan tanpa persiapan obat topikal, itu diberikan dalam bentuk tar batubara topikal solusi USP , yang terdiri dari 20% b / v larutan tar batubara di alkohol , dengan tambahan 5% b / v dari polisorbat 80 USP;ini kemudian harus diencerkan dalam basis salep seperti petrolatum .
Tar pinus secara historis juga telah digunakan untuk tujuan ini. Meskipun sering dikutip secara online sebagai telah dilarang sebagai produk medis oleh FDA karena "kurangnya bukti yang telah diajukan untuk bukti efektivitas", pinus tar termasuk dalam Code of Federal Regulations, sub-bab D: Obat untuk Manusia Gunakan, sebagai pengobatan OTC untuk "Ketombe / dermatitis seboroik / psoriasis". [10]
Berbagai fenolik turunan tar batubara memiliki analgesik (nyeri-pembunuh) properti. Ini termasuk asetanilida , phenacetin , dan parasetamol (acetaminophen) . [11]Parasetamol adalah satu-satunya batubara-tar berasal analgesik masih digunakan sampai sekarang, tetapi industri fenol sekarang biasanya disintesis dari minyak mentah daripada tar batubara.
Keamanan [ sunting ]
Menurut Badan Internasional untuk Penelitian Kanker , persiapan yang mencakup lebih dari lima persen dari tar batubara mentah Grup 1 karsinogen .
Menurut National Yayasan Psoriasis dan FDA , tar batubara adalah pilihan pengobatan yang berharga, aman dan murah bagi jutaan orang dengan psoriasis dan kulit kepala atau kulit kondisi lainnya. [12] konsentrasi tar batubara antara 0,5% dan 5% aman [13 ] dan efektif untuk psoriasis, dan tidak ada bukti ilmiah menunjukkan bahwa tar batubara dalam konsentrasi terlihat dalam perawatan non-resep adalah (atau tidak) karsinogenik karena ada terlalu sedikit penelitian dan data yang cukup untuk membuat keputusan. [ rujukan? ] Coal tar mengandung sekitar 10.000 bahan kimia, yang hanya sekitar 50% telah diidentifikasi, [14] [ baik sumber diperlukan ] dan komposisi tar batubara bervariasi dengan asal dan jenis batubara (misalnya ,: lignit , bituminous atau antrasit ) digunakan untuk membuatnya.
Penyebab tar batubara meningkat sensitivitas terhadap sinar matahari , [15] sehingga kulit diobati dengan persiapan tar batubara topikal harus dilindungi dari sinar matahari.
Residu dari distilasi dari suhu tinggi tar batubara, terutama campuran kompleks dari tiga atau lebih cincin kental beranggota hidrokarbon aromatik , terdaftar pada 28 Oktober 2008 sebagai zat yang sangat mengkhawatirkan oleh ECHA .
Orang bisa terkena tar batubara lapangan volatil di tempat kerja dengan bernapas dalam, kontak kulit, atau kontak mata. The Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Administrasi(OSHA) telah menetapkan
batas hukum ( batas paparan diperbolehkan ) untuk tar batubara lapangan volatil paparan di tempat kerja 0,2 mg / m 3 benzena fraksi -soluble melalui hari kerja 8 jam. The Institute Nasional untuk Keselamatan dan Kesehatan (NIOSH) telah menetapkan batas paparan direkomendasikan (REL) dari 0,1 mg / m 3 sikloheksana fraksi -extractable melalui hari kerja 8 jam. Pada tingkat 80 mg / m 3, tar batubara lapangan volatil yang segera berbahaya bagi kehidupan dan kesehatan . [16]
Tar batubara penyuling [ sunting ]
Dalam gas batubara era, ada banyak perusahaan di Inggris yang bisnisnya adalah untuk menyaring tar batubara untuk memisahkan fraksi bernilai lebih tinggi, sepertinafta , creosote dan lapangan . Sebuah banyak bahan kimia industri besar pertama kali diisolasi dari tar batubara selama ini. Perusahaan-perusahaan ini meliputi: [17]
British Tar Produk
Lancashire Tar Distillers
Midland Tar Distillers
Newton, Chambers & Company (pemilik Izal merek disinfektan)
Sadlers Chemicals
Nama [ sunting ]
Juga dikenal sebagai carbonis minuman keras detergens (LCD), [18] dan picis minuman keras carbonis [a] (LPC) oleh BP ., [19]
Lihat juga [ sunting ]
Kreosot
Cresolene
Pengawet
Red 40
Ter
Sealcoat
Catatan [ sunting ]
1. Jump up ̂ Latin: solusi tar batubara
Referensi [ sunting ]
1. Jump up ̂ "Profil Toksikologi untuk creosote kayu, batubara tar creosote, tar batubara, tar batubara pitch, dan tar batubara lapangan volatil" (PDF). US Departemen Kesehatan dan Layanan Kemanusiaan. September 2002. Diperoleh 8 Maret 2013.
2. Jump up ̂ "19 WHO Model Daftar Obat Esensial (April 2015)" (PDF). SIAPA. April 2015. Diperoleh 10 Mei 2015.
3. ^ Jump up to: A b Mahler BJ; Van Meter PC (Februari 2, 2011). "Berbasis Batubara-Tar Pavement Sealcoat, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), dan Kesehatan Lingkungan". US Geological Survey LI. Diperoleh Maret 2013 8.
4. Jump up ̂ Van Meter PC; Mahler BJ (15 Desember 2010). "Kontribusi PAHs dari tar batubara trotoar sealcoat dan sumber lain untuk 40 danau US" . US Geological Survey. Doi: 10,1016 / j.scitotenv.2010.08.014 . PMID 21112613 . Diperoleh Maret 2013 8.
5. Jump up ̂ "Kota Austin Ordonansi 20051117-070" (PDF). 17 November 2005. DiperolehMaret 2013 8.
6. Jump up ̂ "District Melarang Coal-Tar Pavement Produk" . 26 Juni 2009. DiperolehMaret 2013 8.
7. Jump up ̂ "Ordonansi 80: Menetapkan Peraturan tentang Coal Tar Sealcoat Produk Aplikasi dan Penjualan" (PDF). County Office Dane dari Lakes dan DAS. 1 Juli 2007. Diperoleh Maret 2013 8.
8. Jump up ̂ "Coal Tar Gratis America - Ban" . Diperoleh Maret 2013 8.
9. Jump up ̂ Barbara J Mahler (14 April 2011). Penyebab Peningkatan Konsentrasi Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) di US Lakes (PDF). PAH Peningkatan di Perkotaan US Lakes . Lingkungan dan Studi Institut Energi. Diperoleh Maret 2013 8.
10. Jump up ̂ ". Judul 21 - Obat dan Makanan BAB I - MAKANAN DAN OBAT ADMINISTRASI, DEPARTEMEN KESEHATAN DAN LAYANAN MANUSIA (LANJUTAN): sub-bab D-OBAT UNTUK PENGGUNAAN MANUSIA" . Amerika Serikat Penerbitan Kantor Pemerintah. 1 Maret 2008. Diperoleh 3 Maret 2016.
11. Jump up ̂ "Sakit bantuan: dari tar batubara ke parasetamol" . Royal Society of Chemistry.Juli 2005. Diperoleh 8 Maret 2013.
12. Jump up ̂ "Pertempuran untuk menyimpan tar batubara di California" . 3 Desember 2001. Diarsipkan dari yang asli pada 19 Februari 2012. Diperoleh Maret 2013 8.
13. Jump up ̂ FDA (1 April 2015). "Obat Produk untuk Pengendalian Ketombe, seboroik Dermatitis, dan Psoriasis" . Diperoleh Februari 2016 26.
14. Jump up ̂ Heinz-Gerhard Franck (Mei 1963). "TANTANGAN DI BATUBARA TAR KIMIA" .Ind. Eng. Chem., 1963, 55 (5), pp 38-44. . American Chemical Society doi : 10.1021 / ie50641a006 . Diperoleh Maret 2013 8.
15. Jump up ̂ "Sun-Sensitive Obat (Fotosensitifitas untuk Obat)" . MedicineNet. WebMD .2008/08/22. p. 5. Diperoleh 8 Maret 2013.
16. Jump up ̂ "CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Bahaya Kimia - Coal tar lapangan volatil"www.cdc.gov.. Diperoleh 2015/11/27.
17. Jump up ̂ Mike Smith. "GANSG - Coal Tar Distillers" . Igg.org.uk. Diperoleh Maret 2013 8.
18. Jump up ̂ Paghdal KV; Schwartz RA (31 Januari 2009). "Topical tar: kembali ke masa depan" . PMID 19185953 . Diperoleh Maret 2013 8.
19. Jump up ̂ . Berenblum I (25 September 1948) "Liquor Picis Carbonis" . British Medical Journal 2 (4577): 601. doi : 10,1136 / bmj.2.4577.601 . PMC 2.091.540 . PMID 18882998 .
Coal tarFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Coal tar is a brown or black liquid of extremely high viscosity. Coal tar is among the by-products when coal is carbonized to make coke or gasified to make coal gas. Coal tars are complex and variable mixtures of phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and heterocyclic compounds.[1]
It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.[2]
Contents [hide]
1Uses o 1.1Pavement sealcoat
o 1.2Industrial
o 1.3Medical
2Safety
3Coal tar distillers
4Names
5See also
6Notes
7References
8External links
Uses[edit]
Pavement sealcoat[edit]Main article: Sealcoat
Coal tar is incorporated into some parking-lot sealcoat products, which are used to protect and beautify the underlying pavement.[3] Sealcoat products that are coal-tar based typically contain 20 to 35 percent coal-tar pitch.[3] Research [4] shows it is used in United States states from Alaska to Florida and several areas have banned its use in sealcoat products [5][6][7] including: The District of Columbia; the City of Austin, Texas; Dane County, Wisconsin; Washington State; and several municipalities in Minnesota and others.[8][9]
Industrial[edit]
Being flammable, coal tar is sometimes used for heating or to fire boilers. Like most heavy oils, it must be heated before it will flow easily.
Coal tar was a component of the first sealed roads. In its original development by Edgar Purnell Hooley, tarmac was tar covered with granite chips. Later the filler used was industrial slag. Today, petroleum derived binders and sealers are more commonly used. These sealers are used to extend the life and reduce maintenance cost associated with asphalt pavements, primarily in asphalt road paving, car parks and walkways.
A large part of the binders used in the graphite industry for making "green blocks" are coke oven volatiles (COV). A considerable portion of these COV used as binders is coal tar. During the baking process of the green blocks as a part of commercial graphite production, most of the coal tar binders are vaporised and are generally burned in an incinerator to prevent release into the atmosphere, as COV and coal tar can be injurious to health.
Coal tar is also used to manufacture paints, synthetic dyes, and photographic materials.
Medical[edit]
It can be used in medicated shampoo, soap and ointment, as a treatment for dandruff and psoriasis, as well as being used to kill and repel head lice. When used as a medication in the U.S., coal tar preparations are considered over-the-counter drug pharmaceuticals and are subject to regulation by the USFDA. Named brands includeDenorex, Balnetar, Psoriasin, Tegrin, T/Gel, and Neutar. When used in the extemporaneous preparation of topical medications, it is supplied in the form of coal tar topical solution USP, which consists of a 20% w/v solution of coal tar in alcohol, with an additional 5% w/v of polysorbate 80 USP; this must then be diluted in an ointment base such as petrolatum.
Pine tar has historically also been used for this purpose. Though it is frequently cited online as having been banned as a medical product by the FDA due to a "lack of evidence having been submitted for proof of effectiveness", pine tar is included in the Code of Federal Regulations, subchapter D: Drugs for Human Use, as an OTC treatment for "Dandruff/seborrheic dermatitis/psoriasis".[10]
Various phenolic coal tar derivatives have analgesic (pain-killer) properties. These included acetanilide, phenacetin, and paracetamol (acetaminophen).[11] Paracetamol is the only coal-tar derived analgesic still in use today, but industrial phenol is now usually synthesized from crude oil rather than coal tar.
Safety[edit]
According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer, preparations that include more than five percent of crude coal tar are Group 1 carcinogens.
According to the National Psoriasis Foundation and the FDA, coal tar is a valuable, safe and inexpensive treatment option for millions of people with psoriasis and other scalp or skin conditions.[12] Coal tar concentrations between 0.5% and 5% are safe[13] and effective for psoriasis, and no scientific evidence suggests that the coal tar in the concentrations seen in non-prescription treatments is (or is not) carcinogenic because there are too few studies and insufficient data to make a judgement.[citation needed] Coal tar contains approximately 10,000 chemicals, of which only about 50% have been identified,[14][better source needed] and the composition of coal tar varies with its origin and type of coal (for example,: lignite, bituminous or anthracite) used to make it.
Coal tar causes increased sensitivity to sunlight,[15] so skin treated with topical coal tar preparations should be protected from sunlight.
The residue from the distillation of high-temperature coal tar, primarily a complex mixture of three or more membered condensed ring aromatic hydrocarbons, was listed on 28 October 2008 as a substance of very high concern by the European Chemicals Agency.
People can be exposed to coal tar pitch volatiles in the workplace by breathing them in, skin contact, or eye contact. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the legal limit (permissible exposure limit) for coal tar pitch volatiles exposure in the workplace as 0.2 mg/m3 benzene-soluble fraction over an 8-hour workday. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 0.1 mg/m3 cyclohexane-extractable fraction over an 8-hour workday. At levels of 80 mg/m3, coal tar pitch volatiles are immediately dangerous to life and health.[16]
Coal tar distillers[edit]
In the coal gas era, there were many companies in Britain whose business was to distill coal tar to separate the higher-value fractions, such as naphtha, creosote andpitch. A great many industrial chemicals were first isolated from coal tar during this time. These companies included: [17]
British Tar Products
Lancashire Tar Distillers
Midland Tar Distillers
Newton, Chambers & Company (owners of Izal brand disinfectant)
Sadlers Chemicals
Names[edit]
Also known as liquor carbonis detergens (LCD),[18] and liquor picis carbonis [a] (LPC) by BP.,[19]
See also[edit]
Creosote
Cresolene
Preservative
Red 40
Tar
Sealcoat
Notes[edit]
1. Jump up ̂ Latin: coal tar solution
References[edit]
1. Jump up ̂ "Toxicological profile for wood creosote, coal tar creosote, coal tar, coal tar pitch, and coal tar pitch volatiles" (PDF). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. September 2002. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
2. Jump up ̂ "19th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (April 2015)" (PDF). WHO. April 2015. Retrieved May 10, 2015.
3. ^ Jump up to: a b Mahler BJ; Van Metre PC (2 February 2011). "Coal-Tar-Based Pavement Sealcoat, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), and Environmental Health". U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
4. Jump up ̂ Van Metre PC; Mahler BJ (15 December 2010). "Contribution of PAHs from coal-tar pavement sealcoat and other sources to 40 U.S. lakes". U.S. Geological Survey. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.08.014. PMID 21112613. Retrieved 8 March2013.
5. Jump up ̂ "City of Austin Ordinance 20051117-070" (PDF). 17 November 2005. Retrieved8 March 2013.
6. Jump up ̂ "District Bans Coal-Tar Pavement Products". 26 June 2009. Retrieved 8 March2013.
7. Jump up ̂ "Ordinance 80 : Establishing Regulations on Coal Tar Sealcoat Products Application and Sale" (PDF). Dane County Office of Lakes and Watersheds. 1 July 2007. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
8. Jump up ̂ "Coal Tar Free America – Bans". Retrieved 8 March 2013.
9. Jump up ̂ Barbara J Mahler (14 April 2011). Causes of Increasing Concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in U.S. Lakes (PDF). PAHs Increasing in Urban U.S. Lakes. Environmental and Energy Study Institute. Retrieved 8 March2013.
10. Jump up ̂ "Title 21 - Food and Drugs. CHAPTER I - FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED): SUBCHAPTER D—DRUGS FOR HUMAN USE". United States Government Publishing Office. 1 March 2008. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
11. Jump up ̂ "Pain relief: from coal tar to paracetamol". Royal Society of Chemistry. July 2005. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
12. Jump up ̂ "The battle to save coal tar in California". 3 December 2001. Archived from the original on 19 February 2012. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
13. Jump up ̂ FDA (1 April 2015). "Drug Products for the Control of Dandruff, Seborrheic Dermatitis, and Psoriasis". Retrieved 26 February 2016.
14. Jump up ̂ Heinz-Gerhard Franck (May 1963). "THE CHALLENGE IN COAL TAR CHEMICALS". Ind. Eng. Chem., 1963, 55 (5), pp 38–44. American Chemical Society. doi:10.1021/ie50641a006. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
15. Jump up ̂ "Sun-Sensitive Drugs (Photosensitivity to Drugs)". MedicineNet. WebMD. 2008-08-22. p. 5. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
16. Jump up ̂ "CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Coal tar pitch volatiles".www.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2015-11-27.
17. Jump up ̂ Mike Smith. "GANSG - Coal Tar Distillers". Igg.org.uk. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
18. Jump up ̂ Paghdal KV; Schwartz RA (31 January 2009). "Topical tar: back to the future".PMID 19185953. Retrieved 8 March 2013.
19. Jump up ̂ Berenblum I (25 September 1948). "Liquor Picis Carbonis". British Medical Journal 2 (4577): 601. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4577.601. PMC 2091540.PMID 18882998.
Coal Tar and Coal-Tar PitchCoal-tar pitch is found in some types of asphalt and other coal-tar products.
What is coal tar?Coal tar is derived from coal. It is a byproduct of the production of coke, a solid fuel that contains mostly carbon, and coal gas. Coal tar is used primarily for the production of refined chemicals and coal-tar products, such as creosote and coal-tar pitch. Certain preparations of coal tar have long been used to treat various skin conditions, such as eczema, psoriasis, and dandruff.
What is coal-tar pitch?Coal-tar pitch is a thick black liquid that remains after the distillation of coal tar. It is used as a base for coatings and paint, in roofing and paving, and as a binder in asphalt products. Both coal tar and coal-tar pitch contain many chemical compounds, including carcinogens such as benzene.
How are people exposed to coal tar and coal-tar pitch?
The primary routes of human exposure to coal tars and coal-tar products are inhalation, ingestion, and absorption through the skin. Exposure to coal tars and coal-tar pitches may occur at foundries and during coke production, coal gasification, and aluminum production. Other workers who may be exposed to coal-tar pitches include those who produce or use pavement tar, roofing tar, coal-tar paints, coal-tar enamels, other coal-tar coatings, or refractory bricks.
The general population may be exposed to coal tars in environmental contaminants and through the use of coal tar preparations to treat skin disorders such as eczema, psoriasis, and dandruff.
Which cancers are associated with exposure to coal tar and coal-tar pitch?Occupational exposure to coal tar or coal-tar pitch is associated with an increased risk ofskin cancer. Other types of cancer, including lung, bladder, kidney, and digestive tract cancer, have also been linked to occupational exposure to coal tar and coal-tar pitch.
How can exposures be reduced?Exposures to coal tar and coal-tart pitch are regulated under the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s (OSHA) Air Contaminants Standard for general industry, shipyard employment, and the construction industry. OSHA provides detailed safety and health information about coal-tar pitch to the public.
Selected References: National Toxicology Program. Coal Tars and Coal-Tar Pitches, Report on
Carcinogens, Thirteenth Edition. Triangle Park, NC: National Institute of Environmental Health and Safety, 2014. Also available online. Last accessed December 12, 2014.
National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Frequently Asked Questions—Parking-Lot Sealcoat: A Major Source of PAHs in Urban and Suburban Environments. Reston, VA: U.S. Geological Survey, 2014. Available online. Last accessed December 16, 2014.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Coal Tar Pitch Volatiles, Safety and Health Topics. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor. Available online. Last accessed December 16, 2014.
Office of Water. Stormwater Best Management Practice: Coal-Tar Sealcoat, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, and Stormwater Pollution. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2012. Also available online. Last accessed December 18, 2014.
