CO2 PP - final

8/7/2019 CO2 PP - final

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In Melbourne by 2019By: Amira HaruwartaRidmi Rathnasooriya

Hugo Ng

8/7/2019 CO2 PP - final


� To reduce Melbourne·s CO 2production in 2009 by 50%in 2019 through using:

CO 2 sequestration/ capture Alternative solar poweredenergy

� To find a viable solution, with readily availabletechnology (or technology

that will be available in thenear future)

� To find a cost-effective,efficient, safe andsustainable solution

8/7/2019 CO2 PP - final


8/7/2019 CO2 PP - final


� CO 2 em issi s i str li 2007 e r it :x U FCCC (U it ed ti s Fr mewo rk Conven tion on C lima te Change )

² me tri t onne sx CD I C (Ca r on Diox ide In f o rma tion na l sis Cen tre )

² 8 me tri t onne sx In te r na tiona l E ne rgy gency ² 8. 75 me tri c tonne s

ve rage : 8. 58 me tri c tonne s/ cap ita

Esti ma ted to ta l (popu la tion a t 3.8 m illion ) ² 7.1 x 10 7 metric tonnes � A na lyst ap lec ro ft e sti ma ted in A ustr a lia 2009 -

20 .5 me tri c tonne s CO 2 pe r cap ita� Esti ma ted to ta l (a ss um ing popu la tion a t 3.8 m illion ) -

7 .8 x 07 me tri c tonne s� Aim to reduce CO 2 emitted per year by 3.9 x 10 7

metric tonnes by 2019

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� Melbourne·s industrialbase is expected to growby % each year

6% of all CO 2 emissionsglobally attributed tomanufacturing industry24% to transportation40% for household use andappliances (Mandil, 2007)

� uel combustion accounted for 1.5% of Australia'stotal CO 2 emissions (Australian Bureau of Statistics,2007)

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� Assuming carbon emissions may increase by2% yearly

By 2019, yearly emissions per capita may be:x

20.5 * (1.02)10

= 25 tonnesHence total CO 2 emissions in Melbourne (assumingpopulation grows to 4.7 million) = 1. x 10 metrictonnes

� Assume that industrial base growth = increase

in CO 2 emissions� Assume that fuel-burning may still be

predominant source of energy if no change ismade (i.e.: still at 0%)

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� For our scheme, we will focus on: Artificial treesPost-combustion capture

Geological storage� The reason for this choice:

artificial trees and post-combustion would tac le capturing CO 2x both non-stationary and stationary sourcesx holistic approach

´Geosequestration is thought to be the most promising due tohigher confidence in the longevity of storage; large capacity of potential storage sites; and generally greater understanding of the mechanisms of storage.µ (Parliamentary Library, 2010)

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� E lectricity that isgenerated throughharnessing and collectingenergy (in the form of radiation) from the sun.

� Must consider alternativeenergy since 0% of carbon dioxide emissionreleased during fuelburning

� We will considertechnology including:

Parabolic TroughSolar Power Tower

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� D eveloped by Klaus La ner,Columbia niversity

� Acts as ¶tree· by absorbing CO 2from atmosphere on ¶leaves·(sorbent material/ carbonscrubber) (Institution of MechanicalE ngineering, 2009)

� When porous material becomessaturated, can either be removedthrough:

Washing with water

x in a vacuum chamber,x compressed into liquidx Stored (eg: underground)Reacting CO 2 with hydrogen tocreate liquid hydrocarbons (Kunzig,2009)

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Advan tagesU seful for:- non-stationary sources responsible for 50% of globalCO 2 levels (eg: cars)

- small scale production of CO 2 (eg: in house, smallindustrial plants)

F lexibility to be built anywhere (eg: on freeways, closeto storage facilities, ¶artificial forests· )

Captures 10x more CO 2 than real trees

Has the potential to remove 90,000 tonnes of CO 2 in ayear

E missions involved with running each tree is less then5% of captured CO 2 in its functional lifetime

Cos ts

About $20,000 toproduce oneartificial tree

(manufacturingaccounts for20% of totalcost)

Main cost:recovery of filtering material

long-termprice may dropto $ 0/tonne of CO 2

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� Captures CO 2 emitted fromindustrial and energy-related sources before itenters the atmosphere.

�

Pre-cools the flue gas(combustion exhaust gasproduced at power plants)

� Captures the CO 2 using water-based solvent (eg: Amines, Carbonates)

� Strip the CO 2 from thesolvent in low-temperature

� Compress and liquefy thestripped CO 2 for piping toa storage site.

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Advan tages

Capable of removing up to 90%of emitted CO 2 from productionplant

Can retrofit to existing plants andcan be applied to new coal-firedplants

Has high operationalflexibility(partial retrofit)

Meets the mar et conditions (Canbe turned off during periods of high power prices and delivermaximum power to the mar et)

Renewable technologies (low-cost solar thermal collectors)

Cos ts

CO 2 capture retrofit cost for ahypothetical 600 MW PC plant,including compression, transportation

for . 2 million metric tons per year of CO 2 estimated by E PRI ( E lectric PowerResearch Institute):

- Capital cost for adding CO 2capture and compressionequipment = $540 million (in third

quarter 2007 dollars), or $66million per year if financed- CO 2 transportation,measurement, and monitoring for20 years at $10/metric ton(levelized value) = $ million peryear

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� Liquefied CO 2 can besequestrated in suitablegeological sites (injectedunderground)

x Stored CO 2 can beretained for up tomillion years

� Victoria, April 200Otway Project(Parliamentary Library,2010)

Pumped 4,500tonnes CO 2/monthinto old gasreservoir(2 munderground)D emonstratesfeasibility in

Australia

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� Consideration must be given:Capacity of basinWhether the undergroundlocation has a ¶sealingcaproc ·Tectonic activity (Metz, et al,2005)

� Since Victoria is a stablegeological location (eg: does notexperience many earthqua es,there may be many ideal areas)

� Capital cost range from U S $1 -1 00 million (representative of sites fromsmall CO2 source with appropriate geosequestration site nearby to large CO2source that are >1000 m from site) (Allinson, et al, 200 )

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� CS T systems use lenses or mirrors andsometimes trac ing devices to focussunlight onto a spot. The concentratedlight is then used to heat up a heattransfer fluid for conventional powerplant.

Mechanism

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D iagram of the Parabolic Trough E lectricity Plant Andasol 1 in Spain

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I nfo r a ti on

Carbon D ioxide Reduction: 1.7 milliontons/GW/year

Land Requirement: .7 ha/MW

Water U sage: 21900 L/MW/year

Largest Plant Size: 20 MW

Thermal Storage hour: 10 hours

Annual Solar to E lectricity E fficiency: 1 .2%

Carbon D ioxide reduced by the largestplant per year = 1.7x10

x 20 = 544000tonnes

Land used = .7 x 20 = 11 4 ha

Potential cost: U S$ 441 millions per oneplant

Advan tages

Australia has a lot of sunshine

Low carbon dioxide

emission (1900 tonnes/MW)

Lessens dependence onfossil fuels, thus provides ahedge against fossil fuelprice fluctuation

D i sadvan tages

Requires huge amount of land

D epends on weather

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� Solar power towers consist of a large field of sun-trac ing mirrors, called heliostats,

� Focus solar energy on a receiver atop a centrally

located tower.� E normous amount of energy, coming out of the sun

rays, concentrated at one point (the tower in themiddle)

� Produces temperatures of approx. 550°C to 1500°C.� Gained thermal energy can be used for heating water

or molten salt, which saves the energy for later use.� Heated water gets to steam, which is used to move the

turbine-generator. This way thermal energy isconverted into electricity.

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I nfo r a ti on

CO2 reduction:12000tons/MW/year

Land Requirement:

1 00 ha/MW/yearWater usage: 2.4Litre/MW

Largest Power Tower:200 MW

Annual Solar toE lectricity E fficiency:17.0%

Cost:5.04millions/MW

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� Though using state-of-art technology, the reduction of .9 x 10 7 metric tonnes per year in Melbourne by the

end of 2019 may be achievable�

Believe the most successful strategy is by using acombination of:Geological storagePost-combustion capture

Artificial trees

Solar power towerParabolic trough

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) The econom i c s of g eolo gi cal st o r a g e of CO2 i n Austr al i a . APP E A

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¤

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CO2 PP - final