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CO2-ISSUES
ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS RELATED TO HEAVY CRUDE OIL PRODUCTION AND UPGRADING
by
Trude Sundset, Statoil
R&D Program Manager Energy21
CO2 and Heavy Oil – content of the presentation
What are the problems with heavy oil and CO2?
Some basic CO2 information
Ongoing, CO2-relevant projects
CO2 for enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR)
CO2-logistics
Can heavy oil and CO2 coexist?
What are the problems with heavy oil and CO2?
More energy- and CO2-intensive to extract compared to lighter oil which results in higher CO2-emissions per unit of energy extracted
Can be more energy intensive to transport Which results in higher CO2-emissions per unit of energy
transported
Upgrading to consumer products calls for energy intensive processes Which results in higher CO2-emissions per unit of energy of
product
In sum: In a CO2-constrained world heavy oil has a handicap
The Statoil CO2-’vision’Decarbonisation of fossil fuels to electricity and hydrogen
Some basic CO2 information
Phase diagram
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40Temperature (°C)
Pre
ssu
re (
bara
)
Triple point
Criticalpoint
Super-critical
area
CO2 Dry Wash
Miscibility of oil and CO2 – an overview
68 bar – 1000 psiImmiscible CO2
102 bar – 1500 psiMiscibility begins to develope
170 bar – 2500 psiCO2 has developed miscibility
Higher hydrocarbons (dark spots)begins to condense
Final stage: Higher HC forms continuous phase- CO2 immiscible
CO2 sources
”Pure” CO2-sources (green)Oil, natural gas and coal regions(red, black)
Source: IEA GHG
CO2 Sources
Coal power with CO2 separation 1982 Lubbock, Texas. The plant was based on an oil price of 30$/barrel and was discontinued when the oil prices was sinking later in the 80thies. Only the MEA separation plant is shown. The power plant itself is still running and is located to the right of the picture
CO2-capture Pilot Plant at Kaarstoe - Capture from exhaust gas by use of membrane/amine technology
Ongoing, CO2-relevant projects
Sleipner CO2-injection in the middle of the North Sea – 1 MtCO2/yr
Snøhvit in the Barents Sea LNG production onshore, 160 km pipeline
from land for injection of 0,7 MtCO2/yr CO2
CO2 for enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR)
Oil
pro
duct
ion
Time
CO2
flood
Water-flood
PrimaryOil
production
How oil production may develop over time
CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery
CO2 Injection
CO2 OIL
Recycled CO2
Production
Well
CO2–for-EOR in USA
70 fields in operation with CO2-for EOR
12% increased oil recovery on average
Natural CO2-sources have the capacity to produce 32 MtCO2/yr and industrial sources 11 MtCO2/
On the average 71% of the CO2 remains in the reservoir
Backproduced CO2 is recovered for reinjection
Bravo Dome
Sheep Mountain
Big Piney
McElmo Dome
Jackson Dome
and DistributionUS CO2 Projects,Sources,
Developed Natural SourceUndeveloped Natural SourceWaste GasOil Recovery ProjectsDelivery Pipelines
Sygna
SFN
Snorre BF
SFØ
Gullfaks
16”
A
B
C
Snorre TLP
VIGDIS
Tordis/Borg
Tampen Miscible Gas Injection
CO2-logistics
Towards commercial CO2 solutionsUtilise Statoil’s expertise to develop carbon management solutions
Gas power plants
Industry
Natural gas production
Increased oil recovery
Re-use
Final storage
Sources Transportation Sinks
CO2 – Ship Concept, 20 000 m3 capacity
Photo: AF Spesialprosjekt/Statoil bildearkiv
CO2-storage in rock cavernsBased on experience with propane storage at Kårstø, Mongstad and Stenungsund
CO2-pipeline and -ships in the North Sea ?
485 km(Esbjerg - Karmøy)
270 km(Karmøy Gullfaks)
280 km
CO2-skipfra
andre rene kilder ved havn
Weyburn CO2-for-EOR oil field and Dakota Gasification Company
250 million cu.ft. per day CO2 by-product of coal gasification
95 million cu.ft. per day contracted for Weyburn project
320 km pipeline CO2 purity 95% CO2 pressure 14MPa
ReginaRegina
EstevanEstevan
BismarckBismarck
North DakotaNorth Dakota
MontanaMontana
ManitobaManitoba
SaskatchewanSaskatchewan CanadaCanada
USAUSA
WeyburnWeyburn
BeulahBeulah
36 BCF injected to date
Can heavy oil and CO2 coexist?--- A balancing act?---
Heavy oil has much of the same image as coal in a CO2-perspective
In some countries coal has very vocal political promotors
less so for heavy oil?
US led ‘Carbon Leadership Forum’ focused on coal and CO2-storage
but heavy oil can possibly benefit more than coal
I believe that heavy oil projects from day 1 should go for more direct CO2-management both in production and processing