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The .Net Framework
The .NET Framework (pronounced dot net) is a software framework
developed by Microsoft thatruns primarily on Microsoft Windows. It
includes a large library and provides languageinteroperability
(each language can use code written in other languages) across
several
programming languages. Programs written for the .NET Framework
execute in a softwareenvironment (as contrasted to hardware
environment), known as the Common LanguageRuntime (CLR), an
application virtual machine that provides important services such
as security,
memory management, and exception handling. The class library and
the CLR together constitutethe .NET Framework.
The .NET Framework's Base Class Library provides user interface,
data access, databaseconnectivity, cryptography, web application
development, numeric algorithms, and network communications.
Programmers produce software by combining their own source code
with the.NET Framework and other libraries. The .NET Framework is
intended to be used by most newapplications created for the Windows
platform. Microsoft also produces a popular integrateddevelopment
environment largely for .NET software called Visual Studio.
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Design Features
1. Interoperability
Because computer systems commonly require interaction between
newer and older applications,the .NET Framework provides means to
access functionality implemented in programs thatexecute outside
the .NET environment. Access to COM components is provided in
theSystem.Runtime.InteropServices and System.EnterpriseServices
namespaces of the framework;
access to other functionality is provided using the P/Invoke
feature.
2. Common Language Runtime Engine
The Common Language Runtime (CLR) is the execution engine of the
.NET Framework. All.NET programs execute under the supervision of
the CLR, guaranteeing certain properties and
behaviors in the areas of memory management, security, and
exception handling.
3. Language Independence
The .NET Framework introduces a Common Type System, or CTS. The
CTS specificationdefines all possible data types and programming
constructs supported by the CLR and how theymay or may not interact
with each other conforming to the Common Language
Infrastructure(CLI) specification. Because of this feature, the
.NET Framework supports the exchange of typesand object instances
between libraries and applications written using any conforming
.NETlanguage.
4. Base Class Library
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The Base Class Library (BCL), part of the Framework Class
Library (FCL), is a library of functionality available to all
languages using the .NET Framework. The BCL provides classesthat
encapsulate a number of common functions, including file reading
and writing, graphicrendering, database interaction, XML document
manipulation, and so on.
5. Simplified Deployment
The .NET Framework includes design features and tools which help
manage the installation of computer software to ensure it does not
interfere with previously installed software, and itconforms to
security requirements.
6. Security
The design is meant to address some of the vulnerabilities, such
as buffer overflows, which have been exploited by malicious
software. Additionally, .NET provides a common security model for
all applications.
7. Portability
While Microsoft has never implemented the full framework on any
system except MicrosoftWindows, the framework is engineered to be
platform agnostic, and cross-platformimplementations are available
for other operating systems. Microsoft submitted the
specifications for the Common Language Infrastructure (which
includes the core class libraries,Common Type System, and the
Common Intermediate Language), the C# language and theC++/CLI
language to both ECMA and the ISO, making them available as
official standards. Thismakes it possible for third parties to
create compatible implementations of the framework and itslanguages
on other platforms.
What Is C# ??
C# (pronounced "C-sharp") is an object-oriented programming
language from Microsoft thataims to combine the computing power of
C++ with the programming ease of Visual Basic. C# is
based on C++ and contains features similar to those of Java.
C# is designed to work with Microsoft's .Net platform.
Microsoft's aim is to facilitate theexchange of information and
services over the Web, and to enable developers to build highly
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portable applications. C# simplifies programming through its use
of Extensible MarkupLanguage (XML) and Simple Object Access
Protocol (SOAP) which allow access to a
programming object or method without requiring the programmer to
write additional code for each step. Because programmers can build
on existing code, rather than repeatedly duplicating it,C# is
expected to make it faster and less expensive to get new products
and services to market.
Microsoft is collaborating with ECMA, the international
standards body, to create a standard for C#. International
Standards Organization (ISO) recognition for C# would encourage
other companies to develop their own versions of the language.
Companies that are already using C#include Apex Software, Bunka
Orient, Component Source, devSoft, Far Point Technologies,LEAD
Technologies, ProtoView, and Seagate Software.
Features of c#
Some notable distinguishing features of C# are:
1. There are no global variables or functions. All methods and
members must be declared withinclasses. Static members of public
classes can substitute for global variables and functions.
2. Local variables cannot shadow variables of the enclosing
block, unlike C and C++. Variableshadowing is often considered
confusing by C++ texts.
3. C# supports a strict Boolean data type, bool. Statements that
take conditions, such as whileand if, require an expression of a
type that implements the true operator, such as the Booleantype.
While C++ also has a Boolean type, it can be freely converted to
and from integers, andexpressions such as if (a) require only that
a is convertible to bool, allowing a to be an int, or a
pointer.
4. Managed memory cannot be explicitly freed; instead, it is
automatically garbage collected.Garbage collection addresses the
problem of memory leaks by freeing the programmer of responsibility
for releasing memory which is no longer needed.
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5. Multiple inheritance is not supported, although a class can
implement any number of interfaces. This was a design decision by
the language's lead architect to avoid complication andsimplify
architectural requirements throughout CLI.
6. C# is more type safe than C++. The only implicit conversions
by default are those which are
considered safe, such as widening of integers. This is enforced
at compile-time, during JIT, and,in some cases, at runtime. There
are no implicit conversions between Booleans and integers, nor
between enumeration members and integers.
7. Enumeration members are placed in their own scope.
8. C# provides properties as syntactic sugar for a common
pattern in which a pair of methods,accessor (getter) and mutator
(setter) encapsulate operations on a single attribute of a
class.
ADVANTAGESAdvantages over C and C++ :-
1. It is compiled to an intermediate language (CIL)
independently of the language it wasdeveloped or the target
architecture and operating system.
2. Automatic garbage collection
3. Pointers no longer needed (but optional)
4. Reflection capabilities5. Don't need to worry about header
files ".h"
6. Definition of classes and functions can be done in any
order
7. Declaration of functions and classes not needed
Advantages over Java :-
1. Usually it is much more efficient than java and runs
faster
2. CIL (Common (.NET) Intermediate Language) is a standard
language, while java byte codesaren't
3. It has more primitive types (value types), including unsigned
numeric types
4. Indexers let you access objects as if they were arrays
5. Conditional compilation
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6. Simplified multithreading
SOME IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS:-
COMMON LANGUAGE RUNTIME
The Common Language Runtime (CLR) is the virtual machine
component of Microsoft's .NETframework and is responsible for
managing the execution of .NET programs. In a process knownas
just-in-time (JIT) compilation, the CLR compiles the intermediate
language code known asCommon Intermediate Language (CIL) into the
machine instructions that in turn are executed bythe computer's
CPU. The CLR provides additional services including memory
management, typesafety and exception handling. All programs written
for the .NET framework, regardless of
programming language, are executed by the CLR. It provides
exception handling, Garbagecollection and thread management.
DYNAMIC LINK LIBRARY
In a nut shell, a dynamic link library (DLL) is a collection of
small programs, which can becalled upon when needed by the
executable program (EXE) that is running. The DLL lets
theexecutable communicate with a specific device such as a printer
or may contain source code todo particular functions. An example
would be if the program (exe) needs to get the free space of your
hard drive. It can call the DLL file that contains the function
with parameters and a callfunction. The DLL will then tell the
executable the free space. This allows the executable to besmaller
in size and not have to write the function that has already exists.
This allows any
program the information about the free space, without having to
write all the source code and itsaves space on your hard drive as
well. When a DLL is used in this fashion are also known asshared
files.
FRAME CLASS LIBRARY(FCL)
The Framework Class Library (FCL) is a standard library and one
of two core components of Microsoft .NET Framework. The FCL is a
collection of reusable classes, interfaces and valuetypes. The Base
Class Library is a part of FCL and provides the most fundamental
functionality,which includes classes in namespaces System, System.
Code Dom, System .Collections, System.
Diagnostics, System. Globalization, System.IO, System. Resources
and System. Text.
ACTIVE X DATA OBJECT
Microsoft's ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) is a set of Component
Object Model (COM) objectsfor accessing data sources. A part of
MDAC, it provides a middleware layer between
programming languages and OLE DB (a means of accessing data
stores, whether they be
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databases or otherwise, in a uniform manner). ADO allows a
developer to write programs thataccess data without knowing how the
database is implemented. He must be aware of the databasefor
connection only. No knowledge of SQL is required to access a
database when using ADO,although one can use ADO to directly
execute SQL commands. The disadvantage of the latter isthat it
introduces a dependency upon the type of database used.
CONNECTED ARCHITECTURE
The architecture of ADO.net, in which connection must be opened
to access the data retrieved
from database is called as connected architecture. Connected
architecture was built on the classesconnection, command,
datareader and transaction.
Connection : in connected architecture also the purpose of
connection is to just establish aconnection to database and it self
will not transfer any data.
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DataReader : DataReader is used to store the data retrieved by
command object and make itavailable for .net application. Data in
DataReader is read only and within the DataReader youcan navigate
only in forward direction and it also only one record at a
time.
To access one by one record from the DataReader, call Read()
method of the DataReader whose
return type is bool. When the next record was successfully read,
the Read() method will returntrue and otherwise returns false.
. DISCONNECTED ARCHITECTURE
The architecture of ADO.net in which data retrieved from
database can be accessed even whenconnection to database was closed
is called as disconnected architecture. Disconnectedarchitecture of
ADO.net was built on classes connection, dataadapter,
commandbuilder anddataset and dataview.
Disconnected architecture is a method of retrieving a record set
from the database and storing itgiving you the ability to do many
CRUD (Create, Read, Update and Delete) operations on the
data in memory, then it can be re-synchronized with the database
when reconnecting. A methodof using disconnected architecture is
using a Dataset
Connected Disconnected It is connection oriented. It is
disconnection oriented. Data reader DataSet Connected methods give
faster performance. Disconnected get low in speed and
performance
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connected can hold the data of single table disconnected can
hold multiple tables of data Data Reader can't persist the data
Data Set can persist the data It is Read only, we can't update the
data. We can update data
REMOTE DATA OBJECT
Remote Data Objects - RDO is an application program interface
API from Microsoft that lets programmers writing Windows
applications get access to relational databases from bothMicrosoft
and other database providers. In turn, RDO statements in a program
use Microsoft'slower-layer Data Access Objects DAO for actual
access to the database. Database providerswrite to the DAO
interface. RDO has evolved into ActiveX Data Objects - ADO
whichMicrosoft recommended as program interface for new
programs.
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EXTENSIBLE MARKUP LANGUAGE (XML)
Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language that
defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is
both human-readable and machine-readable. It is definedin the XML
1.0 Specification produced by the W3C, and several other related
specifications, all
gratis open standards. The design goals of XML emphasize
simplicity, generality, and usabilityover the Internet. It is a
textual data format with strong support via Unicode for the
languages of the world. Although the design of XML focuses on
documents, it is widely used for therepresentation of arbitrary
data structures.
EXTENSIBLE APPLICATION MARKUP LANGUAGE(XAML)
Extensible Application Markup Language (XAML, /zml/) is a dec
larative XML-basedlanguage created by Microsoft and is used for
initializing structured values and objects. It isavailable under
Microsoft's Open Specification. XAML is used extensively in .NET
Framework 3.0 & .NET Framework 4.0 technologies, particularly
Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF),Silverlight, and Windows
Workflow Foundation (WF). In WPF, XAML forms a user interfacemarkup
language to define UI elements, data binding, eventing, and other
features. In WF,workflows can be defined using XAML. XAML is also
used in Visual Studio 11 for Windows 8metro applications.
JUST IN TIME COMPILER(JIT)
JIT compilers represent a hybrid approach, with translation
occurring continuously, as withinterpreters, but with caching of
translated code to minimize performance degradation. It alsooffers
other advantages over statically compiled code at development time,
such as handling of late-bound data types and the ability to
enforce security guarantees. JIT builds upon two earlier ideas in
run-time environments: byte code compilation and dynamic
compilation. It convertscode at runtime prior to executing it
natively, for example byte code into native machine code.
JAVA VIRTUAL MACHINE(JVM)
A Java virtual machine is software that is implemented on
virtual and non-virtual hardware andon standard operating systems.
A JVM provides an environment in which Java byte code can
beexecuted, enabling such features as automated exception handling,
which provides root-causedebugging information for every software
error (exception), independent of the source code. AJVM is
distributed along with a set of standard class libraries that
implement the Java application
programming interface (API). Appropriate APIs bundled together
with JVM form the JavaRuntime Environment (JRE). JVMs are available
for many hardware and software platforms.The use of the same byte
code for all JVMs on all platforms allows Java to be described as
awrite once, run anywhere programming language, versus write once,
compile anywhere, which
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describes cross-platform compiled languages. Thus, the JVM is a
crucial component of the Java platform.
OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (OOPS)Object-oriented programming
(OOP) is a programming paradigm using "objects" datastructures
consisting of data fields and methods together with their
interactions to designapplications and computer programs.
Programming techniques may include features such as
dataabstraction, encapsulation, messaging, modularity,
polymorphism, and inheritance. Manymodern programming languages now
support OOP, at least as an option.
ABSTRACTION: - In computer science, it is the process by which
data and programs aredefined with a representation similar in form
to its meaning (semantics), while hiding away theimplementation
details. Abstraction tries to reduce and factor out details so that
the programmer can focus on a few concepts at a time. A system can
have several abstraction layers wherebydifferent meanings and
amounts of detail are exposed to the programmer.
ENCAPSULATION:- In a programming language, it is used to refer
to one of two related butdistinct notions, and sometimes to the
combination thereof:
A language mechanism for restricting access to some of the
object's components. A languageconstruct that facilitates the
bundling of data with the methods (or other functions) operating
onthat data.
The second definition is motivated by the fact that in many OOP
languages hiding of components is not automatic or can be
overridden; thus, information hiding is defined as aseparate notion
by those who prefer the second definition.
POLYMORPHISM:- It is an important feature of object oriented
programming. It means onename and multiple forms. The concept can
be implemented by using function overloading andoperator
overloading. The overloaded member functions are selected for
invoking by matchingarguments both type and number. This
information is known to the compiler at the compile timeand
therefore, compiler is able to select the appropriate function for
a particular call at thecompile time itself. This is called as
early binding or static binding.
At run time, when it is known that what class objects are under
considerations, the approximateversion of the function is invoked.
Since the function is linked with the particular class muchlater
after the compilation, this process is known as late binding. It is
also known as dynamic
binding because the selection of the function is done
dynamically at run time.
INHERITANCE:- Inheritance is the most important feature of
object oriented programming. Itis the process of creating a new
class called derived class from existing class called as base
class.
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Most important advantage of inheritance is reusability i.e.
reusing existing code i.e. save timeand money. By reusability a
programmer can use a class created by another person or
companywithout modifying it derive another classes form it.
Private members can be accessed only within the class in which
they are defined but public
members can be form outside the class. Protected members can be
accessed within the class inwhich they are defined and they are
accessible in derived class which is derived by its own class.
OVERLOADING: - It refers to the specification of several
function declaration for a singlefunction name in the same scope.
It is the method for calling several functions having samename.
These functions are different during the calling process by the
number and type of arguments passed to these functions.
Add();
Add(int,int);
Add(float,float);
Add(int,float);
All the functions will be called in the program using the same
name. But the compiler willdifferentiate them by the arguments
passed to them.
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Loops
1. FOR LOOP:-
It's preferred when you know how many iterations you want,
either because you know the exactamount of iterations, or because
you have a variable containing the amount. Here is an example
on the for loop.Using System;
Namespace ConsoleApplication1
{
Class Program
{
Static void Main (string[] args){
int number = 5;
for (int i = 0; i < number; i++)
Console.WriteLine(i);
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
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}
It consists of 3 parts:-
1. We initialize a variable for counting
2. Set up a conditional statement to test it
3. Increment the counter (++ means the same as "variable =
variable + 1").
The first part, where we define the i variable and set it to 0,
is only executed once, before theloop starts. The last 2 parts are
executed for each iteration of the loop. Each time, i is comparedto
our number variable - if i is smaller than number, the loop runs
one more time. After that, i isincreased by one. Try running the
program, and afterwards, try changing the number variable
tosomething bigger or smaller than 5. You will see the loop respond
to the change.
2. FOR EACH LOOP:-
It operates on collections of items, for instance arrays or
other built-in list types.
Using System;
Using System.Collections;
Namespace ConsoleApplication1
{
Class Program
{
Static void Main (string [] args)
{
ArrayList list = new ArrayList();
list.Add("John Doe");
list.Add("Jane Doe");
list.Add("Someone Else");
foreach(string name in list)
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Console.WriteLine(name);
}
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
Okay, so we create an instance of an ArrayList, and then we add
some string items to it. We usethe foreach loop to run through each
item, setting the name variable to the item we have reachedeach
time. That way, we have a named variable to output. As you can see,
we declare the namevariable to be of the string type you always
need to tell the foreach loop which data type youare expecting to
pull out of the collection. In case you have a list of various
types, you may usethe object class instead of a specific class, to
pull out each item as an object. When working with
collections, you are very likely to be using the foreach loop
most of the time, mainly because itssimpler than any of the other
loops for these kinds of operations.
3. WHILE LOOP:-
The while loop is probably the most simple one, so we will start
with that. The while loop simplyexecutes a block of code as long as
the condition you give it is true. A small example and thensome
more explanation:
Using System;
Namespace ConsoleApplication1
{
Class Program
{
Static void Main (string[] args)
{
int number = 0;
while (number < 5)
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{
Console.WriteLine(number);
number = number + 1;
}
Console.ReadLine();
}
}
}
Try running the code. You will get a nice listing of numbers,
from 0 to 4. The number is firstdefined as 0, and each time the
code in the loop is executed, it's incremented by one. But whydoes
it only get to 4, when the code says 5? For the condition to return
true, the number has to beless than 5, which in this case means
that the code which outputs the number is not reached oncethe
number is equal to 5. This is because the condition of the while
loop is evaluated before itenters the code block.
4. DO LOOP:-
The opposite is true for the do loop, which works like the while
loop in other aspects through.
The do loop evaluates the condition after the loop has executed,
which makes sure that the code block is always executed at least
once.
do
{
Console.WriteLine(number);
number = number + 1;
} while(number < 5);
The output is the same though - once the number is more than 5,
the loop is exited.
CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
In computer science, conditional statements, conditional
expressions and conditional constructsare features of a programming
language which perform different computations or actions
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depending on whether a programmer-specified Boolean condition
evaluates to true or false.Apart from the case of branch
predication, this is always achieved by selectively altering
thecontrol flow based on some condition.
In imperative programming languages, the term "conditional
statement" is usually used, whereas
in functional programming, the terms "conditional expression" or
"conditional construct" are preferred, because these terms all have
distinct meanings.
1. IF STATEMENT:-
The if then construct (sometimes called if then else) is common
across many programminglanguages. Although the syntax varies quite
a bit from language to language, the basic structure(in pseudo code
form) looks like this: (The example is actually perfectly valid
Visual Basic or QuickBasic syntax.)
IF (predicate)
THEN
(Consequent)
ELSE
(Alternative)
END IF
When an interpreter finds an If, it expects a Boolean condition
for example, x > 0, whichmeans "the variable x contains a number
that is greater than zero" and evaluates that condition.If the
condition is true, the statements following the then are executed.
Otherwise, the executioncontinues in the following branch either in
the else block (which is usually optional), or if thereis no else
branch, then after the end If.
2. ELSE IF STATEMENT:-
By using else if , it is possible to combine several conditions.
Only the statements following the
first condition that is found to be true will be executed. All
other statements will be skipped. Thestatements of
if condition then
-- statements;
elsif condition then
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-- more statements
elsif condition then
-- more statements;
...
else
-- other statements
End if
In some other languages, such as C and Java, else if literally
just means else followed by if, andsyntactic sugar is neither
needed nor provided. This works because in these languages, an
elsefollowed by one statement (in this case the if) does not need
braces. This is not true in Perl,
which provides the keyword else if to avoid the large number of
braces that would be required bymultiple if and else statements.
Similarly, Python uses the special keyword else if becausestructure
is denoted by indentation rather than braces, so a repeated use of
else and if wouldrequire increased indentation after every
condition.
3. SWITCH CASE:-
The C# switch statement allows you to choose from many
statements based on multipleselections by passing control to one of
the case statements within its body. The switch statementexecutes
the case corresponding to the value of the expression. The switch
statement can includeany number of case instances.
Switch (expression)
{
Case expression:
//your code here
jump-statement
default:
//your code here
jump-statement
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}
ARRAYS
An array is the collection of same type of data items which are
referred by common name.
Declaration of array:-
Data-type array-name[size] ;
Initialization of array:-
Data-type array- name[size]= {value1,value2,value3, .};
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Generally in C++ the destructor is called when objects gets
destroyed. And one can explicitly
call the destructors in C++. And also the objects are destroyed
in reverse order that they arecreated in. So in C++ you have
control over the destructors.
One may be thinking how C# treats the destructor. In C# you can
never call them, the reason isone cannot destroy an object. So who
has the control over the destructo r (in C#)? Its the
.Netframeworks Garbage Collector (GC).
Now few questions arise why GC should control destructors why
not us?
The answer is very simple GC can do better object release than
we can. If we do manual memorymanagement one has to take care both
allocation and de-allocation of memory. So there is
always chance that one can forgot de-allocation. And also manual
memory management is timeconsuming and complex process.
NAMESPACES
Namespaces allow you to create a system to organize your code. A
good way to organize your namespaces is via a hierarchical system.
You put the more general names at the top of the
hierarchy and get more specific as you go down. This
hierarchical system can be represented bynested namespaces.By
placing code in different sub-namespaces, you can keep your
codeorganized.
Example:
namespace arun.CSharp.Namespaces
{
public class Hello
{
public string GetMessage()
{
return "Hello, world";
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}
}
}
Namespaces are hierarchical, and the name arun.CSharp.Namespace
is actually shorthand for defining a namespace named arun that
contains a namespace named CSharp that itself contains anamespace
named Namespaces, as in:
namespace arun
{
namespace CSharp
{
namespace Namespaces
{....}
}
}
EXCEPTION HANDLING
The C# language's exception handling features help you deal with
any unexpected or exceptionalsituations that occur when a program
is running. Exception handling uses the try, catch, andfinally
keywords to try actions that may not succeed, to handle failures
when you decide that it isreasonable to do so, and to clean up
resources afterward. Exceptions can be generated by thecommon
language runtime (CLR), by the .NET Framework or any third-party
libraries, or byapplication code. Exceptions are created by using
the throw keyword.
In many cases, an exception may be thrown not by a method that
your code has called directly, but by another method further down
in the call stack. When this happens, the CLR will unwind
the stack, looking for a method with a catch block for the
specific exception type, and it willexecute the first such catch
block that if finds. If it finds no appropriate catch block
anywhere inthe call stack, it will terminate the process and
display a message to the user.
In this example, a method tests for division by zero and catches
the error. Without the exceptionhandling, this program would
terminate with a DivideByZeroException was unhandled error.
class ExceptionTest
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{
static double SafeDivision(double x, double y)
{
if (y == 0)
throw new System.DivideByZeroException();
return x / y;
}
static void Main()
{
double a = 98, b = 0;
double result = 0;
try
{
result = SafeDivision(a, b);
Console.WriteLine("{0} divided by {1} = {2}", a, b, result);
}
catch (DivideByZeroException e)
{
Console.WriteLine("Attempted divide by zero.");
}
}
}
FILE HANDLING
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File handling is an unmanaged resource in your application
system. It is outside your applicationdomain (unmanaged resource).
It is not managed by CLR. Data is stored in two ways, persistentand
non-persistent manner.When you open a file for reading or writing,
it becomes stream.Stream: Stream is a sequence of bytes traveling
from a source to a destination over acommunication path. The two
basic streams are input and output streams. Input stream is used
toread and output stream is used to write. The System.IO namespace
includes various classes for file handling. The parent class of
file processing is stream. Stream is an abstract class, which
isused as the parent of the classes that actually implement the
necessary operations. The primarysupport of a file as an object is
provided by a .NET Framework class called File. This static classis
equipped with various types of (static) methods to create, save,
open, copy, move, delete, or check the existence of a file.
The following table describes some commonly used classes in the
System.IO namespace.
Class Name Description
Filestream It is used to read from and write to any location
within a file BinaryReader It is used to read primitive data types
from a binary stream Binarywriter It is used to read primitive data
types from a binary stream Streamreader It is used to read
characters from a byte Stream Streamwriter It is used to write
characters to a stream.
Reading and writing in the text file
StreamWriter
The StreamWriter class in inherited from the abstract class
TextWriter. The TextWriter class represents a writer, which can
write a series of characters.
The following table describes some of the methods used by
StreamWriter class.
Methods Description Close Closes the current StreamWriter object
and the underlying stream Flush Clears all buffers for the current
writer and causes any buffered data to be
written to the underlying stream Write Writes to the stream
Writeline Writes data specified by the overloaded parameters,
followed by end of
line
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StreamReader
The StreamReader class is inherited from the abstract class
TextReader. The TextReader class
represents a reader, which can read series of characters. The
following table describes some methods of the StreamReader
class.
Methods Description Close Closes the object of StreamReader
class and the underlying stream, and
release any system resources associated with the reader Peak
Returns the next available character but doesn't consume it Read
Reads the next character or the next set of characters from the
stream Readline Reads a line of characters from the current stream
and returns data as a
string Seek Allows the read/write position to be moved to any
position with the file
Reading and writing in the binary file
BinaryReader
BinaryReader handles binary files. A binary file may have
thousands of integers stored in it, or another simple data type.
BinaryReader is mainly for convenience. It makes using binary
dataeasier. If you do not have a binary file you are trying to open
already, you can create one using
the BinaryWriter type in the C# programming language. Please
visit the BinaryWriter tutorial onDot Net Perls for instructions
about creating a binary file.
BinaryWriter
BinaryWriter creates binary files. A binary file uses a specific
data layout for its bytes. TheBinaryWriter type is ideal it
provides a stream-based mechanism for imperatively writing datato a
file location on the disk.
WINDOWS FORMS
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A Windows Forms application is an application that uses top
level windows, known as forms,and common user interface controls,
such as buttons and text boxes, in order to interact with theend
user. That kind of application is known as desktop application (in
contrast to webapplications which are HTML-based applications).
.Net provides rich functionality to help increating desktop
applications. Most of the classes and types used in creating
desktop applicationsreside in the System.Windows.Forms
namespace.
IDE and tools : The MS Visual Studio IDE (Integrated Development
Environment) is a RAD(Rapid Application Development) IDE and it
provides a number of tools for building windows-
based applications rapidly.
Form Designer:- Provides a design surface where the user drops
and arranges controls in order to build a form.
Property Grid:- Displays the public properties of the currently
selected control or controls,
allowing the user to customize the appearance and behavior of
that control. It also displays a listof the available events for
the control. Double clicking on an event name, creates an empty
eventhandler.
Toolbox :- Displays lists of available controls and components.
The user drags items from that box and drops them on the Form
Designer.
Code editor :- A state of the art text edit control for writing
user code.
Creating a Windows Forms application
The MS Visual Studio provides a wizard for creating a new
Windows Forms project. Thatwizard is accessible by right clicking
the Solution in the Solution Explorer and then Add | NewProject |
Visual C# | Windows | Windows Forms Application. The wizard creates
a new projectwhich contains just a single Form. Additional Forms
can be added by right clicking the project inthe Solution Explorer
and then Add | Windows Form.
Windows Forms built-in controls and components
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BUTTONS
There are three buttons: the Button, RadioButton and CheckBox.
They all inherit from theSystem.Windows.Forms.ButtonBase class. The
ButtonBase class provides a set of properties thataffect the visual
aspect of the button such as the FlatStyle, FlatAppearance,
ImageList and
ImageIndex etc.
Button
A classic button control programmers use all the time as a
command button.
CheckBox
A classic check box with three-state capability.
RadioButton
A classic radio button, also known as option button. Radio
buttons work in groups. Allradio buttons on the same parent act as
a group. When AutoCheck is true, clicking on aradio button selects
that button and de-selects any other radio button on the same
parent.
TextBox
TextBox is a classic text box. Can be either single-line or
multi-line. When Multiline boolean property is set to true, then
Environment.NewLine is considered as the new linemark. Some
properties, such as ScrollBars and WordWrap work only when the text
boxis a multi-line one. TextBox has a 64K character capacity
limit.
RichTextBox
RichTextBox is a multi-line text box that can display and edit
RTF text, that is formatted text
with bold, italic, colors etc. The SelectionFont and the
SelectionColor are the key properties. Theformatting is applied any
selected text or to new text entered after the change. The
RichTextBoxhas not any character capacity limit.
LIST CONTROLS :
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ComboBox
ComboBox represents a drop-down list of choices. The list is a
list of objects, so practically an
item can be of any type. The key properties are the
SelectedIndex and the SelectedItem. The Text property returns the
text of the selected item, if any. Also the ComboBox provides
auto-completion functionality through the AutoCompleteMode,
AutoCompleteCustomSource andAutoCompleteSource properties.
ListBox
ListBox represents a list of choices. The list is a list of
objects, so practically an item can be of any type. The key
properties are the SelectedIndex and the SelectedItem. The Text
propertyreturns the text of the selected item, if any. ListBox
provides multi-selection functionalitythrough the SelectionMode,
SelectedIndices and SelectedItems.
CheckedListBox
CheckedListBox is a ListBox where presents a check box in front
of each item. CheckedIndicesand CheckedItems collection properties
return the checked indices and the checked items.
ProgressBar
The ProgressBar is a classic progress bar. The Minimum and
Maximum properties indicate therange of the bar while the Step
property indicates the how many positins the bar moves
wherePerformStep() is called. Another way is to call the
Increment() method. The Value propertyindicates the current
position of the bar.
DateTimePicker
The DateTimePicker control is actually a combo box which
displays a calendar in place of thedrop down list. The key property
is the Format property of type DateTimePickerFormat enum.The Format
property determines the mode of the control. When Format is Long or
Short thecontrol diplays a long or a short date accordingly, while
when Format is Time it displays timevalues. Setting Format to
Custom requires to set the CustomFormat string property
too.CustomFormat accepts valid date time format strings, i.e.
yyyy-MM-dd or hh:mm etc.
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NumericUpDown
The NumericUpDown control is a spin text box, a control that
accepts and displays numeric
values in a user defined range. ListView
ListView is a Windows list view control which displays a list of
items. Those items are displayedaccording to the setting of the
View property of type View. The List View can have Columnswhen View
is set to Details. The Columns property stores the settings for
those columns. TheItems property is a collection of ListViewItem
objects. When columns are used each item is acollection of
sub-items equal to the number of columns. The ListViewItem provides
the SubItems property.
TreeView
TreeView is a Windows tree view control which displays a list of
labeled items. Each item is aTreeNode object. The tree itself and
each TreeNode object provide the Nodes property which isthe
collection of its nodes.
PictureBox
The PictureBox control is used to display bitmap, icon,
metafile, JPEG, GIF and PNG files. The
key is the Image property which is an instance of the Image
class.
Label and LinkLabel
Both controls display read-only text to the user. The Linklabel
displays hyperlinks. They both provide a Click event.
Timer
The Timer component is a simple timer. It provides the Tick
event which is triggered on Interval periods, when Enabled is
true.
Notify Icon
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The NotifyIcon displays an icon in the Windows task bar
notification area. Key properties are the Text, the Icon and the
ContexMenu or ContextMenuStrip. TheShowBalloonTip() method displays
a balloon tip in the notification area for a specified
period.
THREADING
A thread is an independent execution path, able to run
simultaneously with other threads.Threading enables your C# program
to perform concurrent processing so you can domore than one
operation at a time. For example, you can use threading to monitor
input from the
user, perform background tasks, and handle simultaneous streams
of input. TheSystem.Threading namespace provides classes and
interfaces that support multithreaded
programming and enable you to easily perform tasks such as
creating and starting new threads,synchronizing multiple threads,
suspending threads, and aborting threads. To incorporatethreading
in your C# code, simply create a function to be executed outside
the main thread and
point a new Thread object at it. .
using System;
using System.Threading;
Heres a simple example and its output:
class ThreadTest
{
static void Main()
{
Thread t = new Thread (WriteY); // Kick off a new thread
t.Start(); // running WriteY()
for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++)
Console.Write ("x");
}
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static void WriteY()
{
for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++)
Console.Write ("y");
}
}
JOIN AND SLEEP
You can wait for another thread to end by calling its Join
method. For example:
static void Main()
{
Thread t = new Thread (Go);
t.Start();
t.Join();
Console.WriteLine ("Thread t has ended!");
}
static void Go()
{
for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++)
Console.Write ("y");
}
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1.
2.
3. Then write , Server name - .\sqlexpress
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Database name Any name you want to give , let say project .
HOW TO CREATE TABLES ??.....
1. Click on in front of database , in solution explorer.
2. Right click on tables , select create new table .
3. Tables to be created are :-
Login
Labs
Complaints
Components
Systems
Vendors
Manufacturer
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WINDOWS FORMS :-
1. The next and the last part of project is window form
designing and coding .
2. Now lets have a look of all the forms one by one along with
their coding.
