1 May 2002

CMB Studies: z ~ 1000

Large-scale Structure z < 0.5

Dark Ages: z > ~ 7

Clusters z < 3

a(t) = ao/(1+z)

Observational Cosmology

< 10-35 sec

May 2002 2

ASIAA Theoretical Framework of Expanding Universe

• Origin at hot Big Bang, Inflation, t 10-35 sec• Light Element synthesis, t 3 minutes

– Matter/energy content: baryons, dark matter, vacuum energy

• Opaque Baryon-photon fluid– Acoustic oscillations (gravity vs. photon pressure), gravity waves, …

• z ~ 1000: Baryonic matter becomes neutral, t ~300,000 years– CMBR emerges with imprints of the conditions of the universe

• ~10 < z < 1000: Dark Ages– Initial density fluctuations grow under gravity– DM halos– Baryons collect in DM potential wells

• z ~10: first stars, re-ionization• z < 10: galaxy and (hierarchical) structure formation

– Small galaxies form first, mergers to form larger galaxies, groups and clusters, super-clusters and voids

3 May 2002

AMiBA TAOS

SMA

Evolution of the Universe

May 2002 4

ASIAA

5 May 2002

Hubble Deep Field:

Deepest

picture!

Most distant galaxyz ~ 4

May 2002 6

ASIAA

May 2002 7

ASIAA Cosmic Microwave Background

• Remnant Heat of the Big Bang• Universe expands and cools

– t ~ 300,000 year, T = 2700 K, p + e = H: Universe transparent to EM waves; Heat of Big Bang detectable as microwave

• 1965: Penzias and Wilson (1978 Nobel Prize)– Discovery of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)

• Existence of structure (galaxies) requires Anisotropy in CMB– Search for anisotropy = Holy grail of physics for the next 27 years

8 May 2002

COBE

9 May 2002

Temp. = 2.725K

(Homogeneity)

Dipole

T=0.0034K

(Motion)

Anisotropy

T=0.000018K

(Irregularity)

10 May 2002

Planck Curve Heat of Big Bang !

Current Temperature = 2.725 K = –270 C

Universe cooled upon expansion

May 2002 11

ASIAA Why Study the CMB ?

• Primary Anisotropy– Geometry and Fate of the

Universe: o = b + m +

– Baryon content: b – Origin of Structure (galaxies,

clusters…)

• Secondary Anisotropy– Probing universe after

recombination era

• Polarization– Probing before recombination era– Epoch of Re-ionization

(after recombination)

May 2002 12

ASIAA

CMB Experiments• Space missions (All Sky Survey; low resolution)

– MAP (2001), PLANCK (2007)

• Balloons (area survey; intermediate resolution)– BOOMERANG (1999), MAXIMA (1999), TOPHAT

(2001), MAXIPOL (2001)

• Ground-based Bolometer Arrays on single telescopes (area survey, high resolution)– ACBAR, BOLOCAM

• Interferometers (area survey, high angular resolution)– CBI, DASI, VSA, AMiBA, SZA, AMI

May 2002 13

ASIAA MAP: June 2001

May 2002 14

ASIAA

PLANCK (ESA)2007

May 2002 15

ASIAA MAXIMA (1999)

16 May 2002

Boomerang(1999)

May 2002 17

ASIAA

Boomerang • 從 12/1998 到 1/1999

• 氣球在南極上空 35 公里處飛行十天 • 持續的陽光，穩定的氣流• 1,000,000 立方公尺的氣球• 由加拿大、義大利、英國和美國組成的 國際團隊

• 興建五年 ( 始於一九九三年 )

18 May 2002 1 !

May 2002 19

ASIAA

20 May 2002

宇宙的命運 宇宙的密度 : = /(crit)

Open ( < 1)

Flat ( = 1)

Closed ( > 1)

ASIAA

21 May 2002

DASI (Chicago)

May 2002 22

ASIAA CBI (Caltech)

May 2002 23

ASIAA

VSA (Cambridge/Manchester)

ASIAA CosPA = Cosmology & Particle Astrophysics

(MoE/NSC Research Excellence Initiative)• 1 AMiBA: (AS/NTU)

90-GHz interferometer - CMB Secondary Anisotropy and Polarization

• 2 CP violation + CDM Search: (NTU) • 3 Theory: (NTU/AS)

String Cosmology; Particle Physics implications of CMB and BBN data; Non-equilibrium phase transition; Quintessence; CMB polarization

• 4 OIR Telescope Access: (AS/NTU/NCU/NTHU)CFHT (4-m) via construction of WIRCAM; OIR complement to AMiBA

• 5 National Infra-structure: (NCU/NTHU/AS/NTU)Jade Mountain Lu-lin Observatory

Important for Astronomy & Astrophysics in universities

May 2002 25

ASIAA AMiBA Development History

• 12/1997: TAW5 on Cosmology at NCU • 09/1998: Specification Study of a SZE Array

(unique at the time)• 04/1999: Joint MoE Research Excellence Proposal -

CosPA submitted • 12/1999: Funding for CosPA approved • 02/2000: S + T Review Meeting to ensure final

AMiBA is unique Full Polarization capability for AMiBA

May 2002 26

ASIAA Principal AMiBA Science Goals

• High z Cluster Survey via SZE– Distance independence of SZE– Structure Formation History: b, m, 8

– Cluster and Galaxy Evolution

• Missing Baryons via SZE– IGM, Outskirts of clusters, Super-clusters, Filaments

• Polarization of CMB– Unambiguous time signature of CMB– Cleaner imprint of initial perturbations– Degeneracy-breaking of cosmological parameters– Determination of Epoch of Re-ionization

May 2002 27

ASIAA AMiBA Specifications

• 19-element (0.3/1.2m)• Platform mounted (6m)• Dual-channel 85 - 105 GHz

HEMTs at 20K• Full polarization

capabilities• 2’ highest resolution• 44’ / 11’ FOV T = 7 K in 1 hour• Site: Mauna Loa

May 2002 28

ASIAA

May 2002 29

ASIAA AMiBA Block Diagram

May 2002 30

ASIAA Key Sub-systems

• Cryogenic Receivers: NRAO MIC HEMTs – M-T Chen, W. Ho, HM Jiang (ASIAA), Mal Sinclair (ATNF), C.S. Institute (?)

• Development of MMIC InP HEMTs – H. Wang (NTU), M. Sinclair (ATNF), Robert Hu (ASIAA)

• Photonic LO system – Y-J Hwang (ASIAA), John Payne (NRAO)

• IF distribution– T. Chu, Leo Lu (NTU)

• Analog Lag-Correlators: 20 GHz BW– W. Wilson (ATNF), T-D Chiueh (NTU), J. Peterson (CM)

• Steward Mount/Platform– R. Martin (ASIAA), P. Raffin (ASIAA)

May 2002 31

ASIAA

• System + Detailed Design 03.2000 ~ 12.2000

• Prototype: Parts Acquisition + Subsystems + Integration 08.2000 ~ 09.20

01 • Prototype: Assembly + Testing at site

10.2001 ~ 12.2001

• Site: Permit + Preparation 01.2001 ~ 12.2001

• Production Fabrication 01.2002 ~ 6.2003

• Mount erection 07.2002 ~ 10.2002

• Commissioning 03.2004 ~ • Operations 04.2004 ~ 04.2009

AMiBA Timetable

May 2002 32

ASIAA

• Science Goals on target

• Needs to speed up schedule !

33 May 2002

AMiBA TAOS

SMA

Evolution of the Universe

May 2002 34

ASIAA

Uncertainties & the Future• Intrinsic luminosity/Evolution of SNe Type Ia• K-correction: emitted wavelength red-shifted by (1+z)• Extinction by dust (intrinsic and Galactic)• Selection bias (Scott-Mahmquist)• Local Void (in-homogeneity)• Gravitational lensing (affects apparent magnitude)

• Contamination by non-Type Ia SN SNe at z > 1;

SN light red-shifted to IR: NGST etc

May 2002 35

ASIAA Telescope for the Early Universe

• Space telescopes– HST, NGST

• 10m class ground-based OIR telescopes– Keck (2 x 10m), VLT (4 x 8m), Subaru (8m), Gemini (2 x

8m), Magellan (2 x 6m), LBT (2 x 8m), CGT (10m)

• Survey Telescopes– AAT, CFHT, SDSS, FIRST, LAMOST

• Next Generation Plans– CELT (30m), OWL (100m), NGCFHT (20m), …– ALMA, SKA

May 2002 36

ASIAA

The Next Ten Years of Astronomy in Taiwan

• SMA (2002), TAOS (2002), AMiBA(2002/3) coming into operation

• Second Ten-Year Plan: 2002 - 2011– Planning proposal submitted and approved by NSC – Workshop/meetings in Fall of 2001– Planning Report submitted in 2002