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Innovation for Sustainable Agricultural MechanizationClub of Bologna, Hannover, Germany, November 8, 2009
Innovation for Sustainable Agricultural MechanizationClub of Bologna, Hannover, Germany, November 8, 2009
Conservation Agriculture in Conservation Agriculture in Developing Countries:Developing Countries:
Th R l f M h i tiTh R l f M h i tiThe Role of MechanizationThe Role of Mechanization
Theodor Friedrich, Josef Kienzle, Amir KassamTheodor Friedrich, Josef Kienzle, Amir Kassam
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
outlineoutline
• Introduction• Introduction• CA in Developing Countries• CA in Developing Countries
• Definition• Impact• Definition• Impact• History and relevance
• CA and Mechanization• History and relevance
• CA and MechanizationCA and Mechanization• required changes• new technologies
CA and Mechanization• required changes• new technologies• new technologies• developing countries
li i li ti
• new technologies• developing countries
li i li ti• policy implications
• Conclusions• policy implications
• ConclusionsConclusionsConclusions
introductionintroduction
• Challenge to feed the world:• Challenge to feed the world:• Challenge to feed the world:unchanged and increasing
A i lt l l d d t it
• Challenge to feed the world:unchanged and increasing
A i lt l l d d t it• Agricultural land and water per capita: decreasing/finite resource
• Agricultural land and water per capita: decreasing/finite resource
• Sustainability:not a desirable option but a necessity
• Sustainability:not a desirable option but a necessity– Natural resource base is increasingly
limiting production (soil, water)– Natural resource base is increasingly
limiting production (soil, water)– Biodiversity in intensive agricultural
production systems is declining– Biodiversity in intensive agricultural
production systems is decliningproduction systems is declining– Climate change: additional threat to
agricultural production
production systems is declining– Climate change: additional threat to
agricultural productionagricultural productionagricultural production
introductionintroduction
• Challenge to feed the world:• Challenge to feed the world:• Challenge to feed the world:unchanged and increasing
A i lt l l d d t it
• Challenge to feed the world:unchanged and increasing
A i lt l l d d t it• Agricultural land and water per capita: decreasing/finite resource
• Agricultural land and water per capita: decreasing/finite resource
• Sustainability:not a desirable option but a necessity
• Sustainability:not a desirable option but a necessity– Natural resource base is increasingly
limiting production (soil, water)– Natural resource base is increasingly
limiting production (soil, water)– Biodiversity in intensive agricultural
production systems is declining– Biodiversity in intensive agricultural
production systems is decliningproduction systems is declining– Climate change: additional threat to
agricultural production
production systems is declining– Climate change: additional threat to
agricultural productionagricultural productionagricultural production
introductionintroduction
• Challenge to feed the world:• Challenge to feed the world:• Challenge to feed the world:unchanged and increasing
A i lt l l d d t it
• Challenge to feed the world:unchanged and increasing
A i lt l l d d t it• Agricultural land and water per capita: decreasing/finite resource
• Agricultural land and water per capita: decreasing/finite resource
• Sustainability:not a desirable option but a necessity
• Sustainability:not a desirable option but a necessity– Natural resource base is increasingly
limiting production (soil, water)– Natural resource base is increasingly
limiting production (soil, water)– Biodiversity in intensive agricultural
production systems is declining– Biodiversity in intensive agricultural
production systems is decliningproduction systems is declining– Climate change: additional threat to
agricultural production
production systems is declining– Climate change: additional threat to
agricultural productionagricultural productionagricultural production
introductionintroduction
Therefore:Therefore:Therefore:• Need to link/integrateTherefore:• Need to link/integrateNeed to link/integrate
Production with SustainabilityNeed to link/integrateProduction with Sustainability
• One new strategic goal of FAO:Sustainable Production
• One new strategic goal of FAO:Sustainable ProductionSustainable ProductionIntensification (SPI)Sustainable ProductionIntensification (SPI)
introductionintroduction
Therefore:Therefore:Therefore:• Need to link/integrateTherefore:• Need to link/integrateNeed to link/integrate
Production with SustainabilityNeed to link/integrateProduction with Sustainability
• One new strategic goal of FAO:Sustainable Production
• One new strategic goal of FAO:Sustainable ProductionSustainable ProductionIntensification (SPI)Sustainable ProductionIntensification (SPI)
introductionintroduction
From Theory to Practice:From Theory to Practice:From Theory to Practice:Soil Health Workshop, Rome (FAO), July 2008:From Theory to Practice:Soil Health Workshop, Rome (FAO), July 2008:
• Tillage based farming not sustainable• Soil health: a necessary condition for• Tillage based farming not sustainable• Soil health: a necessary condition forsustainability and productivity
• Conservation Agriculture (CA)�∗) enhancessustainability and productivity
• Conservation Agriculture (CA)�∗) enhancessoil health and ecosystem services
• CA is productive and sustainablesoil health and ecosystem services
• CA is productive and sustainable• CA principles are proven and CA practices being applied globally
• CA principles are proven and CA practices being applied globally
∗) minimum soil disturbance + permanent soil cover + diversified crops∗) minimum soil disturbance + permanent soil cover + diversified crops
The combination ofThe combination of
CA in developing countries - definitionCA in developing countries - definition
The combination of• Continuous zero tillage
P t il d
The combination of• Continuous zero tillage
P t il d• Permanent soil cover and• Crop rotations• Permanent soil cover and• Crop rotationshas become known asConservation Agriculturehas become known asConservation AgricultureCo se at o g cu tu eCo se at o g cu tu e
CA th j t tillCA th j t till
CA in developing countries - definitionCA in developing countries - definition
CA: more than just zero-tillage -a framework to ecosystem
CA: more than just zero-tillage -a framework to ecosystema framework to ecosystem management in a number of production systems facilitating
a framework to ecosystem management in a number of production systems facilitatingsystems, facilitating
• water retention in the ecosystem systems, facilitating
• water retention in the ecosystem (infiltration)
• erosion control(infiltration)
• erosion controlerosion control• biodiversity
erosion control• biodiversity• climate change
adaptation/mitigation• climate change
adaptation/mitigationadaptation/mitigationadaptation/mitigation
Conservation AgricultureConservation AgricultureCA in developing countries - definitionCA in developing countries - definition
Conservation Agriculture Conservation Agriculture ee S il O i M tt D ht R i tS il O i M tt D ht R i t
Action of Soil BiotaAction of Soil Biotacultu
recu
lture Soil Organic Matter = Drought ResistanceSoil Organic Matter = Drought Resistance
Structure/PorosityStructure/Porosity
al A
gric
al A
gric High Soil
OrganicMatter
High SoilOrganicMatter
vent
ion
vent
ion low soil
organic matterlow soilorganic matter
Biological Tillage
Con
vC
onv
Mechanical Tillage22COCO g
Crop livestock and tree integration:Crop livestock and tree integration:
CA in developing countries - definitionCA in developing countries - definition
Crop-livestock and tree integration: new options with CACrop-livestock and tree integration: new options with CA
controlled grazingcontrolled grazing
12 years: soybean & italian ryegrass in succession
in excess residuesin excess residues
Soybean at harvest with Italian
ryegrass naturally established
P d ti iP d ti i
CA in developing countries - impactCA in developing countries - impact
Production increaseProduction increase
BRASIL - EXPANSÃO DA ÁREA CULTIVADA EM PLANTIO DIRETOSAFRA VERÃO/SAFRINHA/INVERNO
1415161718
789
1011121314
lhõe
s de
hect
ares
0123456M
i
72/73 73/74 74/75 75/76 76/77 77/78 78/79 79/80 80/81 81/82 82/83 83/84 84/85 85/86 86/87 87/88 88/89 89/90 90/91 91/92 92/93 93/94 94/95 95/96 96/97 97/98 98/99 99/00 00/01
fonte: EMATER RS, EPAGRI-SC, EMATER-PR, CATI-SP, FUNDAÇÃO MS, APDC(CERRADO)
BRASIL 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.13 0.21 0.23 0.26 0.38 0.50 0.58 0.65 0.73 0.80 0.90 1.00 1.35 2.03 3.00 3.80 5.50 8.85 11.33 13.37 14.97 17.36
COOPLANTIO/CONAB, 2002 and FEBRAPDP, 2002 after Derpsch 2005COOPLANTIO/CONAB, 2002 and FEBRAPDP, 2002 after Derpsch 2005
Wheat yield and nitrogen amount for different duration of no-tillage in Canada 2002 (Lafond Effect on fertilizer useEffect on fertilizer use
CA in developing countries - impactCA in developing countries - impact
2003)
3.03.54.0
(t/h
a)Effect on fertilizer usethrough soil life as:-rhizobia
Effect on fertilizer usethrough soil life as:-rhizobia
1 01.52.02.5
Gra
in y
ield
20-year no-tillage2-year no-tillage
rhizobia-mycorrhiza-organic acids
rhizobia-mycorrhiza-organic acids
corn
1.00 30 60 90 120
nitrogen (kg/ha
organic acids....organic acids....
corn30% less fertilizerandand
Kg/
haK
g/ha
fertilizer
50% less
... and
reduced
... and
reduced soya 50% less fertilizernutrient
lossesnutrient losses
YearYearFrank Dijkstra Farm, Ponta Grossa, Brazil, 1998Frank Dijkstra Farm, Ponta Grossa, Brazil, 1998
cited from Derpsch 2005cited from Derpsch 2005
Effect on pesticide use:Effect on pesticide use:CA in developing countries - impactCA in developing countries - impact
Effect on pesticide use:• crop rotations and mulch elements for
natural control (IPM)
Effect on pesticide use:• crop rotations and mulch elements for
natural control (IPM)natural control (IPM)• over time pest and disease problems
d (l ti id )
natural control (IPM)• over time pest and disease problems
d (l ti id )decrease (less pesticides)• mulch cover, cover crops,
decrease (less pesticides)• mulch cover, cover crops, p
crop rotations for weedmanagement
pcrop rotations for weedmanagementg
• weeds andherbicide use
g• weeds and
herbicide use 6060
Weeds (plts/m2)
herbicide useover time declining
herbicide useover time declining
25
20
40
60
decliningdeclining 5
0
20
W-CP W-C-CP W-C-SB-Pea
Effect on pesticide use:Effect on pesticide use:CA in developing countries - impactCA in developing countries - impact
Effect on pesticide use:• crop rotations and mulch elements for
natural control (IPM)
Effect on pesticide use:• crop rotations and mulch elements for
natural control (IPM)natural control (IPM)• over time pest and disease problems
d (l ti id )
natural control (IPM)• over time pest and disease problems
d (l ti id )decrease (less pesticides)• mulch cover, cover crops,
decrease (less pesticides)• mulch cover, cover crops, p
crop rotations for weedmanagement
pcrop rotations for weedmanagementg
• weeds andherbicide use
g• weeds and
herbicide use 6060
Weeds (plts/m2)
herbicide useover time declining
herbicide useover time declining
25
20
40
60
decliningdeclining 5
0
20
W-CP W-C-CP W-C-SB-Pea
Effect on pesticide use:Effect on pesticide use:CA in developing countries - impactCA in developing countries - impact
Effect on pesticide use:• crop rotations and mulch elements for
natural control (IPM)
Effect on pesticide use:• crop rotations and mulch elements for
natural control (IPM)natural control (IPM)• over time pest and disease problems
d (l ti id )
natural control (IPM)• over time pest and disease problems
d (l ti id )decrease (less pesticides)• mulch cover, cover crops,
decrease (less pesticides)• mulch cover, cover crops, p
crop rotations for weedmanagement
pcrop rotations for weedmanagementg
• weeds andherbicide use
g• weeds and
herbicide use 6060
Weeds (plts/m2)
herbicide useover time declining
herbicide useover time declining
25
20
40
60
decliningdeclining 5
0
20
W-CP W-C-CP W-C-SB-Pea
Effect on pesticide use:Effect on pesticide use:CA in developing countries - impactCA in developing countries - impact
Effect on pesticide use:• crop rotations and mulch elements for
natural control (IPM)
Effect on pesticide use:• crop rotations and mulch elements for
natural control (IPM)natural control (IPM)• over time pest and disease problems
d (l ti id )
natural control (IPM)• over time pest and disease problems
d (l ti id )decrease (less pesticides)• mulch cover, cover crops,
decrease (less pesticides)• mulch cover, cover crops, p
crop rotations for weedmanagement
pcrop rotations for weedmanagementg
• weeds andherbicide use
g• weeds and
herbicide use 6060
Weeds (plts/m2)
herbicide useover time declining
herbicide useover time declining
25
20
40
60
decliningdeclining 5
0
20
W-CP W-C-CP W-C-SB-Pea
Effect of CA on soil and water:Effect of CA on soil and water:CA in developing countries - impactCA in developing countries - impact
• CA stops erosion, reverses degradation (SOM increase 0.1-0.2%/year)
• CA stops erosion, reverses degradation (SOM increase 0.1-0.2%/year)( y )
• spatial structure with soil life (roots, fauna)
( y )• spatial structure with soil life
(roots, fauna)(roots, fauna)• aquifer recharge (bio-pores)• improved water quality
(roots, fauna)• aquifer recharge (bio-pores)• improved water quality• improved water quality
(less leaching/erosion)• more soil water (SOM)
• improved water quality (less leaching/erosion)
• more soil water (SOM)• more soil-water (SOM)• reduced water losses
(evaporation)
• more soil-water (SOM)• reduced water losses
(evaporation)(evaporation)• better water efficiency
(requirements 30%)
(evaporation)• better water efficiency
(requirements 30%)(requirements -30%)(requirements -30%)
Effect of CA on soil and water:Effect of CA on soil and water:CA in developing countries - impactCA in developing countries - impact
• CA stops erosion, reverses degradation (SOM increase 0.1-0.2%/year)
• CA stops erosion, reverses degradation (SOM increase 0.1-0.2%/year)( y )
• spatial structure with soil life (roots, fauna)
( y )• spatial structure with soil life
(roots, fauna)(roots, fauna)• aquifer recharge (bio-pores)• improved water quality
(roots, fauna)• aquifer recharge (bio-pores)• improved water quality• improved water quality
(less leaching/erosion)• more soil water (SOM)
• improved water quality (less leaching/erosion)
• more soil water (SOM)• more soil-water (SOM)• reduced water losses
(evaporation)
• more soil-water (SOM)• reduced water losses
(evaporation)(evaporation)• better water efficiency
(requirements 30%)
(evaporation)• better water efficiency
(requirements 30%)(requirements -30%)(requirements -30%)
Effect of CA on soil and water:Effect of CA on soil and water:CA in developing countries - impactCA in developing countries - impact
• CA stops erosion, reverses degradation (SOM increase 0.1-0.2%/year)
• CA stops erosion, reverses degradation (SOM increase 0.1-0.2%/year)( y )
• spatial structure with soil life (roots, fauna)
( y )• spatial structure with soil life
(roots, fauna)(roots, fauna)• aquifer recharge (bio-pores)• improved water quality
(roots, fauna)• aquifer recharge (bio-pores)• improved water quality• improved water quality
(less leaching/erosion)• more soil water (SOM)
• improved water quality (less leaching/erosion)
• more soil water (SOM)• more soil-water (SOM)• reduced water losses
(evaporation)
• more soil-water (SOM)• reduced water losses
(evaporation)(evaporation)• better water efficiency
(requirements 30%)
(evaporation)• better water efficiency
(requirements 30%)(requirements -30%)(requirements -30%)
Effect of CA on soil and water:Effect of CA on soil and water:CA in developing countries - impactCA in developing countries - impact
• CA stops erosion, reverses degradation (SOM increase 0.1-0.2%/year)
• CA stops erosion, reverses degradation (SOM increase 0.1-0.2%/year)( y )
• spatial structure with soil life (roots, fauna)
( y )• spatial structure with soil life
(roots, fauna)(roots, fauna)• aquifer recharge (bio-pores)• improved water quality
(roots, fauna)• aquifer recharge (bio-pores)• improved water quality• improved water quality
(less leaching/erosion)• more soil water (SOM)
• improved water quality (less leaching/erosion)
• more soil water (SOM)• more soil-water (SOM)• reduced water losses
(evaporation)
• more soil-water (SOM)• reduced water losses
(evaporation)(evaporation)• better water efficiency
(requirements 30%)
(evaporation)• better water efficiency
(requirements 30%)(requirements -30%)(requirements -30%)
Effect of CA on soil and water:Effect of CA on soil and water:CA in developing countries - impactCA in developing countries - impact
• CA stops erosion, reverses degradation (SOM increase 0.1-0.2%/year)
• CA stops erosion, reverses degradation (SOM increase 0.1-0.2%/year)( y )
• spatial structure with soil life (roots, fauna)
( y )• spatial structure with soil life
(roots, fauna)(roots, fauna)• aquifer recharge (bio-pores)• improved water quality
(roots, fauna)• aquifer recharge (bio-pores)• improved water quality• improved water quality
(less leaching/erosion)• more soil water (SOM)
• improved water quality (less leaching/erosion)
• more soil water (SOM)• more soil-water (SOM)• reduced water losses
(evaporation)
• more soil-water (SOM)• reduced water losses
(evaporation)(evaporation)• better water efficiency
(requirements 30%)
(evaporation)• better water efficiency
(requirements 30%)(requirements -30%)(requirements -30%)
Effect of CA on soil and water:Effect of CA on soil and water:CA in developing countries - impactCA in developing countries - impact
• CA stops erosion, reverses degradation (SOM increase 0.1-0.2%/year)
• CA stops erosion, reverses degradation (SOM increase 0.1-0.2%/year)( y )
• spatial structure with soil life (roots, fauna)
( y )• spatial structure with soil life
(roots, fauna)(roots, fauna)• aquifer recharge (bio-pores)• improved water quality
(roots, fauna)• aquifer recharge (bio-pores)• improved water quality• improved water quality
(less leaching/erosion)• more soil water (SOM)
• improved water quality (less leaching/erosion)
• more soil water (SOM)• more soil-water (SOM)• reduced water losses
(evaporation)
• more soil-water (SOM)• reduced water losses
(evaporation)(evaporation)• better water efficiency
(requirements 30%)
(evaporation)• better water efficiency
(requirements 30%)(requirements -30%)(requirements -30%)
Effect of CA on soil and water:Effect of CA on soil and water:CA in developing countries - impactCA in developing countries - impact
• CA stops erosion, reverses degradation (SOM increase 0.1-0.2%/year)
• CA stops erosion, reverses degradation (SOM increase 0.1-0.2%/year)( y )
• spatial structure with soil life (roots, fauna)
( y )• spatial structure with soil life
(roots, fauna)(roots, fauna)• aquifer recharge (bio-pores)• improved water quality
(roots, fauna)• aquifer recharge (bio-pores)• improved water quality• improved water quality
(less leaching/erosion)• more soil water (SOM)
• improved water quality (less leaching/erosion)
• more soil water (SOM)• more soil-water (SOM)• reduced water losses
(evaporation)
• more soil-water (SOM)• reduced water losses
(evaporation)(evaporation)• better water efficiency
(requirements 30%)
(evaporation)• better water efficiency
(requirements 30%)(requirements -30%)(requirements -30%)
CA in developing countries - impactCA in developing countries - impact
CA and climate change:• adaptation through better waterCA and climate change:• adaptation through better wateradaptation through better water
infiltration (less runoff and flooding)adaptation through better water infiltration (less runoff and flooding)
• adaptation through better drought/temperature tolerance
• adaptation through better drought/temperature toleranceg p
• mitigation through emission reductions (fuel and soil CO N O CH )
g p• mitigation through emission reductions
(fuel and soil CO N O CH )(fuel and soil CO2, N2O, CH4)• mitigation through carbon
(fuel and soil CO2, N2O, CH4)• mitigation through carbon
sequestration up to 0.2 t.ha-1.y-1 Csequestration up to 0.2 t.ha-1.y-1 C
CA in developing countries - impactCA in developing countries - impact
CA and climate change:• adaptation through better waterCA and climate change:• adaptation through better wateradaptation through better water
infiltration (less runoff and flooding)adaptation through better water infiltration (less runoff and flooding)
• adaptation through better drought/temperature tolerance
• adaptation through better drought/temperature toleranceg p
• mitigation through emission reductions (fuel and soil CO N O CH )
g p• mitigation through emission reductions
(fuel and soil CO N O CH )(fuel and soil CO2, N2O, CH4)• mitigation through carbon
(fuel and soil CO2, N2O, CH4)• mitigation through carbon
sequestration up to 0.2 t.ha-1.y-1 Csequestration up to 0.2 t.ha-1.y-1 C
CA in developing countries - impactCA in developing countries - impact
CA and climate change:• adaptation through better waterCA and climate change:• adaptation through better wateradaptation through better water
infiltration (less runoff and flooding)adaptation through better water infiltration (less runoff and flooding)
• adaptation through better drought/temperature tolerance
• adaptation through better drought/temperature toleranceg p
• mitigation through emission reductions (fuel and soil CO N O CH )
g p• mitigation through emission reductions
(fuel and soil CO N O CH )(fuel and soil CO2, N2O, CH4)• mitigation through carbon
(fuel and soil CO2, N2O, CH4)• mitigation through carbon
sequestration up to 0.2 t.ha-1.y-1 Csequestration up to 0.2 t.ha-1.y-1 C
CA in developing countries - impactCA in developing countries - impact
CA and climate change:• adaptation through better waterCA and climate change:• adaptation through better wateradaptation through better water
infiltration (less runoff and flooding)adaptation through better water infiltration (less runoff and flooding)
• adaptation through better drought/temperature tolerance
• adaptation through better drought/temperature toleranceg p
• mitigation through emission reductions (fuel and soil CO N O CH )
g p• mitigation through emission reductions
(fuel and soil CO N O CH )(fuel and soil CO2, N2O, CH4)• mitigation through carbon
(fuel and soil CO2, N2O, CH4)• mitigation through carbon
sequestration up to 0.2 t.ha-1.y-1 Csequestration up to 0.2 t.ha-1.y-1 C
Advantages for the farmer:F ’ li lih dAdvantages for the farmer:F ’ li lih d
CA in developing countries - impactCA in developing countries - impact
Farmer’s livelihood• Mechanized Farmers:Farmer’s livelihood• Mechanized Farmers:
• less machinery cost• 70% fuel saving• less machinery cost• 70% fuel saving70% fuel saving70% fuel saving
•Smallholder farmers:50% l b i
•Smallholder farmers:50% l b i• 50% labour saving
• less drudgery• 50% labour saving• less drudgery• stable yields, food security• stable yields, food security
= better livelihood/income= better livelihood/income
Advantages for the farmer:F ’ li lih dAdvantages for the farmer:F ’ li lih d
CA in developing countries - impactCA in developing countries - impact
Farmer’s livelihood• Mechanized Farmers:Farmer’s livelihood• Mechanized Farmers:
• less machinery cost• 70% fuel saving• less machinery cost• 70% fuel saving70% fuel saving70% fuel saving
•Smallholder farmers:50% l b i
•Smallholder farmers:50% l b i• 50% labour saving
• less drudgery• 50% labour saving• less drudgery• stable yields, food security• stable yields, food security
= better livelihood/income= better livelihood/income
SSR
a
History and Adoption of CAHistory and Adoption of CACA in developing countries – history and relevanceCA in developing countries – history and relevance
ontil
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Mill
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19301930 2000200019501950 19801980 19901990
Conservation Agriculture worldwide 111 Million ha Conservation Agriculture worldwide 111 Million ha CA in developing countries – history and relevanceCA in developing countries – history and relevance
Asia 3.3Asia 3.3continental drycontinental dry
large scalelarge scale
Canada 13Canada 13Europe 0.5Europe 0.5
China 1.3China 1.3
continental, drycontinental, dry
temperate moisttemperate moist
continental, dry continental, dry
smallholdersmallholderidid
large scalelarge scale
USA 27USA 27
Africa 0.5Africa 0.5
temperate, moisttemperate, moist
irrigatedirrigated
aridarid
Brazil 26Brazil 26tropical savannahtropical savannah
smallholdersmallholderlarge scalelarge scale tropical savannahtropical savannah
Australia 17Australia 17Argentina 20Argentina 20
Paraguay 2.4Paraguay 2.4tropical savannahtropical savannah
temperate, moisttemperate, moist
smallholdersmallholder
aridaridlarge scalelarge scale large scalelarge scalesubtropical, dry
Argentina 20Argentina 20 aridarid large scalelarge scale
large scalelarge scale
CA and Mechanization – required changesCA and Mechanization – required changes
Tillage: only very few applications• repairing compactionsTillage: only very few applications• repairing compactionsrepairing compactions• reshaping irrigation furrows
repairing compactions• reshaping irrigation furrows• strip tilling in special cases• strip tilling in special cases
CA and Mechanization – required changesCA and Mechanization – required changes
Tillage: only very few applications• repairing compactionsTillage: only very few applications• repairing compactionsrepairing compactions• reshaping irrigation furrows
repairing compactions• reshaping irrigation furrows• strip tilling in special cases• strip tilling in special cases
CA and Mechanization – required changesCA and Mechanization – required changes
Tillage: only very few applications• repairing compactionsTillage: only very few applications• repairing compactionsrepairing compactions• reshaping irrigation furrows
repairing compactions• reshaping irrigation furrows• strip tilling in special cases • strip tilling in special cases
CA and Mechanization – required changesCA and Mechanization – required changes
Seeding/planting:• into undisturbed soilSeeding/planting:• into undisturbed soilinto undisturbed soil• with residue cover
into undisturbed soil• with residue cover
foto Kimfoto Kim
CA and Mechanization – required changesCA and Mechanization – required changes
Weed management:• mechanical chemical biologicalWeed management:• mechanical chemical biologicalmechanical, chemical, biological• no soil engagement
mechanical, chemical, biological• no soil engagement
CA and Mechanization – required changesCA and Mechanization – required changes
Harvest:• residue managementHarvest:• residue managementresidue management • residue distribution
residue management • residue distribution
CA and Mechanization – required changesCA and Mechanization – required changes
Residues and livestock:• grazingResidues and livestock:• grazinggrazing • forage
grazing • forage
CA and Mechanization – required changesCA and Mechanization – required changes
Farm power:• 50% less overall farmpowerFarm power:• 50% less overall farmpower50% less overall farmpower • reduced tractor size
50% less overall farmpower • reduced tractor size
foto Derpschfoto Derpsch
CA and Mechanization – new technologiesCA and Mechanization – new technologies
New equipment developments:• Knife rollerNew equipment developments:• Knife rollerKnife roller • root/tuber crop harvester
Knife roller • root/tuber crop harvester
foto Hansmannfoto Hansmann
foto PEARMANfoto PEARMAN
CA and Mechanization – new technologiesCA and Mechanization – new technologies
Avoiding of compaction:• Controlled traffic farmingAvoiding of compaction:• Controlled traffic farmingControlled traffic farmingControlled traffic farming
CA and Mechanization – new technologiesCA and Mechanization – new technologies
Stimulation of soil life:• soil-incorporation of tractor emissionsStimulation of soil life:• soil-incorporation of tractor emissionssoil incorporation of tractor emissionssoil incorporation of tractor emissions
foto BioAgtive Emission Technology foto BioAgtive Emission Technology
CA and Mechanization – developing countriesCA and Mechanization – developing countries
No-till direct seeders and planters for No-till direct seeders and planters for psmall scale farmers:
psmall scale farmers:
foto Simsfoto Sims
foto Duiker foto Duiker
CA and Mechanization – developing countriesCA and Mechanization – developing countries
Weed management:Weed management:
CA and Mechanization – developing countriesCA and Mechanization – developing countries
Harvest:• move from two stage to one stageHarvest:• move from two stage to one stagemove from two stage to one stage
harvest – residue retentionmove from two stage to one stage harvest – residue retention
CA and Mechanization – policy implicationsCA and Mechanization – policy implications
Policies and Institutions:• policy support for upscaling CA Policies and Institutions:• policy support for upscaling CA p y pp p g• justification: overall benefits (PES)
equipment: main bottleneck
p y pp p g• justification: overall benefits (PES)
equipment: main bottleneck• equipment: main bottleneck• new mechanization: investment • equipment: main bottleneck• new mechanization: investment
savings with CA• institutions, supporting infrastructure:
savings with CA• institutions, supporting infrastructure: , pp g
policy, education/training, scienc/technology,
, pp gpolicy, education/training, scienc/technology,scienc/technology, farmer-groups/associationsscienc/technology, farmer-groups/associations
CA and Mechanization – policy implicationsCA and Mechanization – policy implications
Policies and Institutions:• policy support for upscaling CAPolicies and Institutions:• policy support for upscaling CAp y pp p g• justification: overall benefits (PES)
equipment: main bottleneck
p y pp p g• justification: overall benefits (PES)
equipment: main bottleneck• equipment: main bottleneck• new mechanization: investment • equipment: main bottleneck• new mechanization: investment
savings with CA• institutions, supporting infrastructure:
savings with CA• institutions, supporting infrastructure: , pp g
policy, education/training, scienc/technology,
, pp gpolicy, education/training, scienc/technology,scienc/technology, farmer-groups/associationsscienc/technology, farmer-groups/associations
CA and Mechanization – policy implicationsCA and Mechanization – policy implications
Policies and Institutions:• policy support for upscaling CA Policies and Institutions:• policy support for upscaling CA p y pp p g• justification: overall benefits (PES)
equipment: main bottleneck
p y pp p g• justification: overall benefits (PES)
equipment: main bottleneck• equipment: main bottleneck• new mechanization: investment • equipment: main bottleneck• new mechanization: investment
savings with CA• institutions, supporting infrastructure:
savings with CA• institutions, supporting infrastructure: , pp g
policy, education/training, scienc/technology,
, pp gpolicy, education/training, scienc/technology,scienc/technology, farmer-groups/associationsscienc/technology, farmer-groups/associations
CA and Mechanization – policy implicationsCA and Mechanization – policy implications
Policies and Institutions:• policy support for upscaling CA Policies and Institutions:• policy support for upscaling CA p y pp p g• justification: overall benefits (PES)
equipment: main bottleneck
p y pp p g• justification: overall benefits (PES)
equipment: main bottleneck• equipment: main bottleneck• new mechanization: investment • equipment: main bottleneck• new mechanization: investment
savings with CA• institutions, supporting infrastructure:
savings with CA• institutions, supporting infrastructure: , pp g
policy, education/training, scienc/technology,
, pp gpolicy, education/training, scienc/technology,scienc/technology, farmer-groups/associationsscienc/technology, farmer-groups/associations
CA and Mechanization – policy implicationsCA and Mechanization – policy implications
Policies and Institutions:• policy support for upscaling CA Policies and Institutions:• policy support for upscaling CA p y pp p g• justification: overall benefits (PES)
equipment: main bottleneck
p y pp p g• justification: overall benefits (PES)
equipment: main bottleneck• equipment: main bottleneck• new mechanization: investment • equipment: main bottleneck• new mechanization: investment
savings with CA• institutions, supporting infrastructure:
savings with CA• institutions, supporting infrastructure: , pp g
policy, education/training, scienc/technology,
, pp gpolicy, education/training, scienc/technology,scienc/technology, farmer-groups/associationsscienc/technology, farmer-groups/associations
conclusionsconclusions
Conclusions:Conclusions:
• CA: sustainable intensification• CA: sustainable intensificationof crop production
• specific mechanization requiredof crop production
• specific mechanization requiredspecific mechanization required• CA: new opportunities for agriculturalmechanization with high market potential
specific mechanization required• CA: new opportunities for agriculturalmechanization with high market potentialmechanization with high market potential
• integrated policies required for upscalingmechanization with high market potential
• integrated policies required for upscalingCA through mechanization programmesCA through mechanization programmes
conclusionsconclusions
Conclusions:Conclusions:
• CA: sustainable intensification• CA: sustainable intensificationof crop production
• specific mechanization requiredof crop production
• specific mechanization requiredspecific mechanization required• CA: new opportunities for agriculturalmechanization with high market potential
specific mechanization required• CA: new opportunities for agriculturalmechanization with high market potentialmechanization with high market potential
• integrated policies required for upscalingmechanization with high market potential
• integrated policies required for upscalingCA through mechanization programmesCA through mechanization programmes
conclusionsconclusions
Conclusions:Conclusions:
• CA: sustainable intensification• CA: sustainable intensificationof crop production
• specific mechanization requiredof crop production
• specific mechanization requiredspecific mechanization required• CA: new opportunities for agriculturalmechanization with high market potential
specific mechanization required• CA: new opportunities for agriculturalmechanization with high market potentialmechanization with high market potential
• integrated policies required for upscalingmechanization with high market potential
• integrated policies required for upscalingCA through mechanization programmesCA through mechanization programmes
conclusionsconclusions
Conclusions:Conclusions:
• CA: sustainable intensification• CA: sustainable intensificationof crop production
• specific mechanization requiredof crop production
• specific mechanization requiredspecific mechanization required• CA: new opportunities for agriculturalmechanization with high market potential
specific mechanization required• CA: new opportunities for agriculturalmechanization with high market potentialmechanization with high market potential
• integrated policies required for upscalingmechanization with high market potential
• integrated policies required for upscalingCA through mechanization programmesCA through mechanization programmes
F d i t li tF d i t li tFood, environment, climate:Agriculture can be part of the solutions,
Food, environment, climate:Agriculture can be part of the solutions,
not of the problem! not of the problem!
Thank you for your attention!Thank you for your attention!
More information:http://www fao org/ag/caMore information:http://www fao org/ag/cahttp://www.fao.org/ag/cahttp://www.fao.org/ag/ca