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CLOUD COMPUTING BASICS- PREPARED BY S.ARAVINDHARAMANAN A tour of future- smart and on-demand computing 1

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CLOUD COMPUTING BASICS-

PREPARED BY

S.ARAVINDHARAMANANA tour of future- smart and on-demand computing

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Cloud Computing

This presentation demonstrates the vision , mission and future scope of the Cloud computing Technology.

Introduction to Cloud

Definition of Cloud by NIST

Cloud Architecture

Cloud Reference Architecture

Applications of Cloud

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INTRODUCTION TO CLOUD COMPUTING

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Definition

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The Power of Thinking

Cloud computing is using the internet to access someone else's software running on someone else's hardware in someone else's data center.

Lewis Cunningham

A large-scale distributed computing paradigm that is driven by economies of scale, in which a pool of abstracted, virtualized, dynamically scalable, managed computing power, storage, platforms, and services are delivered on demand to external customers over the Internet.

Ian Foster

Author’s View about Cloud

A Cloud is a type of parallel and distributed system consisting of a collection of interconnected and virtualized computers that are dynamically provisioned and presented as one or more unified computing resources based on service-level agreements established through negotiation between the service provider and consumers.

Rajkumar Buyya

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The Power of Thinking

A cloud is a pool of virtualized resources that can host a variety of different workloads, allow workloads to be deployed and scaled-out quickly, allocate resources when needed, and support redundancy.

Greg Boss et al., IBM

More……

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NIST (NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARD & TECHNOLOGY)

CLOUD DEFINITION

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NIST CLOUD Definition

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Cloud computing allows computer users to conveniently rent access to fully featured applications, to software development and deployment environments, and to computing infrastructure assets such as network-accessible data storage and processing.

NIST

NIST(National Institute of Standard & Technology)

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NIST(National Institute of Standard & Technology)

"Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. This cloud model promotes availability and is composed of five essential characteristics, three service models, and four deployment models.

NIST

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Essential Characteristics

On-demand self-service - A consumer can unilaterally provision computing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as needed automatically without requiring human interaction with each service’s provider.Broad network access - Capabilities are available over the network and accessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and personal digital assistants (PDAs)).

Resource pooling - The provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand. There is a sense of location independence in that the subscriber generally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of the provided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher level of abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter). Examples of resources include storage, processing, memory, network bandwidth, and virtual machines.

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Essential Characteristics

Rapid elasticity - Capabilities can be rapidly and elastically provisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out and rapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilities available for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can be purchased in any quantity at any time.

Measured Service - Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and reported providing transparency for both the provider and consumer of the utilized service.

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Service Models

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Service Models

Software as a Service (SaaS) - The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider’s applications running on a cloud infrastructure. The applications are accessible from various client devices through a thin client interface such as a Web browser (e.g., Web-based email). The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings.

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Service Models

Platform as a Service (PaaS) - The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or -acquired applications created using programming languages and tools supported by the provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed applications and possibly application hosting environment configurations.

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Service Models

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) - The capability provided to the consumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage, deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host firewalls).

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Deployment Models

Private cloud - The cloud infrastructure is operated solely for an organization. It may be managed by the organization or a third party and may exist on premise or off premise.Community cloud - The cloud infrastructure is shared by several organizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns (e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and compliance considerations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist on premise or off premise.

Public cloud -The cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public or a large industry group and is owned by an organization selling cloud services.Hybrid cloud - The cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more clouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities but are bound together by standardized or proprietary technology that enables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for load-balancing between clouds).

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Deployment Model

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Terms use in Cloud

•cloud subscriber or subscriber: a person or organization that is a customer of a cloud;

•client: a machine or software application that accesses a cloud over a network connection, perhaps on behalf of a subscriber.

•cloud provider or provider: an organization that provides cloud services.

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Clarification(Cluster, Grid and Cloud)

•A computer cluster is a group of linked computers, working together closely thus in many respects forming a single computer.

•The components of a cluster are connected to each other through fast local area networks

•Types of Cluster High Availability

Cluster Load Balancing

Cluster HPC Cluster

Cluster Computing

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Clarification(Cluster, Grid and Cloud)

•Requirements for computing increasing fast –

More data to process. More compute intensive

algorithms available.

•Approaches to supply demand

Qualitative: Optimized algorithms, faster processors, more memory.

Quantitative: Cluster computing, grid computing, etc.

Need for Cluster

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Clarification(Cluster, Grid and Cloud)

•Grid computing is a term referring to the combination of computer resources from multiple administrative domains to reach a common goal.Coordinates resources that are not subject to centralized controlUses standard, open, general-purpose protocols and interfacesDelivers nontrivial qualities of service

Grid

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Grid Computing

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Clarification(Cluster, Grid and Cloud)

•Grid computing is the combination of computer resources from multiple administrative domains applied to a common task, usually to a scientific, technical or business problem that requires a great number of computer processing cycles or the need to process large amounts of data. It is a type of parallel and distributed system that enables the sharing, selection, and aggregation of geographically distributed autonomous resources dynamically at runtime depending on their availability, capability, performance, cost and users quality-of-service requirements.

Grid

Applications:•Bio Informatics applications•High Energy Physics Applications•Weather Modeling and Predicting Ocean Currents•Disaster Management•Aerodynamic Simulations

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Clarification(Cluster, Grid and Cloud)

•A large-scale distributed computing paradigm that is driven by economies of scale, in which a pool of abstracted, virtualized, dynamically-scalable, managed computing power, storage, platforms, and services are delivered on demand to external customers over the Internet

Cloud

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Comparison between Three

Cluster Grid Cloud

On demand Self Service

NO NO YES

Broad Network Access

YES YES YES

Resource Pooling Yes Yes Yes

Rapid Elasticity NO NO YES

Measured Service NO YES YES

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CLOUD ARCHITECTURE

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CLOUD APPLICATION’S

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Cloud Applications

This presentation demonstrates the major areas where cloud can play vital role and their scope in the Cloud computing Technology.

ECG Analysis in the cloud

Protein structure prediction

Gene Expression Data Analysis

Satellite Image Processing

CRM and ERP

Social Networking

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ECG Analysis

Click icon to add picture

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Protein Prediction

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Typical Commercial Terms of ServiceA subscriber’s terms of service for a cloud are determined by a legally binding agreement between the two parties often contained in two parts:

(1) a service agreement - The service agreement is a legal document specifying the rules of the legal contract between a subscriber and provider and

(2) a Service Level Agreement (SLA) - SLA is a shorter document stating the technical performance promises made by a provider including remedies for performance failures.

Note: Published SLAs between Subscribers and providers can typically be terminated at any time by either party, either “for cause” such as a subscriber’s violation of a cloud’s acceptable use policies, or for failure of a subscriber to pay in a timely manner. Further, an agreement can be terminated for no reason at all. Subscribers should analyze provider termination and data retention policies.

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Typical Commercial Terms of ServiceProvider promises, including explicit statements regarding limitations, are codified in their SLAs. A provider’s SLA has three basic parts: (a). a collection of promises made to subscribers

(b) a collection of promises explicitly not made to subscribers, i.e., limitations, and

(c) a set of obligations that subscribers

must accept.

(a) Promises – 1. Availability

2. Remedies for Failure to Perform

3. Data Preservation

4. Legal Care of Subscriber Information

(b) Limitation- 5. Schedule Outage - If a

provider announces a scheduled service outage, the outage does not count as failure to perform. For some providers, outages must be announced in advance, or must be bounded in duration.

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Typical Commercial Terms of Service2. Force majeure events - Providers

generally disclaim all responsibility for events outside their realistic control. Examples include power failures, natural disasters, and failures in network connectivity between subscribers and providers.

3. SLA Changes - Providers generally reserve the right to change the terms of the SLA at any time, and to change pricing with limited advanced notice. For standard SLA changes, notice is generally given by a provider by posting the change to a Web site. It is then the subscriber’s responsibility to periodically check the Web site for changes. Changes may take effect immediately or after a delay of several weeks.

4. Security - Providers generally assert that they are not responsible for security, i.e., unauthorized modification or disclosure of subscriber data, or for service interruptions caused by malicious activity. Generally, SLAs are explicit about placing security risks on subscribers. In some cases, providers promise to use best efforts to protect subscriber data, but all of the providers surveyed disclaim security responsibility for data breach, data loss, or service interruptions by limiting remedies to service credits for failure to meet availability promises.

5. Service API Changes - Providers generally reserve the right to change or delete service APIs at any time.

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Typical Commercial Terms of Service(c) Obligations – Generally,

subscribers must agree to three key obligations:

1. Acceptable Use Polices - Subscribers generally must agree to refrain from storing illegal content, such as child pornography, and from conducting illegal activities such as: (1) gambling, (2) sending spam, (3) conducting security attacks (e.g., denial of service or hacking), (4) distributing spyware, (5) intrusive monitoring, and (6) attempting to subvert cloud system infrastructures. Acceptable use policies vary among providers.

2. Licensed Software - All providers state that third-party software running in their clouds must conform to the software’s license terms. In some cases, providers bundle such software and include monitoring to ensure that license restrictions are enforced.

3. Timely Payments - Cloud service costs are generally incurred gradually over a billing period, with the fee due to the provider at the period’s end. Failure to pay, after a grace period, usually subjects a subscriber to suspension or termination “for cause” which can result in loss of subscriber data.

4. Security - Providers generally assert that they are not responsible for security, i.e., unauthorized modification or disclosure of subscriber data, or for service interruptions caused by malicious activity. Generally, SLAs are explicit about placing security risks on subscribers. In some cases, providers promise to use best efforts to protect subscriber data, but all of the providers surveyed disclaim security responsibility for data breach, data loss, or service interruptions by limiting remedies to service credits for failure to meet availability promises.

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Cloud Reference Architecture

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Cloud Reference Architecture

NIST cloud computing reference architecture defines five major actors:

1. cloud consumer

2. cloud provider

3. cloud carrier

4. cloud auditor and

5. cloud broker.

Each actor is an entity (a person or an organization) that participates in a transaction or process and/or performs tasks in cloud computing.

C Architecture

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Actor’s Responsibility

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Actor Definitions

Cloud Consumer

A person or organization that maintains a business relationship with, and uses service from, Cloud Providers.

Cloud Provider

A person, organization, or entity responsible for making a service available to interested parties.

Cloud Auditor

A party that can conduct independent assessment of cloud services, information system operations, performance and security of the cloud Implementation.

Cloud Broker An entity that manages the use, performance and delivery of cloud services, and negotiates relationships between Cloud Providers and Cloud Consumers.

Cloud Carrier An intermediary that provides connectivity and transport of cloud services from Cloud Providers to Cloud Consumers.

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Interaction among Actors

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Example Scenario - 1

Usages Scenario for Cloud Brokers

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Example Scenario - 2

Usages Scenario for Cloud Carriers

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Example Scenario - 3

Usages Scenario for Cloud Auditors

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Cloud Consumer

•The cloud consumer is the principal stakeholder for the cloud computing service.

•A cloud consumer represents a person or organization that maintains a business relationship with, and uses the service from

•a cloud provider. A cloud consumer browses the service catalog from a cloud provider, requests the

•appropriate service, sets up service contracts with the cloud provider, and uses the service. The cloud

•consumer may be billed for the service provisioned, and needs to arrange payments accordingly.

Cloud consumers need SLAs to specify the technical performance requirements fulfilled by a cloud provider.

SLAs can cover terms regarding the quality of service, security, remedies for performance failures.

A cloud provider may also list in the SLAs a set of promises explicitly not made to consumers, i.e. limitations, and obligations that cloud consumers must accept.

A cloud consumer can freely choose a cloud provider with better pricing and more favorable terms.

Typically a cloud provider's pricing policy and SLAs are non-negotiable, unless the customer expects heavy usage and might be able to negotiate for better contracts.

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Service Available to Cloud Costumers

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•SaaS applications in the cloud and made accessible via a network to the SaaS consumers.

•The consumers of SaaS can be organizations that provide their members with access to software applications, end users who directly use software applications, or software application administrators who configure applications for end users.

•SaaS consumers can be billed based on the number of end users, the time of use, the network bandwidth consumed, the amount of data stored or duration of stored data.

Costumer Ser

Service Available to Cloud Costumers

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•Cloud consumers of PaaS can employ the tools and execution resources provided by cloud providers to develop, test, deploy and manage the applications hosted in a cloud environment.

•PaaS consumers can be application developers who design and implement application software, application testers who run and test applications in cloud-based environments, application deployers who publish applications into the cloud, and application administrators who configure and monitor application performance on a platform.

•PaaS consumers can be billed according to, processing, database storage and network resources consumed by the PaaS application, and the duration of the platform usage.

Costumer Ser

Service Available to Cloud Costumers

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•Consumers of IaaS have access to virtual computers, network-accessible storage, network infrastructure components, and other fundamental computing resources on which they can deploy and run arbitrary software.

•The consumers of IaaS can be system developers, system administrators and IT managers who are interested in creating, installing, managing and monitoring services for IT infrastructure operations.

•IaaS consumers are provisioned with the capabilities to access these computing resources, and are billed according to the amount or duration of the resources consumed, such as CPU hours used by virtual

•computers, volume and duration of data stored, network bandwidth consumed, number of IP addresses used for certain intervals..

Costumer Ser

Service Available to Cloud Costumers

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Cloud Providers

•A cloud provider is a person, an organization; it is the entity responsible for making a service available to interested parties.

•A Cloud Provider acquires and manages the computing infrastructure required for providing the services, runs the cloud software that provides the services, and makes arrangement to deliver the cloud services to the Cloud Consumers through network access.

A Cloud Provider's activities can be described in five major areas, as shown in Figure,

a cloud provider conducts its activities in the areas of

1. service deployment

2. service orchestration

3. cloud service management

4. Security

5. privacy.

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Cloud Providers – Major Activities

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Cloud Auditor

•A cloud auditor is a party that can perform an independent examination of cloud service controls with the intent to express an opinion thereon.

•Audits are performed to verify conformance to standards through review of objective evidence.

•A cloud auditor can evaluate the services provided by a cloud provider in terms of security controls, privacy impact, performance, etc.

• Auditing is especially important for federal agencies as “agencies should include a contractual clause enabling third parties to assess security controls of cloud providers” [4] (by Vivek Kundra, Federal Cloud Computing Strategy, Feb. 2011.).

• Security controls [3] are the management, operational, and technical safeguards or countermeasures employed within an organizational information system to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the system and its information.

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Cloud Broker

•As cloud computing evolves, the integration of cloud services can be too complex for cloud consumers to

•manage.

•A cloud consumer may request cloud services from a cloud broker, instead of contacting a cloud provider directly.

•A cloud broker is an entity that manages the use, performance and delivery of cloud services and negotiates relationships between cloud providers and cloud consumers.

Cloud broker can provide services in three categories –

Service Intermediation: A cloud broker enhances a given service by improving some specific capability and providing value-added services to cloud consumers. The improvement can be managing access to cloud services, identity management, performance reporting, enhanced security, etc.

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Cloud Broker

Service Aggregation: A cloud broker combines and integrates multiple services into one or more new services. The broker provides data integration and ensures the secure data movement between the cloud consumer and multiple cloud providers.

Service Arbitrage: Service arbitrage is similar to service aggregation except that the services being aggregated are not fixed. Service arbitrage means a broker has the flexibility to choose services from multiple agencies.

The cloud broker, for example, can use a credit-scoring service to measure and select an agency with the best score

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Cloud Carrier

•A cloud carrier acts as an intermediary that provides connectivity and transport of cloud services between cloud consumers and cloud providers.

•Cloud carriers provide access to consumers through network, telecommunication and other access devices.

•For example, cloud consumers can obtain cloud services through network access devices, such as computers, laptops, mobile phones, mobile Internet devices (MIDs), etc .

• The distribution of cloud services is normally provided by network and telecommunication carriers or a transport agent

• a transport agent refers to a business organization that provides physical transport of storage media such as high-capacity hard drives.

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Cloud Solutions

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CLOUD SERVICE MANAGEMENT

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Business Support

Business Support involves the set of business-related services dealing with clients and supporting processes . It includes-

1. Customer Management- Manage customer accounts open/close/terminate accounts manage user Profiles manage customer relationships

by providing points-of-contact and

resolving customer issues and problems, etc.

2. Contract management – Manage service contracts setup/negotiate/close/terminate

contract, etc.

3. Inventory Management- Set up and manage service

catalogs

4. Accounting and Billing Manage customer billing

information send billing statements Process received payments track invoices, etc.

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Business Support

5. Reporting and Auditing - Monitor user operationsgenerate reports, etc.

6. Pricing and Rating- Evaluate cloud services and determine priceshandle promotions Pricing rules based on a user's profile, etc.

Figure

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Provisioning and Configuration

It includes following- Rapid provisioning: Automatically deploying cloud systems based on the requested service/resources/capabilities.Resource changing: Adjusting configuration/resource assignment for repairs, upgrades and joining new nodes into the cloud.Monitoring and Reporting: Discovering and monitoring virtual resources, monitoring cloud operations and events and generating performance reports.

Metering: Providing a metering capability at some level of abstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage, processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts).

SLA management: Encompassing the SLA contract definition (basic schema with the QoS parameters), SLA monitoring and SLA enforcement according to defined policies.

Figure

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Portability and Interoperability

According to NIST, the adoption of cloud computing depends greatly on how the cloud can address users‟ concerns on security, portability and interoperability.

Portability - customers are interested to know whether they can move their data or applications across multiple cloud environments at low cost and minimal disruption.

Interoperability - Users are concerned about the capability to communicate between or among multiple clouds

Figure

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Interoperability

According to Author of [3], interoperability means:

“In cloud computing, interoperability typically refers to the ability to easily move workloads and data from one cloud provider to another or between private and public clouds. A common tactic for enabling interoperability is the use of open standards, and many cloud standardization projects are developing standards for the cloud.”

A common tactic for enabling interoperability is the use of open standards [ITU 2005].

According to Microsoft [4] –

1. Data portability

2. Standards

3. Ease of migrations and deployment

4. Developer choice

are the basic elementary points for ensuring interoperability in the cloud

Figure

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CLOUD ECOSYSTEM

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Cloud Ecosystem

According to [5], Cloud ecosystem is a term used to describe the complex system of interdependent components that work together to enable cloud services.Merriam-Webster defines an ecosystem as the complex of a community of organisms and its environment functioning as an ecological unit.

In terms of cloud computing, that complex includes not only traditional elements of cloud computing such as software and infrastructure but also consultants, integrators, partners, third parties and anything in their environments that has a bearing on the other components.

According to Microsoft [6], cloud ecosystem includes all the things as shown in the figure

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Cloud Business Process Management •According to [wiki],

“Cloud computing business process management is the use of (BPM) tools that are delivered as software services (SaaS) over a network. Cloud BPM business logic is deployed on an application server and the business data resides in cloud storage.”

• According to [7],

“Business Process Management Software in the cloud enables strategic process improvement, reduced technology cost, and better alignment of IT with business goals. The new IT paradigm and business model can drive new growth opportunities, increase profit margins for the private sector, and achieve more efficient and effective missions for federal agencies. ”

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BPM by Oracle [8]

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Cloud Offerings

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Cloud Analytics

Testing Under Control

Virtual Desktop Infrastructure

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CLOUD ANALYTICS

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Cloud Analytics Needs

•According to [9],

“Few decades back , the problem was the shortage of information or data. In modern era, this problem is overcome by the advent of the Internet and reduced storage cost. ”

•But the new challenge is to how to analyze data?

•Data is getting generated as much faster pace than the speed at which it can be processed with the current infrastructures.

•Huge and dedicated server were designed and developed for the same, but problem is the cost of such infrastructure which is not affordable for such companies.

• Such seeking companies seeking towards cloud computing for this purpose.

• Also termed as utility computing [9].

• In general, business Intelligence application such as image processing, web searches, understanding buying and selling needs, supply chain and ranking and bio informatics (gene structure prediction) are data intensive applications.

• Cloud can be the perfect match for such analytics services.

• For example , Google MapReduce do the same by splitting data into small chunk and distributed into computing sources for analyzing.

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Cloud Analytics

•Cerri et al,gives the new name to this service “Knowledge in the cloud ” rather than “data in the cloud” to support collaborative task which are computationally intensive and facilitate distributed, heterogeneous knowledge .

•According to Talia, knowledge service in the cloud can be classified into 4-Single Steps – Compose of KDD process such as Preprocessing, filtering and visualization.

Single Data Mining Task – Like classification, Clustering and Association rule discovery.

Distributed Data Mining Pattern- Such as Collective learning, Meta Learning Models and Parallel Classification.

Data Mining Applications or KDD Processes – Including all f services previously discussed.

As shown in figure referred from [9]-

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VIRTUAL DESKTOP INFRASTRUCTURE (VDI)

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What is Desktop Virtualization?According to [wiki] –

“Desktop virtualization is software technology that separates the desktop environment and associated application software from the physical client device that is used to access it.”Desktop virtualization can be used in conjunction with application virtualization and (Windows) user profile management systems, now termed "user virtualization," to provide a comprehensive desktop environment management system. In this mode, all the components of the desktop are virtualized, which allows for a highly flexible and much more secure desktop delivery model. In addition, this approach supports a more complete desktop disaster recovery strategy as all components are essentially saved in the data center and backed up through traditional redundant maintenance systems.

If a user's device or hardware is lost, the restore is much more straightforward and simple, because basically all the components will be present at login from another device.

In addition, because no data is saved to the user's device, if that device is lost, there is much less chance that any critical data can be retrieved and compromised.

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Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI)Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI) is a desktop-centric service that hosts user desktop environments on remote servers and/or blade PCs, which are accessed over a network using a remote display protocol. A connection brokering service is used to connect users to their assigned desktop sessions.

For users, this means they can access their desktop from any location, without being tied to a single client device.

Since the resources are centralized, users moving between work locations can still access the same desktop environment with their applications and data.

For IT administrators, this means a more centralized, efficient client environment that is easier to maintain and able to respond more quickly to the changing needs of the user and business

In other words [10]-

“Virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI) is the practice of hosting a desktop operating system within a virtual machine (VM) running on a centralized server. VDI is a variation on the client/server computing model, sometimes referred to as server-based computing. The term was coined by VMware Inc.”

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VDI

According to Microsoft [11] –

Microsoft VDI: allows users to seamlessly access their rich and full fidelity Windows environment running in the datacenter, from any device. Microsoft VDI is powered by upcoming Windows Server 2012.

With Remote Desktop Services (RDS) and Hyper-V in Windows Server 2012, organizations get the following benefits-

1. Platform: Windows Server 2012 provides a single platform to deliver any type of hosted desktop, making it simple to deploy and easy to manage.

2. Experience: RemoteFX provides a consistently rich user experience, irrespective of what type of virtual desktop is being accessed, or where the users are accessing their desktops from.

3. deployment choices: RDS can host either Session based desktops, pooled VMs or personal VMs. So customers have the flexibility to deploy the right type of VDI desktop for their users, all from a single platform.

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Microsoft VDI Model

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Another VDI Application Model

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Microsoft VDI use case Model

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VDI

•Desktop computing is ubiquitous and represents a growing cost for IT.

•Updating operating systems and applications has become very time consuming and costly while securing access to data has become more complex.

•Virtual Desktop Infrastructure (VDI) offers a solution. VDI separates the desktop operating system and application configuration from the physical device.

•Instead of managing individual desktop devices in a distributed manner, the software stacks (operating system plus applications and configuration settings) are hosted in the data center using a master catalog of pre-built and tested configurations.

• Users are assigned to a particular standard configuration that supports their role.

• When they connect to the VDI environment, applications run on virtual servers with screen updates pushed over the network (campus LAN or WAN) to the user’s display. Users can use a less expensive device, such as “thin” or “zero” clients, to attach to the network while accessing the familiar desktop environment and applications they have when using a traditional desktop or laptop PC, or they can use their PC with images pushed to them upon login

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TESTING UNDER CONTROLUsing cloud computing {Testing as a Service (ToS)}

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What is Testing in the Cloud?

According to Wikipedia, "cloud testing is a form of software testing in which Web applications that leverage Cloud computing environments ("cloud") seek to simulate real-world user traffic as a means of load testing and stress testing web sites [12]. The ability and costs to simulate Web traffic for software testing purposes has been an inhibitor to overall Web reliability.“

According of survey of [12], cloud testing is a –

““Cloud testing basically aligns with the concept of cloud and SaaS. It provides the ability to test by leveraging the cloud, thereby bringing the same benefits that the cloud brings to Customers.”

(by Vinita Ananth, Director - APJ Region, HP Softwareas-a-Service). ”

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Objectives of the Cloud Testing

It has four major objectives [12]-

1. To assure the quality of cloud-based applications deployed in a cloud, including their functional services, business processes, and system performance as well as scalability based on a set of application-based system requirements in a cloud.

2. To validate software as a service (SaaS) in a cloud environment, including software performance, scalability, security and measurement based on certain economic scales and pre-defined SLAs.

3. To check the provided automatic cloud-based functional services, for example auto-provisioned functions.

4. To test cloud compatibility and inter-operation capability between SaaS and applications in a cloud infrastructure, for example, checking the APIs of SaaS and their cloud connectivity to others.

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Advantages of Cloud Based Testing Reduce costs by leveraging with computing resources in clouds – This refers to effectively using virtualized resources and shared cloud infrastructure to eliminate required computer resources and licensed software costs in a test laboratory.Take the advantage of on-demand test services (by a third-party) to conduct large-scale and effective real-time online validation for internet based software in clouds. Easily leverage scalable cloud system infrastructure to test and evaluate system (SaaS/Cloud/Application) performance and scalability Workflow of

Testing

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Scope of Cloud Based Software TestingFrom [12]

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