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Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges Ms. Sara Salem Ph.D. Student, Faculty of Computers and Information, Cairo University Prof. Fatma Omara Vice dean of the faculty of Computers and Information , Cairo University Mr. Mohamed Handosa Ph.D. Student, Faculty of Computers and Information, Mansoura University

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Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges. Ms . Sara Salem Ph.D . Student, Faculty of Computers and Information, Cairo University. Prof. Fatma Omara Vice dean of the faculty of Computers and Information , Cairo University. Mr. Mohamed Handosa - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Cloud ComputingBenefits and Challenges

Ms. Sara SalemPh.D. Student, Faculty of

Computers and Information, Cairo University

Prof. Fatma OmaraVice dean of the faculty of Computers and

Information , Cairo UniversityMr. Mohamed HandosaPh.D. Student, Faculty of

Computers and Information, Mansoura University

Page 2: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Computing Generations

Handbook of Cloud Computing

Terminal

Mainframe

1. Mainframe Computing

Server

ServerInternet

4. Internet Computing

PC

2. PC Computing

PC

3. Network Computing

PC

PC

Server

Server

5. Grid Computing

PC Grid

6. Cloud Computing

PCCloud

Page 3: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Mainframe Vs. Cloud Computing

• Cloud is a return to mainframe computing• Mainframe

– Offers finite computing power– Dummy terminals as user interface devices

• Cloud– Provides almost infinite power and capacity– PCs can provide local computing and cashing

Handbook of Cloud Computing

Page 4: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

History of Internet Revolution

• Internet gone through four revolutions.

• Every revolution took about ten years.

• Cloud computing is a major part of the fifth revolution

2011 Seif Haridi & Peter Van Roy

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

TCP/IP

Email & Usenet

Web & Search

Social Networking & Commerce

Resource Elastic Applications

Page 5: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Cloud Computing Definition

• A computational environment that provides transparent access to a shared pool of computing resources matching the user’s needs– e.g. processing power, storage, applications, &

components• Clouds capabilities vary mainly in the extent of

transparency addressed in the following eight aspects: – Access, location, concurrency, replication, failure,

mobility, performance, and scaling.”

[Egypt's Cloud Computing Strategic Plan-2011]

Page 6: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Cloud Computing Definition

NIST: Definition of Cloud Computing, Draft version 14http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/SNS/cloud-computing/index.html

Five Characteristics

On-demand self-service

Broad network access

Resource pooling

Rapid elasticity or expansion

Measured service

Service Models

Software

Platform

Infrastructure

Deployment Models

Private

Community

Public

Hybrid

Page 7: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

The Evolution of Cloud Computing

Grid Computing• Solving large

problems with parallel computing

• Made mainstream by Globus Alliance

Utility Computing• Offering computing

resources as a metered service

• Introduced in late 1990s

Software as a Service• Network-based

subscription to applications

• Gained momentum in 2001

Cloud Computing• Next-Generation

Internet computing

• Next Generation Data Centers

Page 8: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Cloud Computing

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Page 9: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Forces Driving Cloud Computing

Page 10: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Cloud Services VS. Traditional Hosting

• Sold on demand, typically by minute or hour.• Elastic, a user can have as much or as little of a

service as they want at any given time.• Service is fully managed by the provider

– A consumer needs only a PC and Internet access.

Page 11: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Primary Benefits of Cloud Computing

• Two primary benefits– Increasing agility– Reducing costs

• Agility improves with ability to re-provision technological infrastructure resources.

• Cloud computing provides both application developers and users an abstract view of services that shields complexities and details

Page 12: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

The Growth of Cloud Computing

http://blogs.zdnet.com/Hinchcliffe

Page 13: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

How Cloud Computing Works

2008 HowStuffWorks

Computer NetworkDatabase(Storage)

ApplicationServers

ControlNode

Client Computer

Page 14: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

BENEFITSCloud Computing

Page 15: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Cloud Benefits

• No up-front investment– Pay-as you-go pricing model. – No need to invest in the infrastructure. – Resources are rented from the according to needs.

• Lowering operating cost– Resources are allocated and de-allocated on demand.– No need to provide capacities according to peak load. – Resources can be released to save on operating costs

when service demand is low.

Page 16: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Cloud Benefits (Cont.)

• Highly scalable– Infrastructure providers pool large amount of

resources and make them easily accessible. – Service providers can easily expand its service to large

scales to handle rapid increase in service demands• Easy access

– Services hosted in the cloud are generally web-based. – Accessible through devices with Internet connections. – Devices: desktop, laptop, cell phones and PDAs.

Page 17: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Cloud Benefits (Cont.)

• Reducing business risks and maintenance expenses– Outsource the service infrastructure to the cloud– Service providers shift business risks (such as

hardware failures) to infrastructure providers– Infrastructure providers have better expertise and

are better equipped for managing these risks. – A service provider can cut down the hardware

maintenance and the staff training costs.

Page 18: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Pay-by-use VS. Provisioning for Peak

Static data center Data center in the cloud

Capacity

Time

Re

sour

ces

Demand

Unused resources

Slide Credits: Berkeley RAD Lab

Demand

Capacity

Time

Reso

urce

s Unused resources

Page 19: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Heavy Penalty for Under-Provisioning

Lost revenue

Lost users

Re

sour

ces

Demand

Capacity

Time (days) 1 2 3

Slide Credits: Berkeley RAD Lab

R

eso

urc

es

Demand

Capacity

Time (days) 1 2 3

R

eso

urc

es

Demand

Capacity

Time (days) 1 2 3

Page 20: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

IT Project Evaluation Criteria

IT Evaluation Criteria• Time to value• Capital expense• Operational costs• Technical resource demands

Cloud Computing Offers• Fast time to value• Minimal capital investment• Lower operational costs• Fewer resource demands

53% of software projectscost 189% of original estimate

Standish Group, Chaos Report 2007

Page 21: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Energy Savings

• Cloud computing leads to a 38% reduction in worldwide data center energy consumption by 2020.

• Total data center energy consumption– from $23.3 billion in 2010– to $16.0 billion in 2020. 2009

20102011

20122013

20142015

20162017

20182019

202070

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

Data Center Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Scenario, World Markets: 2009-2020

GHG Emissions, Cloud Computing ScenarioGHG Emissions, BAU Scenario

“Cloud Computing Energy Efficiency” report

Page 22: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Key Indicators for Cloud Computing Value

Large capital infrastructure costs

and low data sensitivity (Data Centers)

Software or hardware migrations and

upgrades(Email Migration)

Projects that need to be deployed rapidly

(Wikis, Blogs)

Projects that require a great deal of

Government IT infrastructure management

New development for public or low data sensitivity projects

(Web Presence)

Projects that need to scale massively up or down with demand

(Tax season)Cloud

Computing

Page 23: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

LAYERS AND SERVICESCloud Computing

SaaS

PaaS IaaS

Page 24: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Who Uses It What Services are available

Why use it?

Business Users E-Mail, Office Automation, CRM, Website Testing, Wiki, Blog, Virtual Desktop …

To complete business tasks

Developers and Deployers

Service and application test, development, integration and deployment

Create or deploy applications and services for users

System Managers

Virtual machines, operating systems, message queues, networks, storage, CPU, memory, backup services

Create platforms for service and application test, development, integration and deployment

Cloud Computing Services

Software as a Service (SaaS)

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Page 25: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Hardware

CPU, Memory ,Disk, BandwidthData Centers

Infrastructure

Computation (VM) Storage (block)Amazon EC2,

GoGridFlexiscale

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)

Cloud Computing Layers

Platform

Software Framework (Java, .NET)Storage (DB, File)

Microsoft Azure,Google AppEngine,

Amazon SimpleDB/S3

Platform as a service (PaaS)

Resources Managed at each layer

Application

Business Applications, Web Services, Multimedia

Google Apps,Facebook,Youtube,

Saleforce.comSoftware as a service (SaaS)

Page 26: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Hardware Layer

• Implemented in data centers• Manages physical resources of the cloud:

– Servers, routers, switches, power cooling systems.• Responsible for:

– Hardware configuration– Fault tolerance– Traffic management– Power and cooling resource management

Hardware

CPU, Memory ,Disk, BandwidthData Centers

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)

Page 27: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Infrastructure Layer

• Also known as the Virtualization Layer.• Creates a pool of resources by partitioning the

physical resources using virtualization technologies such as Xen, KVM, and VMware.

• Many key features, such as dynamic resource assignment, are only made available through virtualization technologies.

Infrastructure

Computation (VM) Storage (block)Amazon EC2,

GoGridFlexiscale

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)

Page 28: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Platform Layer

Platform

Software Framework (Java, .NET)Storage (DB, File)

Microsoft Azure,Google AppEngine,

Amazon SimpleDB/S3

Platform as a service (PaaS)

• Built on top of the infrastructure layer.• Consists of OSs and application frameworks. • Minimize the effort of deploying applications

directly into VM containers.• E.g. Google App Engine provides API support

for implementing storage, database, etc.

Page 29: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Application Layer

• Highest level of the hierarchy• Consists of the actual cloud applications• Cloud applications can leverage automatic-

scaling feature to achieve better performance, availability, and lower operating cost.

Application

Business Applications, Web Services, Multimedia

Google Apps,Facebook,Youtube,

Saleforce.comSoftware as a service (SaaS)

Page 30: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Cloud Computing Providers

End User

Service Provider (SaaS)

Platform Provider (PaaS)

Infrastructure Provider (IaaS)

• IaaS and PaaS providers are often parts of the same organization (e.g. Google, Salesforce).

• PaaS and IaaS providers are often called the infrastructure providers or cloud providers

Page 31: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Market Overview

Software as a Service (SaaS)

Platform as a Service (Paas)

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Page 32: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Some Commercial Clouds

• Windows Azure (PaaS)– Hosting service for .NET applications and SQL

databases• Google AppEngine (PaaS)

– Automatic scaling and reliability at the price of a highly constrained application structure (3-tier Web application)

• Amazon Web Services (IaaS)– Includes Scalable Storage Service (S3), Elastic

Computing Cloud (EC2), Elastic Block Store (EBS)– Comes with many secondary tools: e-commerce,

Content-Distribution Network (CDN), etc.

Page 33: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Cloud-based Storage

• An IaaS where the only resource being managed is the storage space.

• Amazon S3, CloudDIP and Dropbox– Used to facilitate collaboration between students – Allow working together on the same document.

Page 34: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

DEPLOYMENT MODELSCloud Computing

Public

Community

PrivateHybrid

Page 35: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Public Cloud

• Service providers offer their resources as services to general public.

• Offers key benefits to service providers, including:– No initial capital investment on infrastructure, and– shifting of risks to infrastructure providers.

• However, public clouds lack fine-grained control over data, network and security settings, which hampers their effectiveness in many business scenarios.

Page 36: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Private (Internal) Cloud

• Designed for exclusive use by a single organization.

• May be built and managed by the organization or by external providers.

• Offers the highest degree of control over performance, reliability and security.

• However, similar to traditional server farms and do not provide benefits such as no up-front capital costs.

Page 37: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Hybrid Cloud

• A combination of public and private cloud models. • Offers more flexibility than both public and private. • Part of the service infrastructure runs in private

clouds while the remaining part runs in public clouds.

• Provides better control and security over application data compared to public clouds, while still providing on-demand service expansion.

• Requires carefully determining the best split between public and private cloud components.

Page 38: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Community Cloud

• Shared by several organizations and supports a specific community having shared concerns– e.g. mission, security requirements, policy, etc.

• Managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises.

Page 39: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

CHARACTERISTICSCloud Computing

Characteristics

Geo-distribution and ubiquitous network access

Multi-tenancy

Shared resource pooling

Dynamic resource provisioning

Service oriented

Page 40: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Multi-Tenancy

• Services owned by multiple providers are co-located in a single data center.

• Performance and management issues of services are shared among service providers and the infrastructure provider.

• The layered architecture of cloud computing provides a natural division of responsibilities

• However, multi-tenancy also introduces difficulties in understanding and managing the interactions among various stakeholders.

Page 41: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Service Oriented

• Service-driven operating model.• Strong focus on service management. • IaaS, PaaS and SaaS provider offer service

according to Service Level Agreement (SLA) with customers.

• SLA assurance is a critical objective of every provider.

Page 42: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Shared Resource Pooling

• Infrastructure provider offers a pool of computing resources.

• Dynamic resource assignment provides flexibility for managing resource usage and operating costs.

Page 43: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Dynamic Resource Provisioning

• Traditional model provides resources according to peak demand.

• Cloud allows service providers to acquire resources based on the current demand.

• Resources obtained and released on the fly. • This can lower the operating cost.

Page 44: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Geo-Distribution and Ubiquitous Network Access

• Any device with Internet connectivity is able to access cloud services– e.g. mobile phone, a laptop, etc.

• To achieve high network performance and localization, data centers are located at many locations around the world.

• A service provider can easily make use of geo-diversity to achieve maximum service utility.

Page 45: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

TRANSPARENCYCloud Computing

Transparency

Access

Location

Concurrency

Replication

Failure

Mobility

Performance

Scaling

Page 46: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Cloud Computing Transparency

• The transparency feature of the cloud that shields complexities related to utility computing and Software as a Service (SaaS) from both developers and end-users.

• Clouds transparency addressed eight aspects:– Access, location, concurrency, replication, failure,

mobility, performance, and scaling.

Egypt's Cloud Computing Strategic Plan-2011

Page 47: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Cloud Computing Transparency (Cont.)

• Access Transparency– Identical operations should be used to access local

and remote resources.

• Location Transparency– Resources should be accessed without knowledge

of their physical location.

Egypt's Cloud Computing Strategic Plan-2011

Page 48: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Cloud Computing Transparency (Cont.)

• Concurrency Transparency – Ensures consistency of resources in the presence

of concurrent access.

• Replication Transparency– End-users and applications developers should not

be aware of the existence of multiple replicas of the resources.

Egypt's Cloud Computing Strategic Plan-2011

Page 49: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Cloud Computing Transparency (Cont.)

• Failure Transparency– End-users and applications developers should

continue their tasks even with the presence of faults in hardware or software.

• Mobility Transparency– Both resources and clients allow to move within

the system without affecting the operation of the system.

Egypt's Cloud Computing Strategic Plan-2011

Page 50: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Cloud Computing Transparency (Cont.)

• Performance Transparency– System should be reconfigured dynamically to

match load variances.

• Scaling Transparency– Allows system and applications dynamic scaling

without changing system structure or algorithms.

Egypt's Cloud Computing Strategic Plan-2011

Page 51: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

VIRTUALIZATION TECHNOLOGYCloud Computing

Page 52: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Virtualization Technology

• An essential enabling technology for cloud computing.

• Virtualization allows a system to pretend to be more than one system.

• Virtualization provides abstraction for the computing resources like (Storage, Memory, Network and Processing Power).

Cloud Computing: Principles and Paradigms Book 2011

Page 53: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Virtualization Technology (Cont.)

Virtualization Layer

Net

Disk

RAMProcessor

System Resources

Cloud Computing: Principles and Paradigms Book 2011

VM 3

Service 3

VM n

Service n

VM 1

Service 1

VM 2

Service 2

Page 54: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Virtualization Benefits

• Higher resources utilization is achieved by multiplexing one host’s resources by many virtual machines.

• Flexible management of the computing resources in the cloud.

• Easy provisioning and migration of virtual machines.

Cloud Computing: Principles and Paradigms Book 2011

Page 55: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Virtualization Standardization

• Standardization ensures interoperability between virtualization management vendors and the virtual machines produced by them.

• Standardization Efforts:– VMAN– OCCI

Cloud Computing: Principles and Paradigms Book 2011

Page 56: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

VMAN Standard

• Distributed Management Task Force initiated the Virtualization Management (VMAN) initiative.

• VMAN standard includes a set of specifications that address the management lifecycle of a virtual environment.

• OVF (Open Virtualization Format) is a standard format for describing VMs and applications to be deployed on heterogeneous platforms.

VMAN standardOVF specification

Cloud Computing: Principles and Paradigms Book 2011

Page 57: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

OCCI Standard

• The Open Grid Forum (OGF) organized an official new working group “the Open Cloud Computing Interface Working Group” (OCCIWG).

• OCCI include APIs to manage VMs:– Deployment– Scaling– Monitoring

Open Cloud Computing Interface Working Group.

OCCI APIs

Cloud Computing: Principles and Paradigms Book 2011

Page 58: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

VIRTUAL MACHINE PROVISIONING AND MIGRATION

Cloud Computing

Page 59: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Virtual Machine Provisioning

• Server provisioning is defining server’ configuration based on the user requirements:– Hardware: CPU, RAM, storage, networking, etc.– Operating system– Applications

Cloud Computing: Principles and Paradigms Book 2011

Page 60: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Virtual Machine Provisioning Life Cycle

• Load OS, applications, configurations

• Running & providing services

• Requirements Analysis

• Deallocate resources

Release VM

IT Service Request

VM Provision

VMs In Operation

- Manually installing an operating system.

- Using a preconfigured VM template.

- Cloning an existing VM.

Page 61: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Need for Virtual Machine Migration

• Upgrading• Balancing resource usage• VM Failure• Meeting SLA

Page 62: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Virtual Machine Migration Techniques

• Live/Hot Migration:– The movement of a virtual machine from one

physical host to another while being powered on.– The VM state is copied to the target host.– The source VM is suspended.– The network is routed into the target VM.– Finally the target VM starts.

Page 63: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Virtual Machine Migration Techniques

• Regular/Cold Migration:– Migration of a powered-off virtual machine.– The configuration files, log files and the disks of

the virtual machine, are moved from the source host to the target host.

– The VM is registered with the new host.– The old version of the VM is deleted from the

source host.

Page 64: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Virtual Machine Migration Techniques

Live/Hot Migration• VM is powered on.• Needs a shared storage for

virtual machines in the server’s pool.

• Certain CPU compatibility checks to be applied between hosts.

• Shortage time is very small• Less Simple Process.

Regular/Cold Migration• VM is powered off.• The virtual machines are

not required to be on a shared storage.

• No CPU checks are applied. X X

• Shortage time is large.• Simple Process.

Page 65: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Live Migration and High Availability

• Migration of a running web server

Page 66: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Cloud Computing Drawback

We can’t completely rely on third party when we

are transmitting sensitive data

Page 67: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

CHALLENGES AND RESEARCH DIRECTION

Cloud Computing

Page 68: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Cloud Computing Aspects

• Computational Power– Provisioning, virtualization, elasticity/scalability,

and accounting.• Could Storage

– Delivers virtualized storage over a network on demand with a requested quality of service (QoS).

Page 69: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Cloud Computing Aspects (Cont.)

• Cloud Security– Security models (targeting confidentiality,

integrity, and availability), privacy, access control, identity protection, authentication.

• Cloud Engineering– Architectures, modeling,

Interoperability/standardization, APIs, Programming models, verification and validation.

Page 70: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Cloud Computing Research Challenges

• Automated service provisioning• Virtual machine migration• Server consolidation• Energy management• Traffic management and analysis• Data security• Software frameworks• Storage technologies and data management• Novel cloud architectures

Page 71: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Research ChallengesAutomated Service Provisioning

• Dynamic exchange of cloud users requests.• Large scale and complex nature of cloud system.• Scheduling tasks with guaranteeing QoS constrains.• Dynamic successive allocation and dependent tasks. • HPC (High Performance Computing) applications

requires ever-increasing computational resources.• Allocate appropriate resource shares to services that

have conflicting resource demands. • Heterogeneous distribution of resources.

Page 72: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Research ChallengesAutomated Service Provisioning(Cont.)

• Allocate and de-allocate resources from the cloud– to satisfy its Service Level Objectives (SLOs),– minimizing its operational cost.

• Determine how to map SLOs such as QoS requirements to low-level resource requirement such as CPU and memory requirements (contradictions).

• Achieve high agility and respond to rapid demand fluctuations such as in flash crowd effect, – resource provisioning decisions must be made online.

Page 73: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Research ChallengesVirtual Machine Migration

• Benefits of Virtualization Platforms:– Natural way dealing the heterogeneity of the

infrastructure.– Allow partitioning and isolating of physical resources.– Execution of legacy applications.

• Virtual machine migration– Satisfy load balance across the data center.– Enables robust and highly responsive provision.– Major benefit is to avoid workload hotspots.

Page 74: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Research ChallengesVirtual Machine Migration (Cont.)

• Challenges:– Detecting hotspots and initiating a migration lacks

agility to respond to sudden workload changes.– In memory state should be transferred

consistently and efficiently, with integrated consideration of resources for applications and physical servers.

Page 75: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Research ChallengesCloud Security

• Service providers– Typically do not have access to the physical security

system of data centers.– Can only specify the security setting remotely, without

knowing whether it is fully implemented.– Rely on infrastructure provider to achieve data security.

• Infrastructure provider must achieve 2 objectives: – Confidentiality, for secure data access and transfer– Auditability, testing security setting of applications has

been tampered or not.

Page 76: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Research ChallengesCloud Security (Cont.)

Not enough ability to customize

Hard to integrate with in-house IT

Hard to bringing back in-house

Lake of interoperability standards

Payment model may cost more

Performance

Availability

Security

0.00% 50.00% 100.00%

A survey conducted for IT organizationsScale: 1 = not at all concerned, 5 = very concerned

% responding 3, 4, or 5

International Data Corporation “IDC”, 2009

Page 77: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Research ChallengesCloud Security (Cont.)

• Top security/privacy issues can be classified into: – Traditional Security Threats– Data Center Design and Operation– Incident Response, Notification, and Remediation– Operating System Security– Application Security– Encryption and Key Management – Identity and Access Management– Virtualization

Page 78: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Research ChallengesCloud Storage

• Why cloud Storage popularity is increasing:– The pay-per-use model brings significant savings– Fault-Tolerance and reliability– Increased flexibility and scalability both in terms of

capacity and performance– Out-house storage provisioning; cloud storage

offers easy to use and to manage storage solution.– Access Transparency– File sharing and collaboration

Page 79: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Research ChallengesCloud Storage Challenges

• Data security– Confidentiality, availability, authenticity,

authorization, and non-repudiation. • Data Location

– Ensure that the data, including all of its copies and back-ups, is stored only in geographic locations permitted by contract, SLA, and/or regulation.

Page 80: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Research ChallengesCloud Storage Challenges(Cont.)

• Mixing or Commingling data with other cloud customers– Must be happen under controlling while in use,

storage, or transit. – Will be a challenge when concerns are raised about

data security and geo-location. • Data discovery.

– Cloud service providers and data owners need to focus on discovering data and assuring legal and regulatory authorities that all data requested has been retrieved.

Page 81: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Research ChallengesCloud Storage (Cont.)

• Data persistence– Techniques must provide for

• Completely and effectively locating data in the cloud.• Erasing / destroying data.• Assuring that data has been completely removed.

• Distributed Transaction Atomicity– Transaction across sites should be atomic.– Changes persist only if the transaction commits.

Page 82: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Research ChallengesCloud Storage (Cont.)

• Performance and cost effectiveness. – Dealing with storage should be fast and cost efficient.

• Interoperability. – Transferring Data between different data centers

seamlessly.• Data center and storage architecture.• Data backup and recovery

– Must be in place and effective in order to prevent data loss, unwanted data overwrite, and destruction.

Page 83: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Research ChallengesCloud Storage (Cont.)

• Replication and consistency. – Data replication to increase reliability.– Copies of the data should be consistent.

• Scalability– Storage should be allocated / dellocated on

demand in real-time. – Data management should address both horizontal

and vertical aspects of scalability.

Page 84: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Research ChallengesCloud Engineering

• A Cloud API is a mechanism by which software can request services

• Ability of diverse systems and organizations to work together (inter-operatelity)

• A Federation is an organization within which smaller divisions have some internal autonomy– A federation of clouds is an agreement to

cooperate for the mutual benefit

Page 85: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Research Directions

Computational Power

Cloud Storage

Cloud Security

Cloud Engineering

Page 86: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Research DirectionsComputational Power

• Dynamic exchange of cloud user’s requests.• Large scale and complex nature of cloud

system.• Scheduling tasks with guaranteeing Quality of

Service (QoS) constraints.• Dynamic successive allocation and dependent

tasks.

Page 87: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Research DirectionsComputational Power (Cont.)

• Cloud computing for High Performance Computing.

• Special hardware architectures for Cloud Computing.

• How to allocate appropriate resource shares to services with conflicting resource demands.

• Heterogeneous distribution of resources.

Page 88: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Research DirectionsCloud Storage

• Storage retrieval performance• Selective encryption and information

dissemination • Cryptographic coprocessors• Data Integrity• Storage performance• Campus data storage

Page 89: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Research DirectionsCloud Storage (Cont.)

• Efficient and secure sharing of data & storage• Data security

– Trusted data sharing through un-trusted cloud providers

• Data authentication• Storage abstraction for portability across

platforms• Replication consistency

Page 90: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Research DirectionsCloud Security

• Concerning the categorization in all the cloud computing technology-stack (Virtualization, systems, data, networks, management, provisioning).

• Super-fast cryptographic processors and cryptographic accelerators.

• Biometric identification and Radio-frequency identification technologies for Cloud Computing.

Page 91: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Research DirectionsCloud Security (Cont.)

• Hardened-modified operating system for paravirtualized Cloud-Computing platforms.

• Internet Single Sign-On and Federated Identity protocols.

• Security policies for virtual switches, virtual networks and VM-backplanes.

• Security Breaches and Vulnerabilities Response Policy for Cloud Computing Model.

Page 92: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Research DirectionsCloud Engineering

• Programming Model and APIs• Cloud Computing Standards.• Data Lock-In• APIs Standardization and Compatible software• Data Extraction from Cloud• Data Confidentiality and Auditability• Data Encryption

Page 93: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Research DirectionsCloud Engineering (Cont.)

• Data Storage Layer• Firewalls• Geographical Data Storage• Data Transfer Bottlenecks• Data Transfer Scheduling• Cloud front Service• Data Backup/Archival

Page 94: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Research DirectionsCloud Engineering (Cont.)

• Performance Unpredictability– Virtual Machines Scheduling

• Scalable Storage– Query and Storage

• Inter-cloud– Inter-cloud standards– Identity/Presence– Network Search

Page 95: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Research DirectionsCloud Engineering (Cont.)

• Networking– Networking Operating Systems

• Application for Cloud Computing– Health, E-Government, E-Learning, etc.

Page 96: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Egyptian Cloud Computing R&D Roadmap

• The Cloud Computing committee in Egypt categorized the basic research and applied research in the following categories:– Standardization– Infrastructure– Computing– Management– Techniques

Page 97: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

THE BOTTOM LINE

Cloud computing is a simple idea, but it can have a huge impact on

the business.

Page 98: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

“Wilber is probably taking this Cloud Computing too seriously”.

Thank

You

Page 99: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

FUTURE SOLUTIONFOR E-GOVERNANCE

Cloud Computing

Page 100: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Future Solutionfor E-governance

• Two main trends related to E-government: – Development of computer infrastructure, and – Increasing users' skills and knowledge of operating

computers and the Internet. • Public sector should concerns improved

conditions for development and deployment of e-government solutions.

• This can be achieved using cloud computing and service-oriented architecture in the public sector.

Page 101: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Future Solutionfor E-governance (Cont.)

• Cloud computing permits to uniformly cover the whole country with e-government solutions, independently of divergence of local administrative units that – may be better or worse prepared to provide e-

services. • Service-oriented architecture facilitates provision

of compound services covering whole customer processes, where a customer may be a citizen or an enterprise.

Page 102: Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges

Future Solutionfor E-governance (Cont.)

• Existing e-government practices face many challenges, from development to implementation.

• Cloud computing might be an ideal solution to these challenges including maintaining Green ICT.