CLINTON-OBAMACIVIL RIGHTS

BILL CLINTON, 1993-2001

DOMESTIC POLICY*Cut Federal spending, raised taxes on wealthy*Proposed health care reform; failed to pass*CONTRACT WITH AMERICA—Newt Gingrich proposes

smaller government/ more responsible to people*Computer industry success helps with economic

prosperity*IMPEACHMENT (Monica Lewinsky trial; denial of

relationship)FOREIGN POLICY*NAFTA—Trade agreement between U.S., Canada, Mexico:

lowered tariffs *War in KOSOVO; U.S. forces sent in as part of NATO

coalition to stop “ethnic cleansing”*Helped China join the World Trade Organization (WTO),

butfailed to end human rights abuses

THE AMERICAN DREAM—FOLLOWING TOQUEVILLE’S IDEAS OF INCREASED FREEDOM AND OPPORTUNITY IN AMERICA…

BILL GATES—FOUNDER OF MICROSOFT. AMONG FIRST TO RECOGNIZED POTENTIAL OF PERSONAL COMPUTER. TODAY MICROSOFT’S SOFTWARE IS A PART OF NEARLY EVERY PERSONAL COMPUTER IN THE WORLD

SAM WALTON—STARTED HIS OWN FIVE-AND-DIME STORE IN ARKANSAS IN 1962. HE CREATED A CHAIN OF STORES OFFERING A LARGE VARIETY OF PRODUCTS AT LOW PRICES.

WALMART AND SAM’S CLUB HAVE GROWN TO BECOME THE WORLD’S LARGEST RETAILER.

ESTEE LAUDER—A JEWISH NEW YORKER, SHE FOUNDED A COSMETICS COMPANY WITH HER HUSBAND, PIONEERING THE “GIVEAWAY PROMOTION.” MUCH OF HER EARLY SUCCESS WAS “WORD OF MOUTH” ADVERTISING, THEN SHE CHANGED TO BEAUTIFUL MODELS.

ROBERT JOHNSON—FIRST AFRICAN-AMERICAN BILLIONARE FOUNDED BLACK ENTERTAINMENT TELEVISION. THIS BECAME THE FIRST AFRICAN-AMERICAN MANAGED COMPANY ON THE NEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGE. HE SOLD IT FOR $1.5 BILLION IN 1998 AND IN 2003

BECAME THE OWNER OF THE CHARLOTTE BOBCATS (NBA)

LIONEL SOSA—IDENTIFIED THE POTENTIAL IN THE HISPANIC MARKET AS A TARGET FOR ADVERTISING AND POLITICS. HE FOUNDED THE LARGEST HISPANIC ADVERTISING AGENCY THE U.S.. HE MOTIVATED HISPANICS TO “COMPETE AND WIN.” HE HAS ALSO ADVISED SEVERAL REPUBLICAN PRESIDENTS AS A POLITICAL ADVISOR.

GEORGE W. BUSH, 2001-2009

ELECTION OF 2000 Florida vote so close, recount required by lawSupreme Court decision in Gore v. Bush gives Florida

election toBush which makes him winner of the electionTERRORIST ATTACK 9/11/2001 (World Trade Center;

Pentagon)*Bush declared GLOBAL WAR ON TERROR*Created DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY*Sponsored the USA PATRIOT ACT

WAR IN IRAQ: Coalition forces invade Iraq to find weapons of mass destruction

*Saddam Hussein removed from power

FINANCIAL CRISIS OF 2008*Housing market crashed, setting off sharp decline

BARACK OBAMA, 2009-

OBAMA WINS ELECTION Beat John McCain (Republican)*First African-American elected President*Gained endorsement of Oprah Winfrey (millionaire talk

showhost/media figure)

*Promised great change*AMERICAN RECOVERY AND INVESTMENT ACT

passed to stimulate economyAFFORDABLE HEALTH CARE ACT (OBAMACARE)

SONIA SOTOMAYOR First Hispanic (3rd woman) appointed to Supreme Court

CIVIL RIGHTS

PLESSY V. FERGUSON (1896)*Allowed “separate but equal” facilities

BROWN v. BOARD OF EDUCATION (1954)*Ended segregation in public schools*Separate facilities are inherently unequal

HIGHLIGHTS OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT*Montgomery bus boycott (1955)—Rosa Parks refuses to

move*Integration of Little Rock High School (1957)

troops sent in to protect 9 students*Civil Rights Act (1957)—to increase African-American

voting*Civil Rights Act (1964)*Sit-ins and Freedom Rides (1960s)*Voting Rights Act (1965)*Affirmative Action (1965)

DR. MARTIN LUTHER KING JR.

MAJOR BELIEFS/TEACHINGS*Nonviolent, civil disobedience*Modeled actions after Thoreau and Gandhi

MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT (1955)*started with Rosa Parks refusal to give up seat*Ended segregated buses in Montgomery

MARCH ON WASHINGTON (1963)*Delivered his “I Have A Dream” Speech*Helped lead to passage of Civil Rights Act of 1964

“LETTER FROM A BIRMINGHAM JAIL”*King explained why African Americans could no long wait

for equality

OTHER IMPORTANT PEOPLE/GROUPS TO KNOW

THURGOOD MARSHALL*NAACP ATTORNEY*First African American on the Supreme Court

ROSA PARKS: Her arrest sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott

SOUTHERN GOVERNORS WHO RESISTED INTEGRATION:*George Wallace (Alabama)—stood in door to University*Orval Faubus (Arkansas)—ordered National Guard to

prevent integration in Little Rock

*Lester Maddox (Georgia)—former restaurant owner

BLACK POWER MOVEMENT:*Malcolm X*BLACK PANTEHERS (more militant)

BATTLE IN THE COURTS

MENDEZ v. WESTMINSTER (1947)*No segregating Mexican-American children without a

specific state law*(California) also extended to Chinese and Japanese

HERNANDEZ v. TEXAS (1954)*Convicted of murder by all white jury*Fourteenth Amendment violation*Race cannot be excluded from juries

DELGADO v. BASTROP ISD (1948)*Segregation of Mexican American children illegal in Texas

EDGEWOOD ISD v. KIRBY (1984)*State must revise school funding system

SWEAT v. PAINTER (1950)*UT law school could not have a segregated “separate but

equal” law school

CIVIL RIGHTS EXTENDED…

CHICANO MOVEMENT (Mexican Americans)*Sought to correct past discrimination and racism* Mural movement brings attention and pride*Leaders:

Hector Garcia (challenged discrimination; GI Forum)

Cesar Chavez (organized farm workers using non-violent methods)

Delores Huerta (farm workers, women’s rights, environoment—Medal of Freedom winner)

AMERICAN INDIAN MOVEMENT (AIM) *”Red Power”: Raise respect for Native Americans* Occupation of Alcatraz/Wounded Knee*Bring attention to plight of their people

WOMEN’S MOVEMENT

CHALLENGED TRADITIONAL ROLES OF WOMEN

BETTY FRIEDAN* Wrote The Feminine Mystique (not all housewives happy)*Helped form Nation Organization of Women (NOW)

TITLE IX *Promoted gender equality in high school and college

education*Guaranteed girls in school the same opportunities as boys

(forexample in sports)

EQUAL PAY ACT *Requires companies to pay women the same wages as

men for the same work.