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CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY

WORKBOOK

NAME………………………………………………….

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DEFINITIONS

You need to be able to define clinical psychology and terms associated

with clinical psychology

What is clinical psychology about?

What is meant by abnormality?

Why is it difficult to define abnormality?

Define the following terms

Statistical definition of

abnormality

Social norms definition of

abnormality

Validity

Reliability

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Primary data

Secondary data

Schizophrenia

METHODOLOGY

Describe what is meant by ‘primary data’

Evaluate the use of primary data in research

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Describe what is meant by ‘secondary data’

Evaluate the use of secondary data in research

In clinical psychology the goal of diagnosis can only be achieved if it is

both consistent (i.e. clinicians must agree) = Reliability, and it reflects an

actual disorder (and cause/possible treatment) = Validity

Explain how issues of reliability and validity arise in clinical psychology

(ensure you use evidence i.e. research in your answer)

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You need to be able to describe and evaluate TWO research methods

(Interviews and Twin Studies) used in the study of schizophrenia AND

include ONE study for each of the two methods

Describe Interviews:

 

Describe how interviews have been used in the study of schizophrenia

(ensure you include ONE study in your answer)

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Evaluate the use of interviews in the study of schizophrenia

Describe twin studies:

 

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Describe how twin studies have been used in the study of schizophrenia

(ensure you include ONE study in your answer)

Evaluate the use of twin studies in the study of schizophrenia

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CONTENT 

You have to be able to describe and evaluate (in terms of their

suitability) the statistical and social norms definitions of abnormality

Describe the statistical definition of abnormality

Evaluate the statistical definition of abnormality

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Describe the social norms definition of abnormality

Evaluate the social norms definition of abnormality

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You have to be able to use studies to describe: the use of the DSM;

issues of validity, issues of reliability, cultural issues in the diagnosis of

disorders:

What is the DSM?

Describe the DSM

Briefly outline the changes to the DSM and explain why revisions have

been necessary:

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Evaluate the DSM

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RELIABILITY, diagnosis and the DSM

Any classification system used to diagnose mental disorders must be

reliable, so that different psychiatrists studying the same patient or

symptoms come to the same diagnosis and therefore offer the same

(correct) treatment

Describe and evaluate research studies looking at the reliability of the

DSM

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VALIDITY, diagnosis and the DSM

A classification system must also be valid to diagnose the mental disorder

the person is suffering from, how the disorder will develop and how

effective treatments will be

Outline etiological validity, concurrent validity and predictive validity:

Describe and evaluate studies looking at the validity of the DSM

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Evaluate the validity of diagnosis and the DSM

CULTURE – One criticism of the DSM is of its usefulness across

different cultures. Remember, some mental disorders are specific to

certain cultures (what does this suggest?)

Outline the argument ‘culture does not affect diagnosis’

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Outline the argument ‘culture does affect diagnosis’

Outline two culture-bound syndromes

Outline cultural differences in symptoms of schizophrenia

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How might it be possible to overcome cultural bias in diagnosis?

Evaluate cultural issues, diagnosis and the DSM

REMEMBER – Examiners will be looking for EVIDENCE so ensure youinclude research (studies) in your answers

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SCHIZOPHRENIA

You have to be able to 1) Describe the features and main symptoms ofschizophrenia. 2) Describe and evaluate a biological explanation

(Dopamine hypothesis) PLUS one other explanation – we covered social

class (social drift and social adversity) of schizophrenia. 3) Describe and

evaluate two treatments – from two different AS approaches – for

schizophrenia; we studied Drug treatment (biological approach) and

psychosocial treatment (social approach)

Describe the features and main symptoms of schizophrenia

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Describe a biological explanation (Dopamine hypothesis) of schizophrenia

Evaluate a biological explanation (Dopamine hypothesis) of schizophrenia

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Describe the social class explanation (social drift and social adversity) of

schizophrenia

Evaluate the social class explanation (social drift and social adversity) of

schizophrenia

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Describe Drug treatment (biological approach) for schizophrenia

Evaluate Drug treatment (biological approach) for schizophrenia

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Describe Psychosocial treatment (social approach) for schizophrenia

Evaluate Psychosocial treatment (social approach) for schizophrenia

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Unipolar Depression

 You have to be able to 1) Describe the features and main

symptoms of Unipolar Depression. 2) Describe and evaluate aBiological Approach explanation PLUS one other explanation – we

covered Cognitive Approach’s explanation of Unipolar

Depression 3) Describe and evaluate two treatments – from two

different AS approaches – for Unipolar Depression; we studied Cognition Behavioural

Therapy (Cognitive approach) and Drug Therapy (Biological approach)

Describe the features and main symptoms of Unipolar Depression

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Describe the Biological Approach explanation of Unipolar Depression

Evaluate the Biological explanation of Unipolar Depression

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Describe the Cognitive Approach explanation of Unipolar Depression

Evaluate the Cognitive Approach explanation of Unipolar Depression

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Describe Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (Cognitive approach) for treating

Unipolar Depression

Evaluate Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (Cognitive approach) for treating

Unipolar Depression

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Describe Drug therapy (Biological approach) for treating Unipolar

Depression

Evaluate Drug Therapy (Biological approach) for treating Unipolar

Depression

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You need to be able to describe and evaluate one treatment or therapy from EACH of

the 5 AS approaches

 You have already covered 3 whilst studying Schizophrenia and Unipolar Depression.

Recall they were:

BIOLOGICAL APPROACH – Drug treatment (chemotherapy)

SOCIAL APPROACH – Psychosocial treatment – Care in the community (ACT – Assertivecommunity treatment)

COGNITIVE APPROACH – Cognitive Behavioural Therapy

Therefore you need one therapy for the LEARNING APPROACH – we covered Token

Economy

Describe Token Economy

Evaluate Token Economy

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Therefore you need one therapy for the PSYCHODYNAMICAPPROACH – we covered

Dream Analysis

BEFORE MOVING ON ASK YOURSELF – Can you describe and evaluateone therapy/treatment from each AS approach

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Describe Dream Analysis

Evaluate Dream Analysis

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STUDIES IN DETAIL

You need to cover (Describe and evaluate) 3 studies in detail. One must be Rosenhan’s

(1973) study – On being sane in insane places. The second must be on Schizophrenia –

Goldstein (1988) Gender differences in the course of schizophrenia and the third on

Unipolar Depression – Brown et al (1986) looking at factors involved in depression.

Describe the APFC for Rosenhan’s (1973) study ‘On being sane in insane

places’

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Evaluate Rosenhan’s (1973) study ‘On being sane in insane places’

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Describe the APFC for Goldstein’s (1988) study ‘Gender differences in

the course of schizophrenia’

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Evaluate Goldstein’s (1988) study ‘Gender differences in the course of

schizophrenia’

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Describe the APFC for Brown et al (1986) Factors involved in depression

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Evaluate for Brown et al (1986) Factors involved in depression 

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KEY ISSUE AND PRACTICAL

Here you need to be able to describe one key issue in clinical psychologyusing the topics you have studied.

For the practical you have to prepare a leaflet using secondary data for a

particular audience about the key issue. Once you have created your

leaflet you must write a commentary explaining why decisions were made,

who the audience was and what outcomes were intended.

We have covered ‘Understanding Schizophrenia or Depression’ for the

key issue. You covered Anorexia Nervosa in depth during your studiesand this will be useful for the key issue and practical. However you need

to ensure you can prepare a description of the material as a key issue e.g.

Focus on people with Anorexia Nervosa and their need to recover, as well

as, perhaps, society’s need to help people with such a disorder.

Why is ‘Understanding Schizophrenia or Depression’ a key issue in clinical

psychology?

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For the practical you have prepared a leaflet. You have also had the

leaflet evaluated by others and prepared a commentary on your leaflet.

The following are exam style questions relating to the practical - ensure you can answer all of them.

1) Describe a key issue within clinical psychology (5 marks)

2) When studying clinical psychology you will have prepared a leaflet about a key

issue in an area you have studied. Answer the following question based on your

work in producing the leaflet:

a) Outline the key issue (2 marks)

b) Outline the audience for your leaflet (3 marks)

c) Why did you choose that audience? (3 marks)d) What was the aim of your leaflet (2 marks)

e) What format did your leaflet take? (3 marks)

f) Outline two limitations with your leaflet, given the audience you chose and the

design decisions you made (4 marks)

3) Describe and evaluate your production of a leaflet for a key issue in clinical

psychology. In your answer remember to explain the key issue that was the subject

of the leaflet (12 marks)

EXAM STYLE QUESTIONS

1) Outline two mental disorders that are considered in clinical psychology (4 marks)

2) Describe and evaluate at least two difficulties within clinical psychology, such as

problems in diagnosing specific mental disorders or problems with evaluating

treatments for mental health issues (12 marks)

3) Define what is meant by primary and secondary data (4 marks)

4) Compare primary and secondary data in terms of their usefulness (4 marks)

5) Describe one research method used to study schizophrenia (6 marks)

6) With regard to two research methods used to study schizophrenia, describe and

evaluate one study using each of the methods (12 marks)

7) Describe both the statistical definition of abnormality and the social normsdefinition of abnormality (8 marks)

8) Describe cultural issues with regard to diagnosis using the DSM (4 marks)

9) Describe and evaluate two explanations for schizophrenia (12 marks)

10) Describe and evaluate your production of a leaflet for a key issue in clinical

psychology. In your answer remember to explain the key issue that was the

subject of the leaflet (12 marks)

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CHECKLIST OF WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW FOR CLINCIAL

PSYCHOLOGY

I NEED TO KNOW ABOUT DONE MORE

WORK

Defining the statistical and social norm definitions of

abnormality and schizophrenia

Defining reliability, validity, primary data and secondary data

Issues of reliability and validity in clinical psychology

Two research methods used to study schizophrenia and anexample for each (two studies)

Describing and evaluating the two definitions of abnormality

(statistical and social norms definitions)

Symptoms of schizophrenia

Symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa

A biological explanation for schizophrenia

A social explanation for schizophrenia

A cognitive approach explanation for unipolar depression

A biological explanation for unipolar depression

Two treatments for schizophrenia

Two treatments for unipolar depression

One treatment each from the five AS approaches

Rosenhan’s (1973) study ‘being sane in insane places’

Goldstein’s (1988) study ‘Gender differences in the course of

schizophrenia’

Brown (1986) Factors in depression

One key issue and a practical relating to it