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Clinical PM 3, Rm 101--ABERGER AND EASAW--Trauma Informed …€¦ · •Trauma (literally) •Good death/bad death •Shut down . DAD. Trauma Informed •How do we care for patients

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Page 1: Clinical PM 3, Rm 101--ABERGER AND EASAW--Trauma Informed …€¦ · •Trauma (literally) •Good death/bad death •Shut down . DAD. Trauma Informed •How do we care for patients
Page 2: Clinical PM 3, Rm 101--ABERGER AND EASAW--Trauma Informed …€¦ · •Trauma (literally) •Good death/bad death •Shut down . DAD. Trauma Informed •How do we care for patients

Outline

• Introduction• 3 Cases

– Suffering– Trajectory– Prognosis – PTSD/OUD interventions

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Wha?

?Emergency MedicineEmergency Medicine

Palliative Medicine

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BURN OUT?? NO ‐ PTSD

• Trauma (literally)• Good death/bad death• Shut down

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DAD

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Trauma Informed

• How do we care for patients and families at the end of their lives WHILE caring for ourselves and each other

• Monitor yourself during this lecture

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Outdated model of care

Curative TreatmentCurative Treatment

Hospice Care

Hospice Care DeathDeath

“There is nothing more I can do”

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Curative Therapy

Palliative Therapy

Hospice/EOL Care

DeathPresentation

Non-curative Symptom Management

Palliative Care Continuum

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• “Palliative care is the medical subspecialty focused on providing relief from the symptoms, pain and stress of serious illness. 

• The goal is to improve quality of life for both the patient and the family. It is appropriate at any age and at any stage of illness, and can be provided along with curative treatment. 

Palliative Care

End of Life Care/Hospice

Center for the Advancement of Palliative Care, 2016

Definition of Palliative Medicine:

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Suffering

• “The relief of suffering and the cure of disease must be seen as twin obligations of a medical profession that is truly dedicated to the care of the sick. Physicians’ failure to understand the nature of suffering can result in medical intervention that (though technically adequate) not only fails to relieve suffering but becomes a source of suffering itself.”

‐Eric Cassell, MD 

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Case 1 ‐ GC

• 54 yo woman presents with abdominal pain– No past medical history

• Admitted for mass in abdomen and intractable pain

• Biopsy shows colon cancer• Scans show metastatic disease throughout liver and bones

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Trajectory

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How do you want to die?

• Why?

• Reflect on experiences personal/professional

• What are you scared of? 

• Ask patients!!!

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How we die

Deaths

Sudden Death 3%

Frailty 28%

Organ Failure 34%

Terminal Illness 30%

Other 5%

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Prognosis

• Least well‐studied and discussed area in medicine

• Evaluate indications for treatment 

• Adjust expectations! Not take away hope

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STAGES OF ILLNESS

EARLY EARLY 

MIDDLEMIDDLE

LATELATE

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Prognostication

Functional Status

Functional Status DiseaseDisease PROGNOSISPROGNOSIS

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Why is Prognosis Important

• Standard psychotheraputic interventions take weeks to months to years to complete. 

• Symptoms often worsen before improving especially in trauma focused care

• Meds also take time to work

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Case Continued

• She needed escalating doses of dilaudid with no seeming relief of her pain

• Was only comfortable when she was unconscious

• Sources of suffering

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SUFFERING

• The manifestation and expression of a disease by a human is unique to that individual. 

• The reasons people suffer with a specific disease is unique to them.

• A disease will never express itself in the same way in two different people.

• E. Cassell “The Nature of Suffering”

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Case continued

• LCSW support• Family support – significant other, daughter close by and son out of town

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Complications

• Suffering is trauma and vice versa• The life limiting illness is the traumatic event AND it reactivates old trauma

• Look through trauma lens• Interventions need to be trauma informed• Feeling out of control compounded

– Body – System 

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Complicated Suffering/Grief

• PTSD• Young • Opiate use disorder• Old• Frail • Poor • Incarcerated • ICU

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Trauma

• Universal experience – 84%• PTSD – 8%

–With cancer 35%– Symptoms of PTSD 68% ‐ including curable– 84% with terminal cancer– After ICU 64%– Aging – Nursing home placement

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Trauma Interventions

• DIFFERENT for patients with limited prognosis• Standard therapy can WORSEN PTSD symptoms

• Need to work with MD/nursing to get clinical sense of prognosis 

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Stepwise Psychosocial Palliative Care Approach

• Ordered to be time sensitive• Patient centered• Considers environmental and health related variables– Prognosis– Energy levels/symptom burden

– Feldman et al.

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Stepwise Approach

• Stage 1: Palliate immediate discomfort and provide social supports

• Stage 2: Provide psycho‐education and enhance coping skills

• Stage 3: Treat specific trauma issues

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Stage 1

• Active listening – empathy, validation• Reassurance • Direct assistance in solving practical problems• Educate team and family how to avoid PTSD triggers

• Mediate discussions with medical providers or family members

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Stage 1: Immediate discomfort/Social support

• Develop trust• Quick interventions, but results short lived• Make changes to patient’s immediate environment

• Advocacy for needs, desires and goals of client, caregiver and family

• Solve problems for them*

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Stage 1 cont

• If prognosis short, may stay here

• Need to answer immediate questions about dying, funeral arrangements

• Practical concerns

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Case continued

• Chemo tried• Patient clinically worsened• Actively dying

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• DYING IS A PROCESS ‐ as variable as the birthing process. 

• The exact time of death cannot be predicted, nor can the exact manner. 

• People in advanced stages of a terminal illness experience similar symptoms as they approach the end of life, regardless of their illness.

Death 

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• Increased restlessness, confusion, agitation, inability to stay content in one position and insisting on changing positions frequently 

• Withdrawal from active participation in social activities

• Increased periods of sleep, lethargy• Decreased PO intake• Changes in breathing patterns

Signs and Symptoms of Dying

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• Sees persons who have already died• States that he or she is dying• Requests family visit to settle unfinished business 

• Inability to heal or recover from wounds or infections

• Increased edema of either the extremities or the entire body

Dying cont

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• Extremities feel cold to touch or turn blue

• Complains that his or her legs/feet are numb

• Body is held in rigid unchanging position

• Jaw drop

Dying, cont.

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• Clinicians can best help families by expecting these questions, providing education and reassurance – Is my loved one in pain; how would we know?– Aren’t we just starving my loved one to death?– What should we expect; how will we know that time is short?

– Should I/we stay by the bedside?– Can my loved one hear what we are saying?– What do we do after death?

Common Family Concerns 

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• I forgive you• Forgive me• Thank you• I love you• Good‐bye

5 things we need to hear/say

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TAKE HOME POINT

• Respect patients’ choices regarding how to spend their limited time remaining

• No such thing as a “good death”

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Take home points – Case 1

• Prognosis matters• Pain sources need to be identified• PTSD risk factor for complicated death/grief• People cannot be forced to confront trauma at end of life

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Case 2: RB

• 62 year old man presents with weakness, back pain, low appetite

• Pt is homeless and heroin addict• Lung mass found in ED, admitted for cancer work up

• Scans show metastatic cancer throughout organs

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Trajectory

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Prognostication

Functional Status

Functional Status DiseaseDisease PROGNOSISPROGNOSIS

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Case continued

• Pain management• Fear that relieving pain may hasten death

– IT DOES NOT

• All religions encourage relief of suffering• Doctrine of double effect• Intent • OUD need this especially

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• Oncology does not offer disease directed treatment as he is severely debilitated

• Not actively dying yet–We have some time

Case Continued

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Stage 2: Provide Psychoeducation/Coping skills

• Shift to offering tools to solve their own problems

• Do not discontinue stage 1• Provide information on care plans, options, meds, dying process

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Stage 2 cont

• Coping skills– Psycho‐education about PTSD symptoms– Relaxation training– Breathing retraining– Cognitive restructuring– Thought stopping–Mindfulness based skills– Assertiveness or communication skills training

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Case continued

• Brought ice cream, sweets• Over time, he opened up about his past• Intensive support from LCSW

– OUD and trauma 

• Confession• Team distress about estranged family• Death

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Communication Skills

• Group exercise: Listener/Loser

• See handouts for more in depth study

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Stage 3:Treat Specific Trauma Issues

• Transition to trauma‐focused interventions– Only if stage 1 and 2 did not adequately address suffering

– Prognosis/energy levels allow – months to years– Patients MUST BE OPEN

• Long term resolution may be irrelevant• Do not want to trigger PTSD symptoms if you do not have time to treat

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Step 3 cont.

• Prolonged exposure• CPT• EMDR

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Case 3 Erin Laypan

• Interview with Lillian

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TAKE HOME POINTS

• Bear witness/Presence/Not fixing• Trauma treatment is different in the seriously ill/dying patient

• Trauma lens: everyone has it• Opportunities for our own growth• Dying is a process• Prognosis offers us a chance to plan

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Useful Links

• www.mypcnow.org• www.capc.org• www.vitaltalk.org

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THANK YOU !!!!