CLIMATE-KIC GHG MITIGATION ASSESSMENT :

“SME” PROJECT

Francisco Koch1, Jon Hughes2 and Martin Wattenbach3

1South Pole Advisory Technoparkstrasse 1 | 8005 Zurich | Switzerland2National Physical Laboratory | Hampton Rd | Teddington | Middlesex | UK | TW11 0LW3Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre For Geosciences,Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany

Step 6

Leakage assessment

Step 5Calculate the estimated GHG Mitigation Impact

Step 4Describe the baseline scenario

Step 3Define the project unit and project boundary used for the assessment

Step 2.Indicate the main GHG sources that will be reduced by the project

Step 1Describe how the proposed project reduces GHG emissions (GHG mitigation story)

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Pathfinder projects

Step 1 and 2 only

GHG Mitigation Impact Assessment - stepwise procedure

• Defining a project type ?1. What does the KIC project result in?

• A new technology (equipment)?• A less carbon intensive product or produce (e.g.. food )?• A decision making tool (e.g. a low carbon urban planning tool)?• A low carbon financial solution that deploys existing Low C Technologies?

Project type

KIC PROJECTOutcome

New Technology

Low Carbon product

Low -C decision making tools

Deployment of Existisng Low C Technologies

No emissions reductions

Emissions reductions

1. ECF is a Berlin based company using a unique combination of Aquaculture and Hydroponics in an urban environment

2. Allows for an annual production 24 t of fish and 35 t vegtables on just 2000 m²

Case Study: Efficient City Farming

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* source: http://www.tomatenfisch.igb-berlin.de/

Impact Assessment Framework

Step 1 + Step 2: Mitigation Approach of ECF + Targeted GHG

Reducing transport emissions (including chilled transport of fish by plain or ship and last mile by customer) CO2

Reducing emissions due to reduced fertilizer demand CO2, N2O Reducing emissions linked to pesticides as well fungicides by using

beneficial organisms CO2

Reducing emissions linked to grey water treatment by large scale water recycling CO2, N2O, CH4

Reducing electricity and heat related emissions by using a CHP system (~ 56 % lower emissions) CO2

Reducing on farm emissions by using CHP and fish CO2 emissions as greenhouse fertilizer CO2

Impact Assessment Framework

Step 3: System boundary for assessment

1. Tomatoes: The full life cycle of the production of tomatoes (cradle to grave).

2. Fish: Only emissions that are linked to transportation.

Impact Assessment Framework

Step 4: Baseline scenario:

1. Tomatoes:

Tomato demand in Berlin is met by imports from European Countries as well as domestic production in Germany. Netherlands, Spain, Belgium, Italy as well as Germany produce 90 % of the tomatoes consumed in Berlin. Non-European imports are neglected.

2. Fish:

Consumed perch in Berlin is imported from Tanzania by plane. About 5 % of fish consumed in Germany is transported by plane with Nile perch being the most important (7182 t yr-1).

Impact Assessment Framework Application

Step 5: GHG mitigation potential assessment

1. Tomato production scenario:Growing tomato for Berlin consumers on 750 m² of an

ECF greenhouse and building a new farm every second year.

Emissions linked to the transportation and production of tomatoes. If we only consider tomatoes grown during the warm season ECF tomatoes produce 83 % and 77 % less emissions than tomatoes from Spain and Italy, respectively.

Impact Assessment Framework Application

Step 5: GHG mitigation potential assessment

2. Fish production scenario:Replacing Nile Perch produced in Tanzania by ECF fish.

Air-transport emissions of the most important fish impoters (only air transport).

Impact Assessment Framework Application

Step 5: GHG mitigation potential assessment

1. Replacing 16.5 t summer tomatoes by ECF crops shows a great potential for mitigating carbon dioxide emissions

2. Reducing Spanish tomato consumption shows the greatest potential for reducing CO2 emissions

3. Annual ECF tomato yield may save between 0.68 t CO2eq. and 7.14 t CO2eq.

Impact Assessment Framework Application

Step 6: Leakage assessment

Uncertainties: CO2 emissions for tomato production in Central European and South

European greenhouses are based on an estimate of Torrellas et al., 2013

This study excludes saved emissions due to home delivery This study excludes emission reduction due to reduced grey water This study assumes that the entire greenhouse area is used for tomato

production This study assumes that only fish from Tanzania is replaced by ECF fish Plane transport emissions do not include cooling of fish

Impact Assessment Framework Application

Step 7: Conclusions

Replacing fish from Tanzania with ECF fish has a great potential for reducing emissions linked to the consumption of Nile perch.

Growing tomato during warm seasons and using more adequate crops for could season is leading to lower CO2 emissions as well. However savings are much lower if compared to fish.

A more thorough life cycle analysis is required for a full impact assessment due to the complexity of the ECF system.

References: Tomato production:

- Torrellas, M., Antón, A., Montero, J.I., 2013. An environmental impact calculator for greenhouse production systems. J. Environ. Manage. 118, 186–195.

-  BLE, 2013. 20,6 kg pro Kopf verzehrt: Tomaten sind der Deutschen liebstes Gemüse. Available at: http://www.ble.de/DE/08_Service/03_Pressemitteilungen/2013/130709_Tomate.html

- Theurl, M.C., 2008. CO2-Bilanz der Tomatenproduktion: Analyse acht verschiedener Produktionssysteme in Österreich, Spanien und Italien.

Fisch production:- Keller, 2010. Flugimporte von Lebensmitteln und Blumen nach Deutschland.

Available at: http://www.vzhh.de/docs/100187/Studie%20Flugimporte_Deutschland%202010.pdf

- Herminghaus. 2010. CO2-Emissionen beim Transport (Flugzeug, LKW, Bahn, Schiff). Available at: http://www.co2-emissionen-vergleichen.de/Lebensmittel/Transport/CO2-Transport-Lebensmittel.html

Impact Assessment Framework Application