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Climate
Energy for Sustainability (2008)
History of Energy Use
Energy for Sustainability (2008)
• Exponential growth in population, economy, and energy• How can we sustain them, modify them, and live with the
consequences?
http://ourfiniteworld.com/2012/08/29/the-long-term-tie-between-energy-supply-population-and-the-economy/
Energy for Sustainability (2008)
Global Energy Trends
• Demand Growth: >2% per year• High dependence on fossil fuels• Inequitable distribution of energy use• Huge appetite in developing world
Energy for Sustainability (2008)
http://ourfiniteworld.com/2012/08/29/the-long-term-tie-between-energy-supply-population-and-the-economy/
Emissions Indicators, 2010 (EIA)
Country
Annual CO2 emissions (in thousands of metric tons)
GDP (current, in billions of US dollars)
GDP per Emissions (in US dollars per ton)
GDP (PPP, in billions of current international dollars)
PPP GDP per Emissions (in international dollars per ton)
China[4] 6,103,493 2,657.84 435 6,122.24 1,003
United States 5,752,289 13,178.35 2,291 13,178.35 2,291
European Union 3,908,662 14,510.82 3,712 13,641.22 3,490
Russia 1,564,669 989.43 632 1,887.61 1,206
India 1,510,351 874.77 579 2,672.66 1,770
Japan 1,293,409 4,363.63 3,374 4,079.14 3,154
Germany 805,090 2,914.99 3,621 2,671.45 3,318
United Kingdom 568,520 2,435.70 4,284 2,048.99 3,604
Canada 544,680 1,278.97 2,348 1,203.74 2,210
South Korea 475,248 952.03 2,003 1,190.70 2,505
Italy 474,148 1,865.11 3,934 1,720.64 3,629
Iran 466,976 222.13 476 693.32 1,485
Mexico 436,150 952.34 2,184 1,408.81 3,230
South Africa 414,649 257.89 622 433.51 1,045
France[1] 383,148 2,271.28 5,928 1,974.39 5,153
Saudi Arabia 381,564 356.63 935 522.12 1,368
Australia 372,013 755.21 2,030 713.96 1,919
Brazil 352,524 1,089.30 3,090 1,700.57 4,824
PPP: Purchasing Power Parity
Which country emits the most CO2 to produce goods (GDP)?
1 2 3 4
25% 25%25%25%1. US
2. Russia
3. India
4. China
Countdown
20
Energy for Sustainability (2008)
Energy per Capita
The World Bank : Kilograms of oil equivalent (2011) 未知との遭遇
Energy Intensity
https://yearbook.enerdata.net/energy-intensity-GDP-by-region.html
U.S. Energy Use by Sector
http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=9250
US PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY SOURCE AND SECTOR, 2011
(QUADRILLION BTU)
Energy for Sustainability (2008)
Energy for Sustainability
• Sustainability– Patterns of economic, environmental, and
social progress that meet the needs of the present day without reducing the capacity to meet future needs.
• Sustainable energy– Patterns of energy production and use that
can support society’s present and future needs with least life-cycle economic, environmental, and social costs.
Energy for Sustainability (2008)
Climate Change
• Global Climate Change Trends– Rising global emissions of CO2 and other greenhouse
gases– Rising global concentration of CO2– Rising global mean temperature– Retreating polar ice caps due to higher temperatures
http://climate.nasa.gov/climate_resource_center/23
Energy for Sustainability (2008)
During what season does the vegetation on the earth release the most carbon dioxide into the
atmosphere?
1 2
50%50%1. Spring-Summer
2. Fall-Winter
Countdown
20
Energy for Sustainability
(2008)
http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/
Response to Global Warming
• Mitigating climate change by reducing GHG emissions through technology, planning, and policy
• Policy directions– Meetings of the UNFCCC
• Kyoto protocol • (Cancun Agreement)
– CCAC: Climate and Clean Air Coalition – Clean Energy Ministerial– European Union and other countries– U.S. states and cities
• Adapting to climate change by– Lessening the impacts using technology and planning– Anticipating effects and modifying practices so that we can leave
with those effects in the future
Energy for Sustainability (2008)
“The Tragedy of the Commons”
• If only one person limits overgrazing of sheep, no one will benefit and that one person is harmed—Garrett Hardin 1968, Ecology Professor UC Santa Barbara
• Everyone must work together
Energy for Sustainability (2008)
Energy Efficiency and Conservation
• Energy conversion efficiency – is the effectiveness of converting one form of input energy to another more useful form. If we can convert more useful energy out of a unit energy we are converting energy more efficiently
• Energy functional efficiency – is the useful performance we can get out of the energy we consume.
• Energy conservation – is defined as behavioral changes made by individuals or communities to save energy by cutting back on the functions energy provides.
Energy for Sustainability (2008)
Energy Intensity
• Energy Intensity– Indicates how much a national economy is dependent
on energy per unit of economic output or gross domestic product (GPD)
– If energy efficiency is low therefore efficiency is high in that economy
Energy for Sustainability (2008)
Energy Consumption
Energy for Sustainability (2008)
Energy Efficiency
Energy for Sustainability (2008)
Main Points
• Oil is a nonrenewable resource and production continues to increase to meet growing demand.
• Scientific consensus that the global climate change forced by human-induced greenhouse gas emissions is occurring
• Global consumption of energy continues to increase at 2% per year
• Fossil fuels with their CO2 emissions and other environmental effects still provide more than 85% of our energy
• Renewable energy contributes only to a small share of U.S. and global commercial energy\Energy efficiency improvements have helped reduce energy intensity of the economy
http://fti.neep.wisc.edu/neep602/IMAGES/LEC4/table1.gif
Energy Units
Exojoule: 1018
joules
Globalsecurity.com
Units Conversion
1 barrel bbl = 42 gallons
Energy for Sustainability (2008)
Common Acronyms
• CCS: Carbon Capture and Sequestration• CO2
• CO2e• DOE• DSM: Demand Side Management• Ei• EIA: Energy Information Administration• IEA: International Energy Agency• IPCC• RPS: Renewable Portfolio Standard• TPES: Total Primary Energy Supply• UNFCCC: United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change