Climate data of the overseas stations from Togo

Overseas stations in Togo

DWD_Overseas_Stations_Togo_2019_0723.docx

Climate Data from the Overseas Stations of the Deutschen Seewarte (Hamburg)

in Togo

Deutscher Wetterdienst Marine Climate Monitoring Bernhard-Nocht-Str.76 20359 Hamburg GERMANY

Contact: Dr. Birger Tinz [email protected] Tel. +49/69/8062 6250

Last updated:

July 2019

mailto:[email protected]


DWD_Overseas_Stations_Togo_2019_0723.docx

Table of contents

1 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 3 2 Digitisation of the data from the stations in Togo ............................................................ 3

2.1 Overseas stations of the Deutsche Seewarte .......................................................... 3 2.1.1 Overview .......................................................................................................... 3 2.1.2 Stations in Togo ............................................................................................... 4 2.1.3 Climate elements and observation hours .......................................................... 5

2.2 Processing of the data ............................................................................................. 6 2.2.1 Data entry ........................................................................................................ 6 2.2.2 Validation of the data ........................................................................................ 6

3 Results ........................................................................................................................... 8 3.1 Output files .............................................................................................................. 8

3.1.1 Climate values .................................................................................................. 8 3.1.2 Hourly values ................................................................................................... 9

3.2 Error analysis .........................................................................................................10 4 Literature .......................................................................................................................12 5 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................12 6 Thanks ..........................................................................................................................13 7 Appendix .......................................................................................................................13


DWD_Overseas_Stations_Togo_2019_0723.docx Page 3 of 22

Climate data from the overseas stations of the Deutsche Seewarte in Togo

1 Summary

The Marine Meteorological Office of the Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD) in Hamburg holds the archive with data from the approx. 1,550 overseas stations of the Deutsche Seewarte (German Marine Observatory). This also includes the original, handwritten records from 27 stations in Togo for the period 1888–1914. The handwritten documents from the 27 stations have been scanned at the DWD and their data have been digitised manually, passed through a quality check and integrated in the data banks of DWD.

2 Digitisation of the data from the stations in Togo 2.1 Overseas stations of the Deutsche Seewarte

2.1.1 Overview

In its archives, the Deutscher Wetterdienst stores the original documents of the approx. 2,000 overseas stations of the Deutsche Seewarte (German Marine Observatory) in Hamburg. The climate diaries with records about precipitation, temperature, weather conditions and other elements span the overall period from 1830–1945. The stations existed throughout many parts of the world, mainly in the former German colonies in Africa and China as well as in the tropical Pacific Ocean (South Sea) (Fig. 1). The Deutsche Seewarte provided the stations with calibrated and tested measurement instruments. The meteorological measurements and observations were carried out according to standardised guidelines of the Seewarte. The monthly tables were sent back to the Deutsche Seewarte by ship.

Figure 1: Geographical position of the approx. 2,000 overseas stations of the Deutsche Seewarte (Hamburg), the data of which are being digitised at the Deutscher Wetterdienst.



In addition to the weather observations, the archive also contains comprehensive metadata (descriptions, sketches or pictures of the stations, information about the measurement instruments and their set-up, reasons for corrections, etc.). Historical glass-plate photographs, maps, original administrative documents and the letters exchanged between the Deutsche Seewarte, the stations, the various ministries of the “German Reich” and the measurement instrument companies provide further information.

The ultimate goal of the DWD-internal project is to fully record the whole set of climate data from the overseas stations of the Deutsche Seewarte. The DWD was supported by Prof. Jürg Luterbacher from the University of Gießen, in whose working group the two stations Bassari and Atakpame were digitized. This also comprises scanning of the original weather diaries (as optical backups) as well as the manual digitisation of the values including automatic data quality control. Both the scans (TIFF and PDF files) as well as the ASCII time series are incorporated into the DWD's databases and are made available to the national meteorological services and research projects interested in the topic. Furthermore, all available metadata were brought together and documented. So far, 346 stations have been digitised, which makes up 17,3 % of the archive (as of 27.06.2019).

More information about the archive of the overseas stations of the Deutsche Seewarte can be found in the articles by Tinz and Rosenhagen (2011) and Kaspar et al. (2015) or on the DWD's website. Find out about the overseas stations: (overseas_stations.html).

2.1.2 Stations in Togo

In Togo, weather reports were carried out on behalf of the German Marine Observatory Hamburg in the period 1888-1914. A lot of stations were located in the south of the country and close to the Atlantic Ocean (Fig. 2).

Figure 2: Positions of the 27 stations of the Deutsche Seewarte in Togo.

Tab. 1 provides a list of the stations' position data and observation periods. Detailed information about the elements observed and the daily observation hours can be found in the Annex to this document in Tab. A1.

https://www.dwd.de/EN/ourservices/overseas_stations/overseas_stations.html



Table 1: Names, internal station identifiers, countries, co-ordinates, station heights and reporting periods of the 27 stations of the Deutsche Seewarte in Togo. Nearly all stations carried out climate observations. Further information about the observed weather elements can be found in Tab. A1 in the Annex.

Num-ber

Station Stations identifier

Country Latitude Longitude Elevation in metres

Period

1. Sansane-Mangu TGO00100 Togo 10°22' N 00°30' E 160 1905 - 1914 2. Bassari TGO00200 Togo 09°16' N 00°50' E 313 1901 - 1914 3. Sokode TGO00300 Togo 08°59' N 01°08' E 410 1901 - 1914 4. Bismarckburg TGO00400 Togo 08°11' N 00°40' E 710 1888 - 1897 5. Kpedji TGO00500 Togo 08°04' N 01°16' E 200 1909 - 1913 6. Worawora TGO00600 Togo 07°35' N 00°34' E 200 1898 - 1903 7. Atakpame TGO00700 Togo 07°32' N 01°08' E 308 1899 - 1914 8. Tetetu TGO00800 Togo 07°01' N 01°32' E 115 1906 - 1911 9. Haho-Baloe TGO00900 Togo 06°58' N 01°01' E 140 1908 - 1914 10. Nuatjä TGO01000 Togo 06°57' N 01°12' E 150 1904 - 1914 11. Misahöhe TGO01100 Togo 06°57' N 00°35' E 590 1890 - 1914 12. Palime TGO01200 Togo 06°54' N 00°38' E 280 1907 - 1914 13. Nyangbo TGO01300 Togo 06°53' N 00°43' E 265 1905 - 1914 14. Tafie am Agu TGO01400 Togo 06°51' N 00°44' E 200 1900 - 1914 15. Gadja TGO01500 Togo 06°49' N 00°48' E 180 1901 - 1914 16. Tokpli TGO01600 Togo 06°40' N 01°36' E 38 1904 - 1914 17. Agome-Sewa TGO01700 Togo 06°28' N 01°44' E 7 1908 - 1914 18. Assahun TGO01800 Togo 06°27' N 00°54' E 106 1907 - 1914 19. Tsewie TGO01900 Togo 06°25' N 01°12' E 100 1907 - 1914 20. Solo TGO02000 Togo 06°23' N 00°53' E 120 1904 - 1914 21. Agbanake TGO02100 Togo 06°17' N 01°48' E 3 1908 - 1914 22. Nöepe TGO02200 Togo 06°16' N 01°02' E 60 1905 - 1914 23. Sebe TGO02300 Togo 06°15' N 01°37' E 8 1892 - 1914 24. Anecho TGO02400 Togo 06°14' N 01°36' E 5 1891 - 1914 25. Kpeme TGO02500 Togo 06°13' N 01°32' E 7 1901 - 1914 26. Bagida TGO02600 Togo 06°10' N 01°20' E 66 1906 - 1914 27. Lomé TGO02700 Togo 06°08' N 01°13' E 11 1892 - 1914

The administrative documents, the letters and the Deutsche Ueberseeische Meteorologische Beobachtungen (German Overseas Meteorological Observations) series published by the Deutsche Seewarte (1887–1922) include further information on the positions of the stations (such as 'at 10 km distance from the sea', 'at the border of the city', etc.). These papers also contain descriptions of the measuring instruments (manufacturer, serial numbers, corrections, etc.) and their set-up (e.g. thermometer at 1.5 m above ground level). The names of the observers and their professions are also given.

2.1.3 Climate elements and observation hours

Climate records are available for 14 stations; in addition, 13 other stations reported only precipitation data. On top of these, hourly values were additionally provided by the climate stations Bismarckburg and Sansane-Mangu. The observation hours vary depending on the station's measurement programme:

14 climate stations: mostly three measurements a day, at 7 am, 2 pm and 8 pm (but with some exceptions)

13 precipitation stations: mostly two measurements a day, at 6 am and 6 pm (but with some exceptions)

2 climate stations reporting hourly values: 24 readings per day from the various mechanical recorder devices



At the climate stations, the elements air pressure, air temperature, air humidity, precipitation, cloud cover, wind direction and wind force were registered. Tab. 2 gives an overview of these elements and the physical units of measurement used in the original records. Not all stations reported all elements, of Sebe and Lome there are additional measurements of the water temperature

Tabelle 2: Meteorological elements measured and observed at the overseas stations of the Deutsche Seewarte (with original units of measurement). 1)Water temperature data are only available for Sebe and Lome.

Element Climate values Hourly values Air pressure mm Hg mm Hg Air temperature °C °C Vapour pressure mm Hg N/A Relative humidity % N/A Minimum temperature °C N/A Maximum temperature °C N/A Precipitation mm N/A Wind direction Wind rose with 16 wind directions N/A Wind force Bft N/A Cloud cover Tenths (0–10) N/A Clouds Cloud type N/A Water temperature1 °C N/A Sunshine duration N/A N/A

2.2 Processing of the data

2.2.1 Data entry

Data entry took place via Excel entry masks which based on the format of the diary pages. The data were entered manually in the same order as they appear on the original documents. In the second step the data are sorted chronologically and converted into SI units.

2.2.2 Validation of the data

Data validation is carried out using the DWD's validation software validat (a name composed of validation and data) (Tinz et al. 2015). The automatic data validation process consists of a series of different validation checks (Fig. 3). After each step, a new quality byte (Q) is assigned.



Figure 3: Schematic representation of the data validation process using validat. The dataset to be checked (red) and the configuration file kondef (blue) are read by validat (blue). The various checks are executed one after the other, flagging the meteorological data with the corresponding quality bytes, which are then written to the output file together with the meteorological data

At the start of the data validation process, each value is flagged with the quality byte A (= original value not checked). If there is no value available, the data field remains empty and the quality byte is set to X (= value missing). At the end of each check, each of the elements receives a new quality byte (e.g. B, C, D, E, F and G). If the check identifies a value as wrong, this value is flagged with the quality byte (, [, {, /, <, or -. The highest quality level a value can reach at the end of the automatic validation process is G (= spatially consistent, Tab. 3).

If a value has been confirmed manually (i.e. a value which was flagged as wrong during the automatic check in validat, but then is explicitly rated as correct by the processing staff member) gets the quality byte H (= confirmed manually). In the same way, a value which has been flagged as correct can be changed manually to 'wrong' using the quality byte %.

Table 3: Sequence of validation checks in validat with corresponding quality bytes.

Validation step Value correct Value wrong Value missing X N/A Value not checked A N/A Formal check B ( Climatological check C [ Analysis consistent D { Chronological check E / Internal consistency F < Spatially consistent G - Manually confirmed / flagged wrong H %

Not all of the meteorological parameters are passed through the validation checks. An overview is given in Tab. 4.



Table 4: Overview of the validation checks carried out per element.

Element Formal check

Climatological check

Chronological consistency check

Internal consistency check

Repetition check

Latitude x N/A N/A N/A N/A Longitude x N/A N/A N/A N/A Station height x N/A N/A N/A N/A Air pressure x N/A x N/A x Air temperature x x x N/A x Wet bulb temperature x x x x x Vapour pressure x N/A N/A N/A N/A Relative humidity x x x N/A x Wind direction x N/A N/A N/A x Wind force x x N/A x x Cloud cover x N/A N/A N/A N/A Maximum temperature x x N/A x N/A Minimum temperature x x N/A x N/A 24h precipitation x N/A N/A N/A N/A 12h precipitation x N/A N/A N/A N/A Water temperature x x N/A N/A N/A

3 Results 3.1 Output files

3.1.1 Climate values

The climate data having passed the validat quality checks are structured as shown in Tab. 5. Each line includes the corresponding station identifier, the geographical co-ordinates, the data time and the meteorological elements, each directly followed by the quality byte.

Table 5:Structure of the quality-checked climate data (including position and length); the quality bytes (Q) follow next to the measured values. 1) 0 = no precipitation, 9999 = no measurable precipitation (0.0 mm).

Element Abbreviation Position of data set

Length of data set

Position of QB

Length of QB

Unit

Station HEADER 1-20 20 N/A N/A N/A Station identifier IDENT 22-29 8 N/A N/A N/A Latitude LAT 31-35 5 37 1 ° N, ° S Longitude LON 39-44 6 46 1 ° W, ° E Station height STH 48-51 4 53 1 m Date DATE 55-62 8 N/A N/A N/A Local time HH 66-67 2 N/A N/A h Minute MM 69-70 2 N/A N/A min Air pressure PPPP 74-78 5 80 1 1/10 hPa Air temperature TT 85-88 4 90 1 1/10 °C Wet bulb temperature TF 95-98 4 100 1 1/10 °C Vapour pressure DDRUCK 105-107 3 109 1 1/10 hPa Relative humidity RH 114-116 3 118 1 % Wind direction DD 123-125 3 127 1 Degree (°) Wind force FF 132-133 2 135 1 Bft Cloud cover N 140-141 2 143 1 1/10




Length of data set

Position of QB

Length of QB

Unit

Maximum temperature TX24 148-151 4 153 1 1/10 °C Minimum temperature TN24 158-161 4 163 1 1/10 °C 24h precipitation RR24 168-171 4 173 1 1/10 mm 1) 12h precipitation RR12 178-181 4 183 1 1/10 mm 1) Water temperature TW 185-188 4 190 1 1/10 °C

An example is given in Fig. 4. In the output file, the quality bytes are written immediately next to the checked elements in the 'Q' columns.

Figure 4: Extract from Lome. Each line includes the following columns: HEADER = station name, IDENT = DWD-internal station identifier, LAT = latitude 1/100 degrees, LON = longitude in 1/100 degrees, STH = station height in m, DATE = date (year, month, day), HH = hour, MM = minute, PPPP = air pressure in 1/10 hPa, TT = air temperature in 1/10°C, TF = wet bulb temperature in 1/10°C, DDRUCK = vapour pressure in 1/10 hPa, RH = relative air humidity in %. The 'Q' columns show the corresponding quality byte.

3.1.2 Hourly values

The validat-checked hourly values of Bismarckburg and Sansane-Mangu are structured as shown in Tab. 6. Each line includes the corresponding station identifier, geographical co-ordinates, data time, air pressure, air temperature and sunshine duration, each directly followed by the quality byte.

Table 6: Structure of the quality-checked hourly data in the output files (including position and length); the quality bytes (Q) follow next to the measured values. 1) 0 = no precipitation, 9999 = no measurable precipitation (0.0 mm).


Length of data set

Position of QB

Length of QB

Unit

Station HEADER 1-20 20 N/A N/A N/A Station identifier IDENT 22-29 8 N/A N/A N/A Latitute LAT 31-35 5 37 1 ° N, ° S Longitude LON 39-44 6 46 1 ° W, ° E Station height STH 48-51 4 53 1 M Date DATE 55-62 8 N/A N/A N/A Local time HH 64-65 2 N/A N/A H Minute MM 67-68 2 N/A N/A min




Length of data set

Position of QB

Length of QB

Unit

Air pressure PPPP 73-77 5 79 1 1/10 hPa Air temperature TT 84-87 4 89 1 1/10 °C Relative humidity RH 95-97 3 99 1 % Wind direction DD 105-107 3 109 1 Degree (°) Wind speed FF 115-117 3 119 1 m/s Precipitation RRRR 125-128 4 130 1 1/10 mm 1) Sunshine duration SD 136-137 2 139 1 min

An example is given in Fig. 5. In the output file, the quality bytes are written immediately next to the checked elements in the 'Q' columns.

Figure 5: Extract from Bismarckburg. Each line includes the following columns: HEADER = station name, IDENT = DWD-internal station identifier, LAT = latitude in 1/100 degrees, LON = longitude in 1/100 degrees, STH = station height in m, DATE = date (year, month, day), HH = hour, MM = minute, PPPP = air pressure in 1/10 hPa, TT = air temperature in 1/10°C. The 'Q' columns show the corresponding quality byte.

3.2 Error analysis

Out of the whole set of climate data from the 14 stations, 2189 values were flagged as wrong. In detail, there are 52 climatological errors in wind force, minimum temperature and water temperature, 2102 temporal outliers in wind as well as 35 inconsistencies between the term values and the minima of the air temperature. There were no errors found in the 13 rain measuring stations (Tab. 7).

Table 7: Number of errors detected in the climate data (per element). This list also includes the number of reports from the period 04.06.1888, 06:00 o'clock, to 31.03.1914, 20:00 o'clock.

Element Number of reports

Formal check




Wind force 43151 0 44 1149 0 Wind direction 42351 0 0 953 0 Vapour pressure 41368 0 0 0 0 Cloud cover 50459 0 0 0 0 Air pressure 35304 0 0 0 0 Relative humidity 41368 0 0 0 0




Formal check




24h precipitation 4479 0 0 0 0 12h precipitation 139167 0 0 0 0 Wet bulb temperature 57270 0 0 0 0 Minimum temperature 19765 0 4 0 35 Air temperature 65093 0 0 0 0 Maximum temperature 18916 0 0 0 0 Water temperature 1694 0 4 0 0

An example is given in Fig. 6. The value of the lowest temperature of 10.5 °C registered at Palime on 12 March 1912, 07:00 o'clock lies outside the climatic limits of 11.0 °C determined by ERA-Interim. The northern stations Sansane-Mangu reports 25.3 °C at the same time and Bassari station 23.8 °C. South of Palime, Lome reports 25.8 °C in the same reference period.

Figure 6: 24-hour low temperatures of 12 March 1912 at the stations Palime (10,5 °C), Sansane-Mangu (25,3 °C), Bassari (23,8 °C) and Lome (25,8 °C).

The data on the hourly values of Bismarckburg and Sansane-Mangu revealed 13 errors in the temporal test (air temperature, Table 8). These temperature changes occur mainly during thunderstorms and the temperature data recorded as incorrect can thus be quite correct. (Tab. 8).

Table 8: Number of items found per item Errors of the hourly data. Indicated is the number of messages for the period 01.05.1889 01:00 to 01.04.1914 00:00 clock.


Formal check




Air pressure 13383 0 0 0 0 Air temperature 39991 0 0 13 0



4 Literature The Deutsche Seewarte has published the weather observations from nine stations, together with the corresponding station and instrument descriptions (Tab. 9).

Table 9: Publication of meteorological data from Togo in the Deutsche Seewarte (1888-1914): German overseas meteorological observations.

Number Name Volume Time period 1. Atakpame XIX, XXI, XXIII 1909,1911,1914 2. Bassari XXIII 1914 3. Bismarckburg III-V 1888-1890 4. Gadja XXIII 1913-1914 5. Kpeme XIX-XX, XXII-XXIII 1901-1910,1912,1914 6. Lome XIX, XXI-XXIII 1909, 1911-1914 7. Nuatjä XIX-XX, XXIII 1909-1910, 1913-1914 8. Palime XXII-XXIII 1912-1913 9. Sansane-Mangu XX-XXIII 1910-1913 10. Sokode XXIII 1913

Deutsche Seewarte (Hrsg) 1887-1922: Deutsche überseeische meteorologische Beobachtungen. Heft I-XXIII (23 Bd., http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/data_rescue_german.html, Stand 09.06.2016)

Kaspar, F., Tinz, B., Mächel, H., Gates, L. 2015: Data rescue of national and international meteorological observations at Deutscher Wetterdienst. Adv. Sci. Res. 12, 57-61, doi:10.5194/asr-12-57-2015, Find out about Data rescue: (Data rescue of national and international meteorological observations at Deutschen Wetterdienst)

Tinz, B., Rosenhagen, G. 2011: Archiv der überseeischen Stationen der Deutschen Seewarte (Archive of the overseas stations of the Deutsche Seewarte). Promet 37, 53-61, Read about remote measurement of water vapor and clouds in the Promet magazine: (Promet magazine) as from 01.10.2018 (in German).

Tinz, B., Leiding, T., Sedlatschek, R., Otten-Balaccanu, H., Gates, L., Gloeden, W., Rosenhagen, G., Röhrbein, D. 2015: Quality control of marine meteorological data with validat. Internal DWD document, 28 pp.

Weather Map of the Maritime Weather Agency, Volume 9 Nr.144, 1961-05-24

5 Abbreviations Table 10: The following abbreviations are used in this documentation:

Abbreviation Explanation ▪ DWD Deutscher Wetterdienst (German National Meteorological Service) ▪ QB/Q Quality byte ▪ SI International System of Units (Système international d´unités) ▪ WMO World Meteorological Organization

http://www.adv-sci-res.net/12/57/2015/

http://www.adv-sci-res.net/12/57/2015/

https://www.dwd.de/DE/leistungen/pbfb_verlag_promet/pdf_promethefte/37_1_2_pdf.pdf



Abbreviation Explanation ▪ N/A Not Available ▪ GM Degrees Minutes ▪ DEC Decimal degree

6 Thanks We would like to thank all employees of the DWD, the contractors and in particular Prof. Jürg Luterbacher from the University of Giessen for digitizing the handwritten weather records of the overseas stations of the German Naval Observatory in Togo.

7 Appendix Table 11: Overview of Annexes (see CD-ROM).

Number Description File name [A1] Quality controlled climate values

from 27 stations IIIIIIII_STATION_NAME.asc

[A2] Quality controlled hourly values from 2 stations

IIIIIIII_HH_STATION_NAME.asc

[A3] Documentation validat DWD_documentation_validat_v1_1_201509_en.pdf [A4] Documentation overseas station in

Togo DWD_Overseas_Stations_Togo_2019_0723.pdf

Der Platzhalter STATIONSNAME steht für die 27 Stationen:

▪ Agbanake ▪ Agome-Sewa ▪ Anecho ▪ Assahun ▪ Atakpame ▪ Bagida ▪ Bassari ▪ Bismarckburg ▪ Gadja ▪ Haho-Baloe ▪ Kpedji ▪ Kpeme ▪ Lome ▪ Misahöhe ▪ Nöepe ▪ Nuatjä ▪ Nyangbo ▪ Palime ▪ Sansane-Mangu ▪ Sebe ▪ Sokode ▪ Solo



▪ Tafie am Agu ▪ Tetetu ▪ Tokpli ▪ Tsewie ▪ Worawora



Table A1: Station identifier and geographical co-ordinates of the 27 stations of the Deutsche Seewarte in Togo: all stations carried out climate observations and precipitation measurements; this means that, in addition to precipitation, the observers also registered air pressure, air temperature and various other elements. The following abbreviations are used: PPPP = air pressure in hPa, TT = air temperature in °C, TF = wet bulb temperature in °C, DDRUCK= vapour pressure in mm, RH = relative air humidity in %, TX24 = maximum temperature in °C, TN24 = minimum temperature in °C, RR12 = 12h precipitation total in mm, RR24 = 24h precipitation total in mm, DD = wind direction, FF = wind speed in Bft, N = cloud cover in 1/10, form = cloud type, TW = water temperature in °C, B = barograph, T = thermograph.

Num-ber

Stations identifier

Name Country Latitude [GM]

Longitude [GM]

Latitude [DEC]

Longitude [DEC]

Elevation in metres

Element Resolution Time period

1. TGO00100 Sansane-Mangu Togo 10°22'N 00°30'E 10.37 00.50 160 RR12 6am,6pm 5/1905-3,5/1910-12/1911

10°22'N 00°30'E 10.37 00.50 140 TF, DDRUCK, RH

7am,2pm,8pm 1-8,12/1910-3/1914

RR12 7am,8pm 1/1912-3/1914 PPPP 7am,2am,8pm 9/1911-3/1914 TT 7am,2pm,8pm 1/1910-3/1914 DD, FF 7am,2pm,8pm 1/1910-5,9-/191

1-3/1914 TX24, TN24 7am 1/1910-3/1914 N 7am,2pm,8pm 1-2,4/1910-5,9/1

911-3/1914 B h-1 9-12/1911,6-12/

1912,9/1913-3/1914

T h-1 9/1911-7/1913,12/1913-3/1914

2. TGO00200 Bassari Togo 09°16'N 00°50'E 09.27 00.83 313 RR12 7am,7pm 1-6/1905 09°16'N 00°50'E 09.50 00.83 404 RR12 6am,6pm 7/1905-12/1911 RR12 7am,8pm 1/1912-3/1914 PPPP 7am,2pm,8pm 12/1909,7/1910-

3/1914 PPPP 6am,2pm,8pm 1/1910 TT,TF,DDRUCK

,RH 7am,2pm,8pm 11-12/1909,5/19

10-3/1914 TT,TF,DDRUCK

,RH 6am,2pm,8pm 1-4/1910

TX24 7am 11/1909-8/1910,9/1911-3/1914

TN24 7am 11/1909-3/1913



Num-ber

Stations identifier


Longitude [GM]

Latitude [DEC]

Longitude [DEC]

Elevation in metres


DD,FF,N 7am,2pm,8pm 9/1911-3/1914 3. TGO00300 Sokode Togo 08°59'N 01°08'E 08.98 01.13 410 RR12 6am,6pm 1/1905-12/1911 08°59'N 01°10'E 08.98 01.17 410 RR12 7am,8pm 1/1912-3/1914 TT,TF,DDRUCK

,RH 6am,2pm,8pm 11/1909-5/1910

TT,TF,DDRUCK,RH

7am,2pm,8pm 6/1910-3/1914

DD, FF 7am,2pm 11/1911-5/1912 DD, FF 7am,2pm,8pm 5/1912-3/1914 N 7am,2pm,8pm 11/1911-3/1914 TX24, TN24 6am 11/1909-5/1910 TX24,TN24 7am 6/1910-3/1914 4. TGO00400 Bismarckburg Togo 08°11'N 00°40'E 08.18 00.67 710 RR12 6am,6pm 6/1888-1/1890,2

/1891-6/1894 RR12 6am,9pm 2/1890-1/1891 PPPP 6am,2pm,9pm 6/1888-8/1892 TT, TF, DD, FF 6am,2pm,9pm 6/1888-6/1894 TX24, TN24 6am 6/1888-4,7/1890

-6/1894 DDRUCK, RH 6am,2pm,9pm 6/1888-5/1890 B h-1 5/1889,7-8/1890 T h-1 5/1889-3/1891,7

/1892-1/1893 5. TGO00500 Kpedji Togo 08°04'N 01°16'E 08.07 01.27 200 RR12 6am,6pm 10/1909-9/1911,

12/1911 6. TGO00600 Worawora Togo 07°35'N 00°34'E 07.58 00.57 200 RR12 7am,6pm 1/1899 RR24 6pm 2-12/1899,1/190

2-12/1913 7. TGO00700 Atakpame Togo 07°32'N 01°08'E 07.53 01.13 308 RR12 6am,6pm 3-4,6/1899-12/1

900,4-12/1901,2-12/1902,3/1904-1/1905,6/1905-3/1910,7/1910-12/1911

07°32'N 01°08'E 07.53 01.13 380 RR12 6am,7am 2-5/1905



Num-ber

Stations identifier


Longitude [GM]

Latitude [DEC]

Longitude [DEC]

Elevation in metres


07°32'N 01°09'E 07.53 01.15 380 RR12 7am,8pm 1/1912-3/1914 PPPP 7am,2pm,8pm 4/1909-3/1910,7

/1910-12/1913 TT 6am,2pm,6pm 3-4,6/1899-11/1

900,9-12/1910 TT, TF,

DDRUCK,RH 7am,2pm,8pm 4/1909-3/1910,7

/1910-3/1914 TX24,TN24 7am 4/1909-3/1910,7

/1910-3/1914 N 7am,2pm,8pm 5/1912-3/1914 TN24 6am 3-4/1899,6/1899

-8/1900 DD, FF 7am,2pm,8pm 2/1913-3/1914 8. TGO00800 Tetetu Togo 07°01'N 01°32'E 07.02 01.53 115 RR12 6am,6pm 1/1906-11/1910,

3-12/1911 RR24 4pm 12/1910 RR12 6am,4pm 1-2/1911 9. TGO00900 Haho-Baloe Togo 06°58'N 01°01'E 06.97 01.02 140 RR12 6am,6pm 2/1908-12/1911,

3/1914 RR24 6am 1-2/1914 10. TGO01000 Nuatjä Togo 06°57'N 01°12'E 06.95 01.20 150 RR24 6am 1/1904-3/1905 RR12 5,30am,1,30p

m 4-9/1905

RR12 6am,6pm 10/1905-12/1907,2/1908-12/1911

RR12 7am,8pm 1/1912-3/1914 TT, N 7am,2pm,8pm 3/1909-3/1914 TX24, TN24 7am 3/1909-3/1914 DD,FF 7am,2pm,8pm 12/1911-3/1914 11. TGO01100 Misahöhe Togo 06°57'N 00°35'E 06.95 00.58 590 RR24 7am 6-8,10/1890-12/

1891 06°57'N 00°36'E 06.95 00.60 470 RR12 7am,7pm 10/1892-4/1895,

5-6/1896,10/1902-10/1903,1/1904-6/1905



Num-ber

Stations identifier


Longitude [GM]

Latitude [DEC]

Longitude [DEC]

Elevation in metres


RR12 7am,9pm 6-8/1895 RR12 6am,6pm 7/1905-12/1911,

3/1914 TT, TF 7am,2pm,9pm 6-8,10/1890-1/1

891 PPPP 7am,2pm,9pm 7-9/1894,6-8/18

95,5-6/1896 FF 7am,2pm,9pm 10/1892-4/1895 DD, FF 7am,2pm,9pm 6-8,10/1890-12/

1891,5-6/1896 N 7am,2pm,9pm 7-8,10/1890-12/

1891,10/1892-4/1895,6-8/1895,5-6/1896

TX24,TN24 10/1892-4/1895,6-8/1895,5/1896

12. TGO01200 Palime Togo 06°54'N 00°38'E 06.90 00.63 280 RR12 6am,6pm 8/1907-1,3/1909,7/1909,1/1910-12/1911

06°54'N 00°38'E 06.90 00.63 250 RR12 7am,9pm 2/1909,4-6/1909 RR12 7am,8pm 8-12/1909,1/191

2-3/1914 TT,TF,DDRUCK

,RH,N,DD,FF 7am,2pm,9pm 3-6/1909,4-5/19

10 TT,TF,DDRUCK

,RH,N, DD,FF 7am,2pm,8pm 7/1909-3/1910,6

/1910-3/1914 TX24,TN24 7am 3/1909-3/1914 13. TGO01300 Nyangbo Togo 06°53'N 00°43'E 06.88 00.72 265 RR12 6am,6pm 3/1905-12/1911,

3/1914 RR24 6am 1-2/1913 14. TGO01400 Tafie-am-Agu Togo 06°51'N 00°44'E 06.85 00.73 200 RR12 7am,1pm 1-6/1900 RR24 7am 7/1900-1/1901,3

-6/1901 RR12 6am,6pm 7/1901-12/1911,

3/1914 RR24 6am 1-2/1914



Num-ber

Stations identifier


Longitude [GM]

Latitude [DEC]

Longitude [DEC]

Elevation in metres


TT 2pm 1/1900-1,3-5/1901

TT,TF 7am,2pm 5-6/1901 TT 6am,2pm 7,10/1901-8/190

2 TT 6am,6pm 8-9/1901 TF 6am,2pm 7/1901 PPPP 7am 1/1900-1/1901 PPPP 6am 7/1901-2/1902 PPPP 6am,2pm 3-8/1902 PPPP 5am,2pm,8pm 2-5/1909 DD 2pm 1/1900-1/1901 TX24,TN24 7am 5-6/1901 15. TGO01500 Gadja Togo 06°49'N 00°48'E 06.82 00.80 180 RR24 7am 1-3/1913 RR12 6am,8pm 4/1913-3/1914 PPPP,TT,TF,DD

,N,FF,DDRUCK, RH

6am,2pm,8pm 4/1913-3/1914

TX24,TN24 6am 4/1913-3/1914 16. TGO01600 Tokpli Togo 06°40'N 01°36'E 06.67 01.60 38 RR12 6am,6pm 12/1904-12/190

5,3-4/1906,9-12/1911,3/1914

RR24 6am 1-2,5-8/1906,1-2/1914

17. TGO01700 Agome-Sewa Togo 06°28'N 01°44'E 06.47 01.73 7 RR12 6am,6pm 2/1908-12/1911,3/1914

RR24 6am 1-2/1914 18. TGO01800 Assahun Togo 06°27'N 00°54'E 06.45 00.90 106 RR12 6am,6pm 11/1907-12/191

1,1-3/1914 19. TGO01900 Tsewie Togo 06°25'N 01°12'E 06.42 01.20 100 RR12 6am,6pm 2/1907-7/1909,3

/1914 RR12 6.15am,6pm 4/1911 RR12 7am,6pm 8/1909-5/1910,7

/1910-3/1911,5-12/1911

RR24 6am 1-2/1914



Num-ber

Stations identifier


Longitude [GM]

Latitude [DEC]

Longitude [DEC]

Elevation in metres


20. TGO02000 Solo Togo 06°23'N 00°53'E 06.38 00.88 120 RR12 6am,6pm 10/1904-12/1911,3/1914

RR24 6am 1-2/1914 21. TGO02100 Agbanake Togo 06°17'N 01°48'E 06.28 01.79 3 RR12 6am,6pm 1/1908-12/1911 RR24 6am 1-3/1914 22. TGO02200 Nöepe Togo 06°16'N 01°02'E 06.27 01.03 60 RR24 12am 1-4/1905 RR12 6am,6pm 5/1905-12/1911,

3/1914 RR24 6am 1-2/1914 23. TGO02300 Sebe Togo 06°15'N 01°37'E 06.25 01.62 8 RR12 7am,7pm 1/1892-5/1892 RR12 6am,6pm 6-7/1892,8/1900

-2/1901,1/1903-12/1904,2/1905-12/1911,3/1914

RR24 7am 10/1901-12/1902

RR24 6am 3-7/1900,1-2/1914

RR12 6,30am 9/1899-2/1900 PPPP,TT,DD,FF

,N 7am,2pm,9pm 1-5/1892

PPPP,DD,FF,N 7am,2pm,8pm 6-7/1892 TX24, TN24 7am 6-7/1892 TW 6am,2pm,6pm 3-5/1892 24. TGO02400 Anecho Togo 06°14N 01°36'E 06.23 01.60 5 RR12 7am,7pm 7-12/1891,4-12/

1897 RR12 6am,6pm 4-9,11/1908-12/

1911 PPPP,TT,DD,FF

,N 7am,2pm,7pm 7-8/1891

PPPP,TT,DD,FF,N

7am,2pm,9pm 9-12/1891

PPPP 7am,2pm,8pm 6-10,12/1897 PPPP,TT,DD,FF

,N 7am,3pm,8pm 11/1897

TT,DD,FF,N 7am,2pm,8pm 5-10,12/1897



Num-ber

Stations identifier


Longitude [GM]

Latitude [DEC]

Longitude [DEC]

Elevation in metres


25. TGO02500 Kpeme Togo 06°13'N 01°32'E 06.22 01.53 7 RR12 6am,6pm 2/1901-8/1907,2-12/1908,9-12/1909,1-8,10-12/1912

RR12 6am,8pm 9/1907-1/1908,1,4-8/1909,1/1910-12/1911,9/1912,1-3/1914

RR24 6am 2-3/1909 PPPP 6am,2pm,8pm 5/1901-9/1907,1

1/1907-4/1908,6/1908-1/1909,4/1909-3/1914

PPPP,TT,TF,DD,FF,N

6am,2pm,6pm 5/1908

TT,TF,DD,FF,N 6am,2pm,8pm 2/1901-4/1908,6/1908-1/1909,4/1909-3/1914

TX24, TN24 6am 2/1901-4/1903,3/1904-4/1905,8/1905-1/1909,4/1909-3/1914

DDRUCK,RH 6am,2pm,8pm 1,4/1909-3/1914 26. TGO02600 Bagida Togo 06°10'N 01°20'E 06.17 01.33 66 RR12 6am,6pm 10/1906-1/1907,

3-9/1907,2/1908-12/1911,1-3/1914

RR24 6am 2,10/1907 RR24 6pm 11/1907 RR12 6am,8pm 12/1907-1/1908 27. TGO02700 Lome Togo 06°08'N 01°13'E 06.13 01.22 10,5 RR24 8am 3,5-6/1892 RR12 8am,6pm 4/1892 RR24 7am 3-4/1900 RR12 7am,4pm 5/1900 RR12 7am,6pm 6/1900-12/1901



Num-ber

Stations identifier


Longitude [GM]

Latitude [DEC]

Longitude [DEC]

Elevation in metres


RR12 6am,6pm 1-3,6/1902-12/1911

RR24 6pm 4-5/1902 RR12 7am,8pm 1/1912-9/1913 RR12 6am,8pm 10-11/1913,1-3/

1914 RR12 6am,2pm 12/1913 PPPP 7am,2pm,8pm 2/1910-8/1911 TT, TF,

DDRUCK,RH, N 7am,2pm,8pm 3/1909-09/1913

TT, TF, DDRUCK,RH, N

6am,2pm,8pm 10/1913-3/1914

TX24, TN24 7am 3/1909-09/1913 TX24, TN24 6am 10/1913-3/1914 TW 7am 5/1905-12/1909

Documents

Climate data of the overseas stations from Togo