Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment

of Socio-Ecological Systems (VASES): Part 1. Approach and Methods

Hanoi

20 December 2016

Content 1. Starting point for EbA and Socio-ecological systems (SES)

2. Vulnerability Assessment – steps

3. Ecological, Social, Economic and Climate Profiles

4. Identification, mapping and prioritisation of SES

5. Climate Impact and adaptive capacity assessments

6. Identification of pilot sites for village-level assessments

Starting Point for EbA:

• Ecology, society and economy cannot be separated.

• Natural ecosystems are the basis for human existence on this planet, and of all our economic activities.

• Our ecological foundations have been profoundly modified and in many places weakened from their original state, by people pursuing economic activities in unsustainable ways.

EbA & Socio-ecological systems

• EbA uses biodiversity and ecosystem services as part of an overall adaptation strategy to help people adapt to the adverse effects of climate change (CBD 2009)

• The first step…...is to implement a vulnerability assessment, which is necessary to set the context of adaptation, including who and what components of the Socio-ecological systems (SES) are vulnerable and what are the risks or threats (ISPONRE, 2013)

• SES: A human- environment system that has bio-physical components, social components and economic components that regularly interact with each other in a sustained way.

Vulnerability Vulnerability is a function of the character, magnitude, and rate of

climate variation to which a system is exposed; the system’s

sensitivity; and its adaptive capacity

Linking Social and Ecological Vulnerability

Steps 1. Conduct Social, Ecological, Economic Scoping Profiles

2. Define, Identify and map SESs across the entire province and prioritise SESs in order of importance

3. Review historical climate hazards, future scenarios Profile

4. Climate Impact assessment: exposure x sensitivity = impact

5. Impact/adaptive capacity = vulnerability

6. Identify EbA and related actions to address vulnerabilities

Scoping-Baseline Component Scope/Objective

Ecosystem Profile

Identify main ecosystem types, their area and condition; connectivity in the landscape; ecological processes; Ecosystem services important for local livelihoods, economy well-being, etc. Which are the key ecosystems to work on for EbA?

Social Profile Overall socio-cultural, and political context patterns of poverty, ethnicity, labour, migration, gender issues. Which social groups and which types of livelihoods are most vulnerable? Where are these groups and these livelihoods found?

Economic Profile What are the main sectors of the economy - contribution to employment, food production, tax revenue, GDP; what are the Key Economic Assets (KEA) - e.g. transport, energy and water infrastructure; what are the main development trends and drivers

Methods and Tools Literature review, expert opinion, key informant interviews, focal group discussions;

SES and KEA Vulnerability Component Scope/Objective Tools/Methods

SES Profile Identifying, mapping and prioritising Socio-ecological Systems (SES) and Key Economic Assets (KEA)

Understanding how many SES and KEAs there are in the province, where they are found, and how important they are

Overlaying maps of ecosystems, social groups and economic activities, use of Google Earth and field visits. Iterative process requiring expert judgement of team members

Climate Profile and Impact Assessment: Understanding climate pressures on socio-ecological systems and key economic assets – using 7 climate factors

Identifying, understanding and ranking actual and potential impacts on socio-ecological systems and Key Economic Assets based on both exposure and sensitivity considerations

ICEM CAM Methodology Climate Projections Literature review, expert opinion, key informant interviews, focal group discussions; group exercises

Adaptive Capacity Assessment: Understanding capacity to make appropriate changes

Identifying and understanding aspects of adaptive capacity at the provincial level – provincial institutions and planning systems

Review of policy and planning processes and institutional capacity at the provincial level. Management of ecosystems for resilience at provincial level

Overall Vulnerability Assessment and EbA Identification

Overall vulnerability score for each SES and KEA; identify appropriate interventions to address key vulnerabilities

Combine SES/KEA impact and adaptive capacity elements; identify EbA actions through expert knowledge, best practices, key informants, etc

Key components of SESs Ecological Social Economic

Mountains > 700 m Kinh smallholders Paddy rice (irrigated or not)

Sub-tropical moist evergreen broad-leaf forest Coniferous forest Forest over limestone Caves, Streams and rivers

Ethnic minority smallholders Upland rice/cassava/maize

Hill Areas < 700 > 10 m Kinh SME commercial Field crops

Tropical broad-leaf moist evergreen forest Forest over limestone Caves, Streams and rivers

Kinh large scale enterprise Forest product gathering

Lowland Coastal < 10 m State-owned enterprises Small-holder acacia

River systems Foreign owned enterprise Commercial rubber

Estuary mudflats + mangroves Industrial fruit crops

Coastal Sandy Area/sand-dunes Livestock production

Lagoons and lakes Shellfish gathering

Inshore marine areas Fish + shrimp aquaculture

Offshore marine areas Capture Fishery

Example

Ecological/Biophysical Coastal Sandy areas and Sand Dunes

+

Social Kinh, commercial and small-holder

+

Economic Shrimp aquaculture

= Kinh commercial and small-holder aquaculture on

coastal sand dunes

Kinh commercial and small-holder aquaculture on coastal sandy areas

Mapping SES/KEA in Ha Tinh

Mapping SES/KEA in QB

Kinh smallholder inland valley/transition

mixed paddy field and tree crops

Inland valley:

along the valley

of Gianh and

Dinh rivers

Transition: Along Son,

Ron river and transition

from valley to hilly area

Total area: 101,859 ha

Three districts: Tuyen Hoa,

Bo Trach and Le Thuy

Prioritisation 32 SES/KEA Ha Tinh

Code

No. SES Name

Ecological Social Economic Climate/

Environment

Rank

Provider

of ES

Depend

on ES

Popu-

lation Poverty

Other

Vulnerable

Group

direct

GDP

Future

emphasis

(SEDP)

Land

use %

*<5%;

***>15%

Labour

used

Base for

Value

Addi-tion Climate

damage

trends

Neg

Environ

Impact

1+2

PA1

PA2

SUBTROPICAL FOREST >700 M, MOIST

TROPICAL FOREST < 700M

State SUF Management (Vu Quang)

State SUF Management (Vu Quang, Ke Go) xxx xx x x - x x xx

13.5 x xxx x - 3

FPMB1

FPMB2

FPMB on subtropical forest >700m

FPMB on moist trop forest< 700m xxx x x x x x x

xxx

17.4

x xxx x - 6

2

2b

MOIST TROPICAL FOREST < 700M

Kin/Ethnic minority smallholder field + tree

crops x xx xx xx x xx xx

xx

6.5 xx x xx x 8

2c Kinh commercial forestry on hill forest (Huong

Son and Chuc A LLC) xx xx x x - x xx xx

5.5 x xx xx xx 14

2d Kinh smallholder inland valley paddy

cultivation + tree crops (pine acacia, citrus,

rubber, tea) xx xx xx x - xx xx

xxx

15.3 xx xx xx xx 9

2e EM smallholder inland paddy + field crops +

forest product collection xx xxx x x x x x x

0.0 x xx xx xx 30

2f Kinh commercial rubber plantations (Ha Tinh;

Huong Khe) x x x x - x xx x

4.5 x x xx xx 15

Prioritisation 32 SES/KEA Ha Tinh 2g Kinh commercial livestock raising enterprises

x xx x - - xx xx x

0.0 x xx xx 16

3

3a

COASTAL FLOODPLAIN

Kinh smallholder lowland irrigated floodplain

paddy rice cultivation x xxx xxx x - x x

xx

7.2 xx xx xx x 4

3b Kinh smallholder floodplain-hills transition: paddy

rice + mixed farming, tree crops x xx xx x - x x xx

9.8 x xx 5

4

4a

INLAND FRESHWATER

Kinh smallholder/commercial mixed freshwater

aquaculture x xx x x - x x

x

4.0 x x x x 23

4b Kinh small holder freshwater capture fishery x xxx x x - x x

x

0.0 x x x x 24

5

5a

ESTUARY

Kinh commercial brackish water fish / shrimp cages

and ponds x xx x - - x xx

x

0.1 x x x xx 21

5b Kinh artisanal shell fish collecting x xx x x - x x

x

0.0 x x x 29

5c Kinh smallholder salt production - xx x x x x

x

0.0 x xx xx 25

6

6a

COASTAL SAND DUNE

Kinh small holder vegetable gardening (oft

combined with 7b) x xxx x x - x x

x

0.1 x xx x 26

6b Kinh smallholder livestock (cattle) raising x xx x x - x x

x

0.1 x x xx 28

6c Kinh smallholder freshwater fish ponds x xxx x x - x x

x

0.1 x xx x 27

6d Kinh commercial shrimp aquaculture x xx x - - xx xxx

x

0.1 x x xx xx 10

6e Kinh commercial and small enterprise beach

tourism x xx x x - x x x

0.0 x xx xx xx 22

7

7a

MARINE

Kinh artisanal and commercial offshore fishing (> 6

nm from coast. xx xxx x x - xx xxx

x

0.0 x xx x x 13

Prioritisation 32 SES/KEAHa Tinh

7b Kinh artisanal inshore fishing (< 6 nm from

coast) xx xxx xx xx - x x xx

(11.8) xx xx xx xx 11

8

8a

KEY ASSETS

Commercial and state water management

infrastructure (dams, weirs, saline intrusion

barrages, irrigation canals) xxx xxx xx x - x xxx

xx

??

xx xxx xx xx 1

8b commercial mining - iron ore ,quartz, clay,

sand, titanium x x x - - x xx x

0.8 xx xx x xx 20

8c state transport and associated

infrastructure x xx xxx x x xx* xx x

?? xx xxx xx xx 12

8d commercial coal-fired energy production

facilities and distribution infrastructure - x xxx x x xx* xx x

0.0 xx xxx x xx 18

8e state managed special economic and

industrial zones (coastal) - x xx - - xxx xxx x

0.3 xx xxx x xxx 7

8f state managed special economic and

industrial zones (montane) x xx xx - x x xx x

3.0 x xx x x 17

8g State port and river transportation

infrastructure - x x - x xx xxx x

0.0 x xx xx x 19

8h urban and rural settlement, industry,

services x xx xxx x x xxx xx x

1.2 x x x xx 2

Climate change – Rainfall change

Climate change – Rainfall change

Rainfall Change in SES/KEA

SES CODE

Rainfall change (6-8) in 2050 (%)

Rainfall change (6-8) in 2100 (%)

Rainfall change (3-5) in 2050 ( (%)

Rainfall change (3-5) in 2100 (%)

Rainfall change (9-11) in 2050

Rainfall change (9-11) in 2100

MIN MAX MEAN MIN MAX MEAN MIN MAX MEAN MIN MAX MEAN MIN MAX MEAN MIN MAX MEAN

1a 4.9 5.0 5.0 9.4 9.5 9.5 -5.3 -5.2 -5.3 -10.1 -10.1 -10.1 3.8 4.0 3.9 7.4 7.6 7.5

2a 4.4 5.4 4.7 8.5 10.3 9.0 -5.5 -5.1 -5.2 -10.5 -9.7 -9.9 2.4 3.0 2.6 4.6 5.8 5.1

3a 4.6 4.7 4.7 8.8 9.0 8.9 -5.2 -5.1 -5.1 -9.9 -9.9 -9.9 2.8 2.8 2.8 5.4 5.4 5.4

4a 3.9 5.4 4.8 7.4 10.3 9.2 -5.1 -4.5 -4.8 -9.8 -8.6 -9.2 3.2 3.4 3.4 6.1 6.6 6.5

5a 3.4 4.7 4.2 6.5 9.0 8.0 -5.2 -4.3 -4.9 -9.9 -8.3 -9.4 3.2 4.2 3.5 6.1 8.1 6.7

5c 4.4 6.1 5.3 8.5 11.7 10.1 -5.1 -5.0 -5.1 -9.9 -9.6 -9.7 3.1 3.3 3.2 6.1 6.4 6.2

6a 4.5 4.8 4.6 8.7 9.2 8.9 -5.2 -5.1 -5.2 -10.0 -9.8 -9.9 2.6 2.8 2.7 4.9 5.3 5.2

6b 4.3 6.4 5.2 8.3 12.3 10.0 -4.8 -4.6 -4.6 -9.1 -8.8 -8.9 3.0 3.3 3.2 5.8 6.4 6.2

8a 4.4 6.0 5.0 8.4 11.4 9.7 -5.6 -5.0 -5.2 -10.7 -9.6 -10.0 2.4 3.7 3.0 4.6 7.1 5.7

9a 4.7 5.5 5.1 9.0 10.5 9.8 -5.4 -5.2 -5.3 -10.4 -10.0 -10.2 2.6 3.0 2.8 5.0 5.8 5.3

9b 4.4 5.7 4.9 8.4 11.0 9.4 -5.6 -5.1 -5.3 -10.8 -9.7 -10.1 2.4 3.1 2.7 4.6 6.0 5.1

9c 4.4 5.8 5.1 8.5 11.1 9.8 -5.6 -5.1 -5.3 -10.8 -9.8 -10.1 2.4 3.9 2.9 4.6 7.6 5.6

11a 4.9 5.0 4.9 9.3 9.6 9.5 -5.2 -5.2 -5.2 -10.1 -9.9 -10.0 2.8 3.0 2.9 5.4 5.8 5.6

10c 4.1 4.4 4.3 7.9 8.4 8.2 -4.6 -4.5 -4.5 -8.8 -8.7 -8.7 3.2 3.4 3.3 6.2 6.5 6.3

Wa 4.3 6.3 5.1 8.3 12.1 9.8 -5.6 -4.7 -5.2 -10.8 -8.9 -10.0 2.4 4.0 3.0 4.6 7.7 5.8

Determining Impact

Exposure of system to climate threat

Sen

siti

vity

of

syst

em t

o c

lima

te t

hre

at

1

Very Low

2

Low

3

Medium

4

High

5

Very High

5

Very High Medium Medium High Very High Very High

4

High Low Medium Medium High Very High

3

Medium Low Medium Medium High

Very High

2

Low Low Low Medium Medium High

1

Very Low Very Low Low Low Medium High

22

Impact

Ad

ap

tive

Ca

pa

city

1- Very Low

Inconvenience

(days)

2- Low

Short disruption to

system function (weeks)

3- Medium

Medium term disruption to

system function (months)

3- High

Long term damage to

system property or function

(years)

5- Very High

Loss of life, livelihood or

system integrity

1- Very Low Very limited institutional capacity

and no access to technical or financial resources

Medium Medium High Very High Very High

2- Low Limited institutional capacity and

limited access to technical and financial resources

Low Medium Medium High Very High

3- Medium Growing institutional capacity and

access to technical or financial resources

Low Medium Medium High Very High

4- High Sound institutional capacity and

good access to technical and financial resources

Low Low Medium Medium High

5- Very High Exceptional institutional capacity and abundant access to technical

and financial resources

Very Low Low Low Medium High

VULNERABILITY = Impact /Adaptive Capacity

23

Determining Vulnerability

Village-Site Selection: SES Locations

SES 5a: Ethnic

Minority

swidden

cultivation +

forest products

SES 5b:

Kinh

smallholder

transition

paddy + field

and tree

crops

Multi-SES

Sand

dune

landscape

S z e

e P

D D 2 2 2 2 S z e P

O D

£ |

| | I |

Sand dune

nshore capture fisheries up to 6 nautical miles from coast/depth of 50m

Coastal protection forest small scale vegetable

growing on sand

pond aquaculture on sandy areas

Inshore fishery for

small pelagics –

squid, mackerel,

anchovy, sardine,

etc – over 3,000

boats <50 H.P.

Large sandy areas and also coastal protection forest has been converted to intensive white shrimp - 3 crops/year and 10-15 tons/crop Casuarina planted

since 1960s to control moving sand, as a windbreak and to maintain fresh water resources along coast

2015: more than 900 ha of vegetables in sandy areas, income 70 m VND/ha/year

9a - Coastal protection forest on sandy areas

97 bnVND for new planting coastal protection forest in Quảng Bình province New planting in hot sandy at Lệ Thủy. 2016

Coastal erosion in Đức Trạch commune 2016

Forest fire in Bảo Ninh commune 2015

Poor coastal protection forest in Quảng Ninh

Ngu Thuy Bac Commune

Ngu Thuy Bac Commune, Le

Thuy District FPMB on sand, with bare sand areas

Vegetable growing on sandy areas

Smallholder/commercial shrimp aquaculture

Freshwater pond fish aquaculture

Artisanal inshore capture fishery

NTB fishing

Villages:

Trung Hoa

Tan Thuan

Tan Hai

Bac Hua

Participatory assessment

Introduction

Profile-context (PRA tools)

– livelihoods inventory , what how many people, incl migration/remittances (FGD, ranking)

– Key ecosystem resources, services = ecosystem dependency of livelihoods (Transect walk)

– Vulnerable groups (wealth ranking)

– Climate pattern, livelihood activities – (seasonal calendar)

– Development history, trends, pressures incl land use; climate event/change history, trends, pressures; ecosystem responses and coping/adaptation (timeline)

Participatory analysis (village)

Analysis – climate change in VN

and what to expect here, integrating with community perceptions

– Village land use and climate hazards (map)

– Vulnerability matrix

– Institutional support for CCA/EbA (Venn diagram)

Participatory planning

• Hazard/Problem prioritisation

– existing village/commune development plans (climate proofing)

– Review participatory assessment outcomes

• For priority problems

– Existing adaptive capacity and coping

– Solutions, preferred solutions (EbA/non-EbA)

– Actions, Resources (people, materials, VND)

– Timelines

• Report Back to whole village

• Concept Note preparation

Thank You

Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment

of Socio-Ecological Systems (VASES): Part 2: Results and Recommendations

Hanoi

20 December 2016

Content 1. Priority Ecosystems and their vulnerabilities

2. Identifying EbA interventions

3. EbA recommendations for each proirity SES

4. Overall EbA recommendations and conclusions

CLIMATE CHANGE RISKS (2050 &

2100) Exposure Explanation (E ) Sensitivity Explanation (S) Impact

Adaptive

Capacity Explanation (AC) Vulnerability

TEMPERATURE

Hot season hotter and

longer; Summer av.max

temp. will increase 1.8

degree C in 2050, 3.5

degree in 2100

3

Both VQNP and KGNR

will be exposed to

these changes 3

Species close to the limit of

their temperature tolerance

will be most at risk –

especially those already only

found at higher elevations

3 3

PAs management in

place, but no

planning for long-

term survival of

species impacted by

temp. increases

3

Number of Dry days

increase 17 in 2050, 15

in 2100, Number of hot

days > 35oC increase 23

24 in 2050, 34 - 35 days

in 2100

3

Both VQNP and KGNR

will be exposed to

these changes 3

Increased number of dry

days and very hot days will

increase risk of forest fire 3 3

PAs have in place

management but

need more resources

for future forest fire

management

3

Temperature will

increase faster and

earlier in Spring 3

Both VQNP and KGNR

will be exposed to

these changes 3

This may affect phenology

of plant species, emergence

of insects, and reproductive

behavior of many species

3 3

little understanding

of what changes

might happen/how to

respond to them

3

PRECIPITATION

Rainfall in Summer will

increase 5% in 2050, 9

- 10% in 2100; FLOOD

RISK 3

Both VQNP and KGNR

will be exposed to

these changes 2

increased erosion and

landslides in some places.

Extended waterlogging of

the soil problem for some

plant and tree species

3 3

There is not much

that can be done

beyond normal

management of the

area

3

Dry season will be

drier, spring rainfall

decrease 5% in 2050,

10% in 2100 -

DROUGHT RISK

3

Both VQNP and KGNR

will be exposed to

these changes 3

This will also add to the

forest fire risk, together

with the increase in dry days

and very hot days (above) 3 3

more resources will

be needed for forest

fire management in

the future 3

STORM/ TYPHOON

Higher speed/stronger

Difficult to forecast the

frequency/season

2

further inland from

the cost VQNP will be

less exposed KGNR is

a bit closer to coast a

bit more exposed

2

Some tree species may be

damaged by storms

2 3

There is not much

that can be done

about this beyond

normal management

of the area

3

SEA LEVEL RISE

Increased 3mm/year in

last 20 years

1

Both VQNP and KGNR

are sufficiently inland

and elevated 1

• High elevation

• Far from the sea 1 5

There is no need to

take any adaptive

action on this issue 1

2.9 2.4 2.9 4.1 2.7

HT Priority SES - Vulnerability Imp

Rank Socio-Ecological System

Vulnerability

Score (7 factor mean)

Rank

1 Water Infrastructure 3.3 2

2 Urban and rural settlements, industry and services

3.3 2

3 SUF – VQNP and Kego NR 2.7 8

4 Kinh smallholder lowland irrigated paddy rice

3.4 1

5 Kinh small-holder/commercial transition area rice and mixed farming systems

3.3 2

HT Priority SES - Vulnerability

Imp Rank

Socio-Ecological System Vulnerability

Score (7 factor mean)

Rank

6 Protection Forest on coastal and terrestrial upland areas

2.7 8

7 Coastal Special Economic Zone (Vung Ang)

2.6 10

8 Kinh and Ethnic minority upland field and tree crops

3.3 2

9 Kinh smallholder Inland valleys paddy rice and tree crops

3.3 2

10 Commercial Shrimp Aquaculture on sandy areas

3.1 7

QB Priority SES - Vulnerability Imp

Rank SES Vulnerability

Score (7 factor mean)

Rank

1 Kinh smallholder coastal floodplain irrigated paddy rice cultivation

3.4 2

2 Kinh smallholder mixed paddy and tree crops

3.4 2

3 Phong Nha-Ke Bang NP and WHS

2.7 9

4 Lowland Moist TRF State Forest Enterprise

2.7 9

5 Kinh small-holder/ commercial shrimp aquaculture,sand dunes

3.3 5

QB Proirity SES - Vulnerability Imp

Rank SES Vulnerability

Score (7 factor mean)

Rank

6 Forest PMB on coastal sand dunes and sand

2.9 6

7 Kinh inshore capture fishermen (estuary to 6 km offshore)

2.9 6

8 Upland Ethnic minority swidden cultivation

4.0 1

9 Hilly forest commercial rubber estates

2.8 8

10 Irrigation/ hydropower reservoirs and related infrastructure

3.3 4

Vulnerability Assessment/EbA

manage

manage

Socio-economic environment

manage

Implementation of EbA action

KEA EbA recommendations Water Infrastructure

• Protect reservoir infrastructure from physical damage from storms through planting of wind-breaks

• Increase working life of reservoirs - reduce sediment inflow through improved watershed management, using longer rotations in forest plantations, and stopping further conversion of natural forest

• Conduct scenario planning exercises for future water demand (including climate change considerations) in the area supplied by each reservoir

• Manage operation of reservoirs (quantity and timing of releases) to ensure environmental flows in downstream rivers

• Install floating solar panels on reservoir surfaces to generate electricity and reduce evaporation losses

KEA EbA recommendations Urban and Rural Settlements • Create more green spaces, plant

more roadside trees, reduce heat island effects/heat stress impacts

• Adopt “living with the floods” approach – allow flood waters to pass through settlement - streams, canals and flood water drains while causing reduced damage to better flood-adapted housing/ buildings; create ponds/lakes to absorb large amounts of water; relocate most important buildings away from the lowest lying areas, etc.

• Protect existing urban and peri-urban wetlands from being filled in for development

KEA EbA recommendations Coastal Special Economic Zone

• Create more green spaces and plant more shade trees (especially around workers housing areas) to reduce heat trap/heat island effects and reduce heat stress impacts of increased temperature and increased number of very hot days

• Adopt an approach of “living with the floods” – allowing flood waters to pass through the SEZ in canals and flood water drains while causing reduced damage to better flood-adapted workers’ housing and other buildings; create ponds and lakes within the SEZ that can absorb large amounts of water;

SES EbA recommendations: SUF Vu Quang + PNKB N.P., Ke Go N.R.

• Continue to improve management of NP and NR

• Strict enforcement against illegal logging and wildlife poaching

• Strengthen outreach acrivities to build relationship between park management and local communities

• Increase focus on forest fire prevention

• Improve visitor education and nature interpretation services

• In Kego expand enrichment planting with native species in areas tpreviously planted with acacia

SES EbA recommendations: Forest Protection Management Boards

Upland terrestrial protection forests - improve watershed function and other environmental services by:

• Using a diversity of native species in all new planting

• Introducing native species through enrichment planting of old plantations

• Start with pilot project including establishment of native species tree nurseries and provinding training

SES EbA Recommendations: State Forest Enterprises

• Manage all production forests for increased economic and ecosystem service benefit (QB makes more money from value addition than from primary production)

– Plantations – move to longer rotation products –

sawn timber, garden furniture, etc.

– Natural Forests continue with additional FSC Certification and long-term sustainable logging for quality hardwoods

SES EbA recommendations Ethnic Minority Swidden farming and forest product collection

• Improve fallow management to enhance nutrient cycling and soil formation

• Improve water conservation and soil fertility management practices using “S.A.L.T.” contour planting, mulching, alley cropping, etc.

• Plantation of perennial crops to supplement swidden crops e.g. shade grown coffee

EbA recommendations for Ethnic Minority Swidden farming and forest product collection • Establish community-based

management groups to for sustainable harvesting of NTFPs for income generation

• Enrichment planting of high value NTFPs using varieties suitable to future climate conditions

• Protection of small watercourses for domestic water supply in settlements away from river.

SES EbA recommendations: Kinh small-holder rice/tree + fieldcrops, inland valleys/transition areas

• Build on existing Climate Smart Agriculture work already being done (SRI Rice, shifting crop calendar, ratoon rice, SNV work on sustainable cassava, etc.)

• Move out of paddy into less water intensive, more valuable species where appropriate

• Apply Sloping Agriculture Land Techniques (SALT) on hilly slopes (contour planting, mulching, etc)

• Introduce more diverse species and varieties of tree and field crops that are better adapted to the future climate conditions and will also increase diversity of insects and animal pollinators in the landscape

SES EbA Recommendations Commercial Rubber, hilly areas

Avoid storm and wind damage to rubber plantations by

• Locating plantations in sheltered areas protected from wind and storm damage

• Planting windbreaks of other trees

• Inter-cropping with other species and mulching of resideues

• Application of organic fertilizers

SES EbA recommendations: Coastal Plains irrigated/rain-fed paddy

• Build on existing Climate Smart Agriculture

work already being done (SRI Rice, ratoon rice, shifting crop calendar, etc.)

• Move out of paddy into less water intensive, more valuable species where appropriate in some rain-fed areas

• To ensure future adequate supply of irrigation water from upstream SESs on which irrigated paddy SES depends, protect vital reservoir infrastructure through improved watershed management

• Restore environmental flows (and re-nature some sections of rivers) to combat salinization

9a - Coastal protection forest on sandy areas

Natural woods in Vĩnh Sơn villages, Quảng Đông commune

Natural woods in Trung Tân village, Sen Thủy commune

Natural woods in

SES EbA recommendations _______________________

Coastal Protection Forests on sandy areas • Raise awareness of importance and value of natives species (250+spp.)

• Publish manual on identification and propagation of native species

• Identify and map remaining areas of natural forest, and establish co-

management arrangements between PFMB and local communities

• Establish nurseries and provide training to support production of seedlings of

native species for sandy areas

• Use native species in planting new coastal protection forests and in enrichment

planting of existing casuarina and acacia plantations

SES EbA recommendations: Aquaculture on sandy areas

• Restore natural beach vegetation around ponds for physical protection, shade

• Investigate ground water supply/condition, assess future demand (tourism aquaculture, vegetables) develop management plan

• Assess feasibility of organic shrimp production

SES EbA recommendations: Inshore capture fisheries

• Establish fisheries co-management systems with local communities

• Identify, map protect and restore coral reefs and sea-grass that provide spawning, nursery and feeding grounds supporting fisheries productivity

• Monitor responses of key species to ocean changes

Trade-offs, limits to adaptation and mal-adaptation 1. New irrigation

reservoir constructed inside Vu Quang National Park

2. Saline intrusion barriers

3. Dykes and sea walls

EbA Final Conclusions • Poor people are more vulnerable – coastal fishers and upland communities

including ethnic minorities – focus assistance on their needs first

• Natural resource based livelihoods are more vulnerable Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries use largest areas of the provinces and employ the most people – but also offer the most significant oppoerunities for EbA

• Reservoirs, roads, railways, ports, can also be partially protected by EbA

• State direct control of large areas – therefore must take leading role in EbA

• Effective land-use planning and enforcement are key to EbA

• SEDP is the critical planning document - EbA mainstreaming

Thank you!