18
Climate change projections for the western tropical Pacific Kevin Hennessy

Climate change projections for the Pacific Kevin Hennessy · 2011. 12. 15. · What is the ICCAI? Pacific Climate Change Science Program AUD 20m National Adaptation Strategy Assistance

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    1

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: Climate change projections for the Pacific Kevin Hennessy · 2011. 12. 15. · What is the ICCAI? Pacific Climate Change Science Program AUD 20m National Adaptation Strategy Assistance

Climate change projections for the western tropical Pacific

Kevin Hennessy

Page 2: Climate change projections for the Pacific Kevin Hennessy · 2011. 12. 15. · What is the ICCAI? Pacific Climate Change Science Program AUD 20m National Adaptation Strategy Assistance

Overview

• PCCSP structure• Research activities• Climate projections

Page 3: Climate change projections for the Pacific Kevin Hennessy · 2011. 12. 15. · What is the ICCAI? Pacific Climate Change Science Program AUD 20m National Adaptation Strategy Assistance

PCCSP structure

• The PCCSP is part of the International Climate Change Adaptation Initiative (ICCAI)

• Funded by AusAID• Research mainly done by CSIRO and the Australia Bureau of Meteorology

• $150 m from 2009‐2011

Page 4: Climate change projections for the Pacific Kevin Hennessy · 2011. 12. 15. · What is the ICCAI? Pacific Climate Change Science Program AUD 20m National Adaptation Strategy Assistance

What is the ICCAI?

Pacific Climate Change Science

ProgramAUD 20m

National Adaptation Strategy Assistance

Program AUD 12m

Coordination & Implementation

AUD 60-70m

Multilateral Financing

AUD 40-50m

Recent Climate

Climate Drivers

Projections & Modelling

Ocean Processes

Information Synthesis

Formulate appropriate adaptation

strategies and plans

Mainstream adaptation into

decision-making

Enhance the capacity to assess key vulnerabilities

and risks

Platform

GEFSmall Grants

Climate Leaders

Bilateral Implementation

CROP Activities

Pilot Program

On-the-ground implementationResearch, planning, capacity-building

Immediate Adaptation Needs

South-East Asia and South Asia

Programs

Page 5: Climate change projections for the Pacific Kevin Hennessy · 2011. 12. 15. · What is the ICCAI? Pacific Climate Change Science Program AUD 20m National Adaptation Strategy Assistance

Western tropical Pacific, including East Timor

15 PCCSP partner countries

Page 6: Climate change projections for the Pacific Kevin Hennessy · 2011. 12. 15. · What is the ICCAI? Pacific Climate Change Science Program AUD 20m National Adaptation Strategy Assistance

Research activities

Climate change scientific information in the region is still very limited – see Chapter 16 of IPCC Working Group 2 report The PCCSP is working in four integrated areas:1. Current climate and trends2. Climate drivers3. Climate change projections4. Oceans and sea level rise

Page 7: Climate change projections for the Pacific Kevin Hennessy · 2011. 12. 15. · What is the ICCAI? Pacific Climate Change Science Program AUD 20m National Adaptation Strategy Assistance

Climate projections

• Assessed performance of 24 global climate models, 18 of which were considered suitable for projections

• Three 20‐year periods and three emission scenarios

Page 8: Climate change projections for the Pacific Kevin Hennessy · 2011. 12. 15. · What is the ICCAI? Pacific Climate Change Science Program AUD 20m National Adaptation Strategy Assistance

Climate projections

• Projections will be published as part of a 600‐page report in Nov 2011

• Volume 1 chapters 6 and 7:  broad‐scale projections for the whole PCCSP region

• Volume 2 chapters 2‐16: country‐specific projections

• The following is a sneak preview

Page 9: Climate change projections for the Pacific Kevin Hennessy · 2011. 12. 15. · What is the ICCAI? Pacific Climate Change Science Program AUD 20m National Adaptation Strategy Assistance

Temperature projections

• 2030: 0.5 to 1.0oC warmer, regardless of the emissions scenario 

• 2055: 1.0 to 1.5oC warmer with regional differences depending on the emissions scenario

• 2090: the warming is around • 1.5 to 2.0oC for B1 (low emissions) • 2.0 to 2.5oC for A1B (medium emissions) • 2.5 to 3.0oC for A2 (high emissions)• Large increases in the frequency of extremely hot days and warm nights 

Page 10: Climate change projections for the Pacific Kevin Hennessy · 2011. 12. 15. · What is the ICCAI? Pacific Climate Change Science Program AUD 20m National Adaptation Strategy Assistance

Rainfall projections

• Increases in annual mean rainfall, most prominent near the SPCZ and ITCZ, with little change in the remainder of the region 

18-model average change in rainfall for 2080-2099, relative to 1980-1999, under the A2 (high) emission scenario. Regions where at least 80% of models agree

on the direction of change are stippled

Page 11: Climate change projections for the Pacific Kevin Hennessy · 2011. 12. 15. · What is the ICCAI? Pacific Climate Change Science Program AUD 20m National Adaptation Strategy Assistance

Rainfall projections

• The annual numbers of rain days (over 1 mm), light rain days (1‐10 mm) and moderate rain days (10‐20 mm) are projected to increase near the equator, with little change elsewhere in the region 

• A widespread increase in the number of heavy rain days (20‐ 50 mm)

Page 12: Climate change projections for the Pacific Kevin Hennessy · 2011. 12. 15. · What is the ICCAI? Pacific Climate Change Science Program AUD 20m National Adaptation Strategy Assistance

Tropical cyclones

• Tropical cyclone numbers are likely to decline in the Pacific Ocean over the 21st century – Good news!

• Many simulations with fine resolution models (downscaling) show an increase in the proportion of the most severe cyclones– Bad news! 

Page 13: Climate change projections for the Pacific Kevin Hennessy · 2011. 12. 15. · What is the ICCAI? Pacific Climate Change Science Program AUD 20m National Adaptation Strategy Assistance

Other atmospheric projections

• Greater potential evapotranspiration offsets some of the rainfall increases 

• Surface wind speed decreases slightly in the equatorial and northern parts of the PCCSP region, with small increases in the south 

• Projected changes in humidity and solar radiation are relatively small in the PCCSP region, i.e. less than 5% by 2090

Page 14: Climate change projections for the Pacific Kevin Hennessy · 2011. 12. 15. · What is the ICCAI? Pacific Climate Change Science Program AUD 20m National Adaptation Strategy Assistance

Ocean salinity and stratification

• Warmer and less salty at the surface makes the surface ocean less dense than the deep ocean, so the ocean becomes more stratified 

• Increased stratification inhibits mixing, thereby reducing the supply of nutrients from the deep to the surface ocean 

• Consequences for biological productivity, particularly fisheries 

Page 15: Climate change projections for the Pacific Kevin Hennessy · 2011. 12. 15. · What is the ICCAI? Pacific Climate Change Science Program AUD 20m National Adaptation Strategy Assistance

Sea level rise

• Sea‐level rise in the PCCSP region is likely to be similar to the global average• 0.18 to 0.59 m by 2080-2099, relative to 1980‐1999, with potentially an extra 0.10‐0.20 m from the dynamic response of ice sheets

• Improved understanding of ice sheet dynamics is needed to improve estimates of the rate and timing of sea‐level rise

Page 16: Climate change projections for the Pacific Kevin Hennessy · 2011. 12. 15. · What is the ICCAI? Pacific Climate Change Science Program AUD 20m National Adaptation Strategy Assistance

Ocean acidification

• Absorption of CO2causes ocean acidification and a decrease in aragonite saturation

• Aragonite values less than 3.5 result in stress for coral 

• Values less than 3.5 reached by 2050 in much of the Pacific, and continue to decline

Southern Cook Islands

• Health of reef ecosystems is likely to be compounded by other stressors including coral bleaching, storm damage and fishing pressure

Page 17: Climate change projections for the Pacific Kevin Hennessy · 2011. 12. 15. · What is the ICCAI? Pacific Climate Change Science Program AUD 20m National Adaptation Strategy Assistance

Summary

• Warmer• Generally wetter, with heavier rainfall• Greater potential evapotranspiration• Fewer tropical cyclones, but more intense• More sea level rise• More ocean acidification

Page 18: Climate change projections for the Pacific Kevin Hennessy · 2011. 12. 15. · What is the ICCAI? Pacific Climate Change Science Program AUD 20m National Adaptation Strategy Assistance

Thank you

Kevin HennessyResearch ScientistPacific Climate Change Science ProgramEmail: [email protected]: +61 400 572 613

For further information

Dr Gillian CambersProgram ManagerPacific Climate Change Science ProgramEmail: [email protected]: +61 447 203 488