Climate Change in Asia and the Pacific (ECCAP) Project Darryl Macer, Ph.D. Regional Advisor on Social and Human Sciences in Asia and the Pacific, Regional

Climate Change in Asia Climate Change in Asia and the Pacific and the Pacific (ECCAP) Project(ECCAP) ProjectDarryl Macer, Ph.D.Darryl Macer, Ph.D.

• Regional Advisor on Social and Human Sciences in Asia and the Pacific, Regional Advisor on Social and Human Sciences in Asia and the Pacific,

• RUSHSAP (Regional Unit for Social and Human Sciences in Asia RUSHSAP (Regional Unit for Social and Human Sciences in Asia

and the Pacific),and the Pacific), UNESCO Bangkok UNESCO Bangkok, 920 Sukhumvit Road, , 920 Sukhumvit Road, Prakanong, Bangkok 10110, ThailandPrakanong, Bangkok 10110, Thailand

• Email: Email: [email protected]://www.unescobkk.org/rushsap

RUSHSAP

mailto:[email protected]

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UNESCO BangkokAsia and the Pacific Regional Bureau for Education

Regional Unit in Social and Human Sciences for Asia and the Pacific (region covers 47 countries)

RUSHSAP was established in 1975 as part of the decentralization

policy of UNESCO. Bangkok is also the UN regional hub.

Our common futureOur common futureOur planet, our oasisOur planet, our oasisThe crisis of survivalThe crisis of survivalA common challengeA common challenge

Common values?Common values? Shared goals?Shared goals?

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Love as a starting point for Love as a starting point for a common philosophya common philosophy

To love a thing means To love a thing means wanting it to live.wanting it to live.

-- ConfuciusConfucius

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What future do we have?What future do we have?

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our common goal…our common goal…

Human securityHuman securityfreedom from fearfreedom from fear freedom from want freedom from want freedom from needfreedom from need

Protecting the dignity of Protecting the dignity of people is a universally people is a universally agreed goal of the United agreed goal of the United Nations. Nations. How do we balance human How do we balance human rights of persons today with rights of persons today with responsibilities, responsibilities, environmental ethics, and environmental ethics, and rights of future generations?rights of future generations?

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International Standards for BioethicsInternational Standards for Bioethics

UNESCO General Conference 1997 and theUNESCO General Conference 1997 and theUN General Assembly 1998UN General Assembly 1998

Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human RightsHuman Rights

UNESCO General Conference 2003UNESCO General Conference 2003

International Declaration on Human Genetic DataInternational Declaration on Human Genetic Data

UNESCO General Conference 2005UNESCO General Conference 2005Universal Declaration on BioethicsUniversal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rightsand Human Rights

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Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human RightsUniversal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights

PreamblePreamble

General provisionsGeneral provisions

aimsaims

scopescope

PrinciplesPrinciples

Application of the principlesApplication of the principles

Promotion of the declarationPromotion of the declaration

Final provisionsFinal provisions

1.1. Human dignity and human rightsHuman dignity and human rights

2.2. Benefit and harmBenefit and harm

3.3. Autonomy and individual responsibilityAutonomy and individual responsibility

4.4. ConsentConsent

5.5. Persons without the capacity to consentPersons without the capacity to consent

6.6. Respect for human vulnerability and Respect for human vulnerability and personal integritypersonal integrity

7.7. Privacy and confidentialityPrivacy and confidentiality

8.8. Equality, justice and equityEquality, justice and equity

9.9. Non-discrimination and non-Non-discrimination and non-stigmatizationstigmatization

10.10. Respect for cultural diversity and Respect for cultural diversity and pluralismpluralism

11.11. Solidarity and cooperationSolidarity and cooperation

12.12. Social responsibility and healthSocial responsibility and health

13.13. Sharing of benefitsSharing of benefits

14.14. Protecting future generationsProtecting future generations

15.15. Protection of the environment, the Protection of the environment, the biosphere and biodiversitybiosphere and biodiversity

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Ethics & Climate Changein Asia-Pacific projectGrew out of the Ethics of Energy Technologies in Asia-Pacific project•Launched in September 2007•17 working groups•200+ members•Partners welcome at Ministry, Institution and Individual level.•Meetings of groups across region•Outputs:Reports with policy options•Interdisciplinary networks

Coordinated by RUSHSAP, UNESCO Bangkokhttp://www.unescobkk.org/rushsap/energyethics/

Seventeen provisional Seventeen provisional working groupsworking groups have been formed have been formed since the launch conference in September 2007.since the launch conference in September 2007.The aim of the working groups is to develop dialogue The aim of the working groups is to develop dialogue around these particular issues with a focus on around these particular issues with a focus on environmental ethics and human security. environmental ethics and human security. Multiple draft reports are now available for open reviewMultiple draft reports are now available for open review. . The reports can be used by policy makers, scientists and The reports can be used by policy makers, scientists and researchers to consider the ethical dimensions of energy researchers to consider the ethical dimensions of energy policy.policy.These are the result of dialogues and meetings held with These are the result of dialogues and meetings held with different groups in various forums and countries.different groups in various forums and countries.Further topics will be added as reports are complete.Further topics will be added as reports are complete.Results feed into national, regional and international Results feed into national, regional and international (including COMEST and MOST) discussions.(including COMEST and MOST) discussions.

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Energy is intimately related to our Energy is intimately related to our environment and use of its resources, as well environment and use of its resources, as well as to almost every sphere of economic as to almost every sphere of economic activity. As policy makers around the world activity. As policy makers around the world grapple with climate change, choices about grapple with climate change, choices about energy generation and consumption will have energy generation and consumption will have a significant impact on levels of greenhouse a significant impact on levels of greenhouse gas emissions and on environmental health, gas emissions and on environmental health, as well as people’s ability to access energy to as well as people’s ability to access energy to heat and cool their homes, travel, work and heat and cool their homes, travel, work and enjoy leisure time.enjoy leisure time.

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The Asia Pacific region is experiencing the fastest annual The Asia Pacific region is experiencing the fastest annual growth in energy demand in the world and meeting this growth in energy demand in the world and meeting this demand over the next two decades will be a tremendous demand over the next two decades will be a tremendous challenge. As oil prices continue to climb, countries face challenge. As oil prices continue to climb, countries face increasing pressure to articulate their energy policies and increasing pressure to articulate their energy policies and achieve energy security. The ethics of all energy choices, achieve energy security. The ethics of all energy choices, including fossil fuels, biofuels, nuclear energy, fuel cells, including fossil fuels, biofuels, nuclear energy, fuel cells, renewables, etc., need be considered holistically. How will renewables, etc., need be considered holistically. How will energy production affect the environment and other living energy production affect the environment and other living organisms? How will rising energy prices affect the poor? organisms? How will rising energy prices affect the poor? What are our ethical obligations for consultation with local What are our ethical obligations for consultation with local people? What are our ethical obligations to future people? What are our ethical obligations to future generations and what vision for the future do we hold? generations and what vision for the future do we hold? Do environmental values held in Asian philosophical and Do environmental values held in Asian philosophical and religious traditions affect the sustainability of our religious traditions affect the sustainability of our relationships with our environment?relationships with our environment?

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Universalism and environmental values


Ethical worldviews of nature


Visions and hopes of the futureVisions and hopes of the future

Representation and who decides


Energy flow, environment, and ethical implications of meat production


Ethical frameworks for research agendas and policy


Water ethics and water resource management


Nuclear dialoguesNuclear dialogues

Adoption & development of energy technologies (state of the art review with case studies) – Algal tech


Cost-benefit analysis and economic constructions


Energy equity and human security


Stakeholder responsibilitiesStakeholder responsibilities

Community engagement


Educational frameworks for environmental ethics


Overview of Working Groups

ECCAP Project

Gender and energy

Gender and energy

Ethics & BiodiversityEthics & Biodiversity

Ethics & international investment in Environment


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•Universalism and Universalism and environmental values environmental values (WG1) (WG1) 1. Are there Universal Environmental Values?1. Are there Universal Environmental Values?2. Ethical Principles in United Nations Texts and 2. Ethical Principles in United Nations Texts and Other International DocumentsOther International Documents3. Policy Options3. Policy Options4. Case Studies of 4. Case Studies of Using Different Frameworks To Using Different Frameworks To Resolve Conflicting Interests.Resolve Conflicting Interests.

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•Ethics and meat production (WG13) Ethics and meat production (WG13) Externalization of costs and risksExternalization of costs and risksRendering industryRendering industryIndustrial animal production cause of 25+% of Industrial animal production cause of 25+% of total greenhouse gas emissionstotal greenhouse gas emissionsNow work on aquacultureNow work on aquacultureFeed for fish, and new issues of radioactive Feed for fish, and new issues of radioactive accumulation in aquatic ecosystemaccumulation in aquatic ecosystem

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Representation and Who Decides Representation and Who Decides in Energy Planning (WG4)in Energy Planning (WG4)1. Rights of Nation States1. Rights of Nation States2. Case studies2. Case studiesMae Moh coal-fired power plant (Thailand)Mae Moh coal-fired power plant (Thailand)Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate (Thailand)Map Ta Phut Industrial Estate (Thailand)TuvaluTuvaluOlympic Dam mine, South AustraliaOlympic Dam mine, South AustraliaPalm oil and indigenous tribes, Sarawak (Malaysia)Palm oil and indigenous tribes, Sarawak (Malaysia)Lancang-Mekong hydroelectric casade, Yunan (China)Lancang-Mekong hydroelectric casade, Yunan (China)

3. Rights of the People to Representation3. Rights of the People to Representation4. Policy options4. Policy options

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•Water ethics and water resource management (WG14)1) Background1) Background2) Water and Life2) Water and Life3) Water Ethics3) Water Ethics4) Existing Problems in Current Water Management the 4) Existing Problems in Current Water Management the Need for Water EthicsNeed for Water Ethics5) Policy options and Construction of Practical Water 5) Policy options and Construction of Practical Water EthicsEthicsAnnex – 8 Case StudiesAnnex – 8 Case StudiesTwo UNESCO-PU joint conferences in 2007 &2008 in Beijing.Two UNESCO-PU joint conferences in 2007 &2008 in Beijing.

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- Drafts in open review on web and inside project - Discussions held on all ECCAP themes at over 20 conferences and meetings held in many countries- Some reports have been circulated to the 47 member states for Ministers of Science, Environment, etc; - Meetings and discussion of all WGs at the Sixth Ordinary Session of COMEST, 15-19 June in KL, Malaysia- Revision and ongoing review before completion

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Further draft reports and/orFurther draft reports and/or outlines online for reviewoutlines online for review

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Visions and hopes of the futureVisions and hopes of the future









Nuclear dialoguesNuclear dialogues







Stakeholder responsibilitiesStakeholder responsibilities





Overview of Working Groups

ECCAP Project

Gender and energy

Gender and energy

Ethics & BiodiversityEthics & Biodiversity



WG7: Energy equity and environmental security WG7: Energy equity and environmental security While energy generation supports economic growth and a higher standard of While energy generation supports economic growth and a higher standard of living, it also has financial and environmental costs. How do we reconcile living, it also has financial and environmental costs. How do we reconcile the disproportionate consumption of energy by developed countries with the disproportionate consumption of energy by developed countries with increasing demand for energy in developing countries, and particularly increasing demand for energy in developing countries, and particularly across the Asia Pacific region? across the Asia Pacific region? Is it appropriate for rich countries to encourage less developed countries to Is it appropriate for rich countries to encourage less developed countries to limit their energy consumption and shun luxury lifestyles? Is there a way for limit their energy consumption and shun luxury lifestyles? Is there a way for developing countries to access the technology and expertise that permits developing countries to access the technology and expertise that permits more efficient energy generation in the developed world? At the social level, more efficient energy generation in the developed world? At the social level, should governments provide concessions to make energy more affordable should governments provide concessions to make energy more affordable and accessible for lower-income people? and accessible for lower-income people? Do government subsidies for energy run the risk of subsidizing inefficient Do government subsidies for energy run the risk of subsidizing inefficient use of energy?use of energy?

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WG7: Energy equity and human security WG7: Energy equity and human security 1. Introduction1. Introduction2. Energy Equity and Environmental Security2. Energy Equity and Environmental Security3. Ethical Approaches, Values and Principles3. Ethical Approaches, Values and Principles4. Human Rights and International Documents4. Human Rights and International Documents5. Policy and governance mechanisms5. Policy and governance mechanisms6. Policy and governance mechanisms6. Policy and governance mechanisms7. Energy production policies7. Energy production policies8. Policies aiming at energy access 8. Policies aiming at energy access 9. Policy planning9. Policy planning10. Policy and Governance Options10. Policy and Governance Options11. Conclusions11. Conclusions12. References12. ReferencesCase Study 1: A framework of value oriented Cost-benefit analysis Case Study 1: A framework of value oriented Cost-benefit analysis Case Study 2: Differentiating between different forms of energy Case Study 2: Differentiating between different forms of energy through taxesthrough taxesCase Study 3: The Polluter Pays Principle ReviewedCase Study 3: The Polluter Pays Principle Reviewed

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Gender, the Environment and Gender, the Environment and Energy Technologies Energy Technologies (WG15)(WG15)1.1. GenderGender2. Gender and Energy Scenario in Asia-Pacific2. Gender and Energy Scenario in Asia-Pacific3. Gender and Natural Resource Management3. Gender and Natural Resource Management4. Case Studies concerning Biofuel Collection 4. Case Studies concerning Biofuel Collection and Rice Intensification in relation to Genderand Rice Intensification in relation to Gender5. Women and Climate Change5. Women and Climate Change6. Conclusion and Policy Options6. Conclusion and Policy Options

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World views of natureWorld views of nature

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WG2 Ethical worldviews of natureWG2 Ethical worldviews of natureAre there worldviews inherent in philosophical and Are there worldviews inherent in philosophical and religious traditions of the Asia Pacific that shape ethical religious traditions of the Asia Pacific that shape ethical relationships with the natural world? relationships with the natural world? Are these anthropocentric, biocentric, ecocentric or Are these anthropocentric, biocentric, ecocentric or cosmocentric worldviews? cosmocentric worldviews? How do our worldviews allocate value and meaning to How do our worldviews allocate value and meaning to people, plants, animals and the biosphere? What are the people, plants, animals and the biosphere? What are the relationships between such worldviews and actual decisions relationships between such worldviews and actual decisions made by policymakers or the daily lives of the people they made by policymakers or the daily lives of the people they represent? represent? Construction of Repository of Ethical World Views of Nature Construction of Repository of Ethical World Views of Nature is underway…is underway…

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•Community Engagement in Community Engagement in Environmental Ethics withEnvironmental Ethics withreference to Energy Technologiesreference to Energy Technologies1.1. Community Engagement and Community Engagement and DevelopmentDevelopment2. 2. From Hyper-Modernization to Eco-From Hyper-Modernization to Eco-Modernity Modernity 3. 3. Community and Government Community and Government Participation in Alternative Energies Participation in Alternative Energies 4. Policy Options for the Global Community4. Policy Options for the Global CommunityCase Studies Case Studies

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WG5 Draft report online for reviewWG5 Draft report online for review

•Ethical Frameworks for Research Agendas Ethical Frameworks for Research Agendas and Policy in Environmental Ethicsand Policy in Environmental Ethics1. Introduction1. Introduction2. Relevance of Ethical Frameworks in Research 2. Relevance of Ethical Frameworks in Research and Policyand Policy3. Historical Perspective: Accent on 3. Historical Perspective: Accent on Anthropocentrism and its Effects on Environmental Anthropocentrism and its Effects on Environmental and Energy Research and Policyand Energy Research and Policy4. Analysis of environmental / energy policies, 4. Analysis of environmental / energy policies, cases..cases..5. Ethical elements of policy – what is ethical 5. Ethical elements of policy – what is ethical energy/ environmental policy? energy/ environmental policy?

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WG10 Preliminary draft report online for reviewWG10 Preliminary draft report online for review

This working group will link This working group will link to ongoing efforts to develop to ongoing efforts to develop and test environmental ethics and test environmental ethics education materials and education materials and strategies with pilot trials. strategies with pilot trials. How to overcome the lack of How to overcome the lack of action even among those action even among those aware of the need to act? aware of the need to act? The results link to all the The results link to all the other working groups.other working groups.

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WG11: Educational frameworks for environmental ethics

Nuclear energyNuclear energy

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UNESCO Bangkok websiteUNESCO Bangkok websitehttp://www.unescobkk.org/rushsaphttp://www.unescobkk.org/rushsap

Ethics & Climate Change ProjectEthics & Climate Change [email protected][email protected]

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http://www.unescobkk.org/rushsap/energyethics