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Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity : Chapter 7. Let’s dance. Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun. Where is your north pole? Your forehead is North America. Where is New York? California? (Help each other) Where does the sun rise? Set? Now rotate. How long does this take? - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Climate and Terrestrial
Biodiversity:Chapter 7
Let’s dance.• Stand up. Your face is earth. I am the sun.• Where is your north pole?• Your forehead is North America. Where is New York?
California? (Help each other)• Where does the sun rise? Set? Now rotate. How
long does this take?• The earth is tilted. How much? Where is the north
star for you?• Why do we have summer? Winter?• Now revolve but don’t rotate. How long does this
take?
Core Case Study: Connections b/t Wind, Climate, and Biomes
• Wind– Driven by solar energy
• Circulates– Heat– Moisture– Plant nutrients– Soil particles– Long-lived air pollutants
Dust Blown from West Africa to the Amazonian Rain Forests
Video!
7-1 What Factors Influence Climate?
• Concept 7-1 An area's climate is determined mostly by – solar radiation, – the earth’s rotation, – global patterns of air and water
movement, – gases in the atmosphere, – and the earth’s surface features.
The Earth Has Many Different Climates
• Weather – short term• Climate – long term pattern• Air circulation in lower
atmosphere due to– Uneven heating of the earth’s
surface by the sun– Rotation of the earth on its axis– Properties of air, water, and land
The Earth Has Many Different Climates
• Currents – Prevailing winds – Earth’s rotation – Redistribution of heat from the sun
• Link between air circulation, ocean currents, and biomes
Ocean currents video
• http://www.montereyinstitute.org/noaa/lesson08.html
Natural Capital: Generalized Map of the Earth’s Current Climate
Zones
Connected Deep and Shallow Ocean Currents
El Niño, La Niña
• http://esminfo.prenhall.com/science/geoanimations/animations/26_NinoNina.html (not funny)
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IvmeUStFvz8 (Funny)
Global Air Circulation – prevailing winds
Energy Transfer by Convection
in the Atmosphere
Global Air Circulation,
Ocean Currents,
and Biomes
Greenhouse Gases Warm the Lower Atmosphere
• Greenhouse gases– H2O
– CO2 *
– CH4 *
– N2O *
• Greenhouse effect – good and bad• *Human-enhanced global warming
Flow of Energy to and from the Earth
The Earth’s Surface Features Affect Local Climates
• Heat absorption by land and water• Effect of
– Mountains• Rain shadow effect – windward (wet),
leeward (dry)– Cities
• Microclimates
Rain Shadow Effect
Death Valley
Photo: L. Kern, 2014
Photo: L. Kern, 2014 Photo: L. Kern, 2014
7-2 How Does Climate Affect the Nature and Locations of Biomes?
• Concept 7-2 Differences in average annual precipitation and temperature lead to the formation of tropical, temperate, and cold deserts, grasslands, and forests, and largely determine their locations.
Climate Affects Where Organisms Can Live
• Major biomes – regions with similar climate, soil, plants, animals
• Latitude and elevation• Climates can be categorized by
– Annual precipitation– Temperature
The Earth’s Major Biomes
Generalized Effects of Elevation and Latitude on Climate and
Biomes
St. Mary Lake, Glacier NP, Montana
Boreal forest (taiga)
Tundra, lichens, mosses
No plants can grow here.
Photo: L. Kern, 2012
Another view at Glacier
Photo: L. Kern, 2012
Going-to-the-sun Road, Logan Pass July 4th, 2012
Photo: L. Kern, 2012
Going-to-the-sun road
Purple/gray patches are areas where pines were all killed in a forest fire, 2006.
Photo: L. Kern, 2012
In summer, the snowmelt makes
hundreds of waterfalls.
Photo: L. Kern, 2012
Close-up of the previous pic.
Photo: L. Kern, 2012
Natural Capital: Average Precipitation and Average Temperature as Limiting Factors
Science Focus: Staying Alive in the Desert
• Plant adaptations – Either drop leaves (mesquite, creosote) when
dry or no leaves (succulents), leaves are waxy– Deep tap roots or shallow widespread roots– Large seeds that can lie dormant for long
periods• Animal strategies and adaptations
– Small size, nocturnal, get water from breaking down fats, thick skins, excrete dry wastes
There Are Three Major Types of Deserts
• Tropical, Temperate, Cold deserts• Fragile ecosystem
– Slow plant growth– Low species diversity– Slow nutrient recycling– Lack of water
• Wind blown dust storms in Saraha - increased 10x since 1950 due to– Overgrazing– Drought due to
• Climate change• Human overuse of water
– SUV connection: 4x4s driving over surface, allowing it to crumble and be picked up by winds.
Climate Graphs
of Three Types of Deserts
There Are Three Major Types of Grasslands
• Tropical– Savanna
• Grazing animals – eat grasses• Browsing animals – eat twigs and
leaves
• Temperate– Tall-grass prairies (up to 88cm/yr)– Short-grass prairies (25 cm/yr)
Grasslands – why no trees
• Fires are common in grasslands• Fires and winds hinder tree growth
• Many of these areas are degraded by overgrazing
There Are Three Major Types of Grasslands
• Arctic tundra: fragile biome• Adaptations of plants and animals• Permafrost – layer in soil where
water stays frozen 2+ years!• Permafrost doesn’t allow water to
permeate soil – lakes and ponds• Alpine tundra
Climate Graphs of Tropical,
Temperate, and Cold
Grasslands
Temperate Shrubland: Nice Climate, Risky Place to Live
• Chaparral, temp shrubland• Near the sea: nice climate• Prone to fires in the dry season
– Fire resistant roots– Seeds sprout with fire
• Thin soil, not very fertile
Chaparral Vegetation in Utah, U.S.
There Are Three Major Types of Forests
• Tropical• Temperate• Cold
– Northern coniferous and boreal forest / taiga
There Are Three Major Types of Forests
• Tropical rain forests– Broadleaf, evergreen trees– Temperature and moisture– Stratification of specialized plant and
animal niches– Little wind: significance – seed
dispersal– Rapid recycling of scarce soil
nutrients– Impact of human activities
There Are Three Major Types of Forests
• Temperate deciduous forests– Temperature and moisture– Broad-leaf, deciduous trees– Slow rate of decomposition:
significance– Impact of human activities – most
disturbed
There Are Three Major Types of Forests
• Evergreen coniferous forests: boreal and taigas– Temperature and moisture– Few species of cone: bearing trees– Slow decomposition: significance
• Coastal coniferous forest• Temperate rain forests
Climate Graphs of Tropical,
Temperate, and Cold Forests
Some Components
and Interactions in a Tropical Rain Forest Ecosystem
Stratification of Specialized Plant and Animal Niches in a Tropical
Rain Forest
Mountains Play Important Ecological Roles
• Majority of the world’s forests• Habitats for endemic species• Help regulate the earth’s climate• Can affect sea levels• Major storehouses of water
– Role in hydrologic cycle (see slide #28 again)
7-3 How Have We Affected the Word’s Terrestrial Ecosystems?
• Concept 7-3 In many areas, human activities are impairing ecological and economic services provided by the earth’s deserts, grasslands, forests, and mountains.
Humans Have Disturbed Most of the Earth’s Lands
• Deserts• Grasslands• Forests• Mountains
Mountains
AgricultureTimber extraction
Hydroelectric dams and reservoirs
Mineral extraction
Increasing tourismUrban air pollutionIncreased ultraviolet radiation from ozone depletionSoil damage from off-road vehicles
Forests
Clearing for agriculture, livestock grazing, timber, and urban developmentConversion of diverse forests to tree plantationsDamage from off-road vehiclesPollution of forest streams
Fig. 7-20, p. 158
Large desert cities
Soil destruction by off-road vehicles
Deserts
Soil salinization from irrigationDepletion of groundwaterLand disturbance and pollution from mineral extraction
Grasslands
Conversion to croplandRelease of CO2 to atmosphere from burning grasslandOvergrazing by livestockOil production and off-road vehicles in arctic tundra Stepped Art
NATURAL CAPITAL DEGRADATION
Major Human Impacts on Terrestrial Ecosystems