Climate and Biodiversity Chapter 7 Key Concepts Factors influencing the Earth’s climates Factors influencing the Earth’s climates Effect of climate on

Climate and BiodiversityClimate and Biodiversity

Chapter 7Chapter 7

Key ConceptsKey Concepts

Factors influencing the Earth’s climatesFactors influencing the Earth’s climates

Effect of climate on Earth’s major biomesEffect of climate on Earth’s major biomes

Characteristics of major biome typesCharacteristics of major biome types

Human impacts on the biosphereHuman impacts on the biosphere

Blowing in the Wind Blowing in the Wind Benefits of wind -Benefits of wind -distributes heat, transports distributes heat, transports

nutrientsnutrients

Hazards of wind Hazards of wind - transports pathogens & - transports pathogens & toxins, fungi kills coraltoxins, fungi kills coral

““Red tides” = Red tides” = red algae blooms in FL. can be red algae blooms in FL. can be caused by iron-rich dust caused by iron-rich dust

Asian pollution contributes up to 10% of Asian pollution contributes up to 10% of west coast smogwest coast smog

Volcanoes and climate- Volcanoes and climate- “global cooling” “global cooling”

Everything is connectedEverything is connected

Dust storm- Sahara Desert

Blowing in the Wind Blowing in the Wind Saharan dust can become soil nutrients in Amazon or FL. air pollutants

Weather and ClimateWeather and Climate Climate Climate - average temp. & precip over long term (30 yrs)- average temp. & precip over long term (30 yrs)

Weather Weather - short term temp, precip, humidity, wind, cloud, ..- short term temp, precip, humidity, wind, cloud, ..

Major factors determining climate (LAPTOP)Major factors determining climate (LAPTOP)latitude, altitude, prevailing winds, topography, ocean currents, proximity to waterlatitude, altitude, prevailing winds, topography, ocean currents, proximity to water

Major factors determining air circulationMajor factors determining air circulation

1. Uneven heating of Earth’s surface1. Uneven heating of Earth’s surface- equator gets more direct sun- equator gets more direct sun

2. Earth’s rotation 2. Earth’s rotation - equator rotates faster than poles- deflects air - equator rotates faster than poles- deflects air movement (Figure 5-3)movement (Figure 5-3)

3. Properties of air, water, and land- 3. Properties of air, water, and land- leads to 6 major convection leads to 6 major convection cellscells

Earth’s Climatic ZonesEarth’s Climatic Zones

Ocean currents redistribute heat

AnimationAnimation

Climate and ocean currents map

AnimationAnimation

Air circulation and climate animation.

Study this animation!

Cell 3 South

Moist air rises — rain

Cell 2 South

Cool, dryair falls

Cell 1 South

Moistair rises,cools, andreleasesmoistureas rain

Cell 1 North

Cool, dryair falls

Cell 2 North

Moist air rises — rain

Cell 3 North

Cold,dry air falls

Polar capArctic tundra

60°

30°

0°

30°

60°

Polar cap

Evergreenconiferous forest

Temperate deciduousforest and grassland

Desert

Tropical deciduous forest

EquatorTropical rain forest


DesertTemperate deciduousforest and grassland

Global Air Circulation and BiomesGlobal Air Circulation and Biomes

Cold,dry air falls

AnimationAnimation

Air circulation interaction.

Effects of Water, Wind, and Land Effects of Water, Wind, and Land on Climateon Climate

Ocean currents and wind- Ocean currents and wind- re-distribute heat, nutrientsre-distribute heat, nutrients

Gases in the atmosphere Gases in the atmosphere

• Greenhouse gases and the Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse gases and the Greenhouse Effect

Topography and local climate- Topography and local climate- rain-shadow effectrain-shadow effect

Microclimates in urban areas-Microclimates in urban areas- “heat island” more haze, “heat island” more haze, smog, higher temps, lower wind speeds in urban areassmog, higher temps, lower wind speeds in urban areas

AnimationAnimation

Coastal breezes interaction

Animation- Upwelling on Pacific Animation- Upwelling on Pacific Coast of North AmericaCoast of North America

This is IMPORTANT & not covered in your text

Animation - Animation - El Niño (ENSO)

El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) interaction.

Also IMPORTANT & not covered in your text.

El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

1. Offshore surface winds weaken

2. Upwelling of cold, deep, nutrient-rich water weakens

3. Surface waters warm off of South America

4. Decrease in nutrients reduces primary productivity

5. If pattern lasts 1 year or longer, it can disrupt plankton,

fish and

seabirds in upwelling areas and trigger extreme weather

changes

over much of the globe.

Consequences of 1996-1998 El Niño

1. CA- huge waves, torrential rains, flooding & mudslides

2. Peru - floods & mudslides : hundreds dead, 1/4 million

homeless

3. Drought Brazil, Indonesia & Australia = wildfires

4. Fewer hurricanes in S.E. USA

(a) Rays of sunlight penetrate the lower atmosphere andwarm the earth's surface.

(b) The earth's surface absorbs much of the incoming solar radiation and degrades it to longer-wavelength infrared (IR) radiation, which rises into the lower atmosphere. Some of this IR radiation escapes into spaceas heat and some is absorbed by molecules of greenhouse gases and emitted as even longer wave-length IR radiation, which warms the lower atmosphere.

(c) As concentrations of green-house gases rise, their molecules absorb and emit more infrared radiation, which adds more heat to the lower atmosphere.

Natural Greenhouse Effect Natural Greenhouse Effect

AnimationAnimation

Increasing greenhouse gases interaction.

Prevailing winds pick up moisture from an ocean.

On the windward side of a mountain range, air rises, cools, and releases moisture.

On the leeward side of the mountain range, air descends, warms, and releases littlemoisture.

Rain ShadowRain Shadow Effect Effect

Dry habitats

Moist habitats

BiomesBiomes

Climate effects on biomesClimate effects on biomes

12 major biomes12 major biomes

Biomes are not uniform (“mosaic of patches”)Biomes are not uniform (“mosaic of patches”)

Effects of latitude and longitudeEffects of latitude and longitude

Dry woodlands and shrublands (chaparral)

Temperate grassland

Temperate deciduous forest

Boreal forest (taiga), evergreen conifforest (e.g., montane coniferous forest)

Arctic tundra (polar grasslands)

Tropical savanna, thorn forest

Tropical scrub forest


Tropical rain forest,tropical evergreen forest

Desert

Ice

Mountains(complex zonation)

Semidesert,arid grassland

Tropic ofCapricorn

Equator

Tropic ofCancer

Earth’s Major BiomesEarth’s Major Biomes

Precipitation and Temperature Precipitation and Temperature Affects Biome TypeAffects Biome Type

Polar

Subpolar

TropicalChaparral

Grassland

Desert

Desert

Scrubland

SavannaDry

Cold

Tundra

Coniferous forest

Decreasing

Temperate

precipitation

Dec

reas

ing

Deciduousforest

Tropicalseasonal

forest

Wet

Ho

t

Rain forest

tem

pera

ture

MountainIce and snow

Altitude

Tundra (herbs,lichens, mosses)

ConiferousForest

Tropical Forest

DeciduousForest

Tropical Forest

DeciduousForest

ConiferousForest

Tundra (herbs,lichens, mosses)

Polar iceand snow

Latitude

Effects of Altitude and Latitude Effects of Altitude and Latitude on Climate and Biomeson Climate and Biomes

Biomes: Climates and LifeBiomes: Climates and Life

DesertsDeserts

GrasslandGrassland

ForestsForests

MountainsMountains

Aquatic biomesAquatic biomes

DesertsDeserts

What is a desert?What is a desert?

Tropical desertsTropical deserts

Temperate desertsTemperate deserts

Cold desertsCold deserts

Human impacts on desertsHuman impacts on deserts

Producer to primaryconsumer

Primaryto secondary

consumer

Secondary tohigher-levelconsumer

All producers andconsumers todecomposers

Fungi

Gambel'squail

Red-tailed hawk

Collaredlizard

Jackrabbit

Yucca

Kangaroo rat

Agave

RoadrunnerRoadrunner

Diamondbackrattlesnake

Darklingbeetle

Bacteria

Pricklypearcactus

Temperate Desert EcosystemTemperate Desert Ecosystem

Temperate Desert in Nevada, USATemperate Desert in Nevada, USA

Large desert cities

Soil destruction by off-road vehicles and urban development

Soil sanitization from irrigation

Depletion of underground water supplies

Land disturbance and pollution from mineral extraction

Storage of toxic and radioactive wastes

Large arrays of solar cells and solar collectors used to produce electricity

Major Human Impacts on DesertsMajor Human Impacts on Deserts

GrasslandsGrasslands

Effects of drought, herbivores, and firesEffects of drought, herbivores, and fires

SavannaSavanna

Grazers and browsersGrazers and browsers

Temperate grasslandsTemperate grasslands

PrairiesPrairies

TundraTundra

PermafrostPermafrost


Primaryto secondary

consumer



Fungi

Bacteria

Golden eagle

Prairiedog

Blue stemgrass

Coyote

Grasshopper

Grasshoppersparrow

Pronghorn antelope

Prairieconeflower

Temperate Tall-grass Prairie EcosystemTemperate Tall-grass Prairie Ecosystem

AnimationAnimation

Prairie food web interaction.

Replacing Temperate Grassland with Replacing Temperate Grassland with FarmsFarms

Arctic Tundra in Winter and SummerArctic Tundra in Winter and Summer

Natural Capital Degradation

Grasslands

Conversion of savanna and temperate grasslands to cropland

Release of CO2 to atmosphere from burning and conversion of grassland to cropland

Overgrazing of tropical and temperate grasslands by livestock

Damage to fragile arctic tundra by oil production, air and water pollution, and off-road vehicles

Human Impacts on GrasslandsHuman Impacts on Grasslands

ForestsForests

Types of forestsTypes of forests

Tropical rain forestsTropical rain forests

Broadleaf evergreen plantsBroadleaf evergreen plants

Temperate deciduous forestsTemperate deciduous forests

Broadleaf deciduous forestsBroadleaf deciduous forests

Evergreen coniferous forests (boreal and taigas)Evergreen coniferous forests (boreal and taigas)

MuskegsMuskegs

Coastal coniferous (temperate rain) forestsCoastal coniferous (temperate rain) forests


Primaryto secondary

consumer


All producers andconsumers todecomposersFungi

Bacteria Bromeliad

Ants

Tree frog

Green tree snake

Katydid

Climbingmonstera palm

Squirrelmonkeys

Blue andgold

macaw

Harpyeagle

Ocelot

Slaty-tailedtrogon

Tropical Rain Forest EcosystemTropical Rain Forest Ecosystem

AnimationAnimation

Rainforest food web interaction

Harpyeagle

Tocotoucan

Woolyopossum

Braziliantapir

Black-crownedantpitta

Shrublayer

Canopy

Emergentlayer

Understory

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Hei

gh

t (m

eter

s)Stratification of Niches in a Tropical Rain ForestStratification of Niches in a Tropical Rain Forest

Groundlayer


Primaryto secondary

consumer



Bacteria

Fungi

Wood frog

Racer

Shagbark hickory

White-taileddeer

White-footedmouse

White oak

Graysquirrel

Hairywoodpecker

Broad-wingedhawk

Long-tailedweasel

May beetle

Mountainwinterberry

Metallic wood- boring beetle and larvae

Temperate Deciduous Forest EcosystemTemperate Deciduous Forest Ecosystem

Temperate Deciduous Forest in Fall Temperate Deciduous Forest in Fall and Winterand Winter

Bacteria Bunchberry

Starflower

Fungi

Snowshoehare

Bebbwillow

Moose

Wolf

Balsam fir

Blue jay Greathornedowl

Whitespruce

Pine sawyer beetle and larvae

Marten

Evergreen Coniferous Forest EcosystemEvergreen Coniferous Forest Ecosystem


Primaryto secondary

consumer



Evergreen Coniferous Forest in AlaskaEvergreen Coniferous Forest in Alaska


Forests

Clearing and degradation of tropical forests for agriculture, livestock grazing, and timber harvesting

Clearing of temperate deciduous forests in Europe, Asia, and North America for timber, agriculture, and urban development

Clearing of evergreen coniferous forests in North America, Finland, Sweden, Canada, Siberia, and Russia

Conversion of diverse forests to less biodiverse tree plantations

Damage to soils from off-road vehicles

Human Impacts on ForestsHuman Impacts on Forests

MountainsMountains

What is a mountain?What is a mountain?

Ecological importance of mountains Ecological importance of mountains

““Islands of biodiversity”Islands of biodiversity”

Climate regulationClimate regulation

Mountain glaciers and effects on sea levelMountain glaciers and effects on sea level

Impact on hydrologic cycleImpact on hydrologic cycle

Human impacts on mountainsHuman impacts on mountains

Forests near Mt. Rainer, WashingtonForests near Mt. Rainer, Washington


Mountains

Landless poor migrating uphill to survive

Hydroelectric dams and reservoirs

Increasing tourism (such as hiking and skiing)

Air pollution from industrial and urban centers

Increased ultraviolet radi-ation from ozone depletion

Timber extraction

Mineral resource extraction

Soil damage from off-road vehicles

Human Impacts on MountainsHuman Impacts on Mountains

60ºN

30ºN

0º

30ºs

60ºS

Cold deserts

Westerlies Forests

Hot desertsNortheast trades

ForestsEquator

Hot deserts

Forests

Southeast trades

Westerlies

Cold deserts

Fig. 5-3, p. 80

Earth’s Rotation and Climate Earth’s Rotation and Climate

Fig. 5-3, p. 80

Ocean hemisphere Land-ocean hemisphere

The Ocean Planet- The Ocean Planet- oceans cover 71% of earth’s surfaceoceans cover 71% of earth’s surface

Aquatic Environments: Types and Aquatic Environments: Types and CharacteristicsCharacteristics

Aquatic life zones Aquatic life zones

Saltwater (marine) systems- estuaries, coastlines, coral reefs, coastal marshes, mangroves, oceans

Saltwater (marine) systems- estuaries, coastlines, coral reefs, coastal marshes, mangroves, oceans

Freshwater systems- lakes, ponds, rivers and inland wetlands

Freshwater systems- lakes, ponds, rivers and inland wetlands

Mangroves

Coral reefs

Rivers

Lakes

The Aquatic WorldThe Aquatic World

Coral Reef and Mangrove ForestCoral Reef and Mangrove Forest

A. Importance of Oceans:

1. Covers 71% of Earth’s surface

2. Regulates Earth’s temperaturea. distributes solar energy through ocean currents b. reservoir for CO2

3. Key player in the hydrological cycle - evaporation

4. Important (required ) for nutrient cycles

5. Habitat for approximately 250,000 species of organisms 6. Source of minerals and fossil fuels

7. Dilutes many harmful toxins in the environment

Importance of OceansImportance of Oceans

Natural Capital

EcologicalServices

Climate moderation

CO2 absorption

Nutrient cycling

Waste treatment and dilution

Reduced storm impact (mangrove, barrier islands, coastal wetlands)

Habitats and nursery areas for marine and terrestrial species

Genetic resources and biodiversity

Scientific information

EconomicServices

Food

Animal and pet feed (fish meal)

Pharmaceuticals

Harbors and transportation routes

Coastal habitats for humans

Recreation

Employment

Offshore oil and natural gas

Minerals

Building materials

Marine Ecosystems

Marine EcosystemsMarine EcosystemsMarine EcosystemsMarine Ecosystems

High tideLow tide

Coastal Zone

EstuarineZone

Continentalshelf

Open Sea

Sea level

Sun

Euphotic Zone

Bathyal Zone

Abyssal Zone

Ph

oto

syn

the

sis

Da

rkn

ess

Tw

ilig

ht

Major Life Zones in the OceanMajor Life Zones in the OceanMajor Life Zones in the OceanMajor Life Zones in the Ocean

Learn this diagram!

Coastal Zones

1. Shallow - high tide mark to edge of continental shelf

2. Warm

3. Nutrient rich

4. High primary productivity

5. < 10% of the ocean’s area, contains > 90% of all marine species and most fisheries

Plenty of sunlight and nutrients from land get mixed by wind and water currents

estuaries, coastal wetlands, coral reefs, barrier islands, and beaches

Ocean Life ZonesOcean Life Zones

Open Sea1. Extends from continental shelf to deep ocean

2. > 90% of the ocean’s area, contains < 10% of all marine species

3. Low nutrient availability

4. Low primary productivity per m2- lack of sunlight

5. Three vertical zonesa. Euphotic - approximately 0-200 meters, photosynthesis occurs

b. Bathyal - approximately 200-1500 meters, “twilight”c. Abyssal - approximately 1500 meters, ocean floor

Note: average ocean depth is 3.8 km = 2.4 miles

Ocean Life Zones (continued)Ocean Life Zones (continued)

A. Major Oceanic Issues

1. Coastal zonesa. Habitat Loss

b. Pollutionc. Erosion

2. Open Seaa. Overfishingb. Pollution

3. Overalla. Global Climate Change

d. Overfishing

Ocean Related IssuesOcean Related Issues

Organisms in Aquatic Life ZonesOrganisms in Aquatic Life Zones

- Plankton = Floaters- Nekton = Strong swimmers- Benthos = Bottom Dwellers- Decomposers = Fungi & bacteria

Factors Limiting Life with Water Depths Factors Limiting Life with Water Depths

- Temperature- Sunlight (photosynthesis, euphotic

zone)- Dissolved Oxygen (D.O.)- Nutrients (Net Primary Productivity)

Sediment Plume in an EstuarySediment Plume in an Estuary

Estuary = a semi-enclosed coastal body of water where salt water and fresh water meet and mix.

Betsiboka River, Madagascar

Sand Dunes & Costal ErosionSand Dunes & Costal Erosion

Roots of grasses that colonize dunes help hold sand in place. Development should be allowed behind second strip of dunes.

Ecological Importance Threats

1. Support > 25% of all marine species (66% fish)

2. Coral Bleaching - Suspended sediment caused by erosion of soil on land smother polyps, blocks sunlight

2. Aesthetic beauty

3. Development of coastal zones

3. Protect 15% coastline from erosion (reduce wave energy)

4. Ocean warming/ Global warming

4. Cycle carbon - require CO2 for shell formation

5. Oil spills mining, damage by tourists, chemical pollution, nuclear testing, and anchor damage

5. Produce chemicals useful for medical research

1. Dredging, overfishing, dynamite fishing

Coral ReefsCoral Reefs

Ocean warming

Soil erosion

Algae growth from fertilizer runoff

Mangrove destruction

Coral reef bleaching

Rising sea levels

Increased UV exposure from ozone depletion

Using cyanide and dynamite to harvest coral reef fish

Coral removal for building material, aquariums, and jewelry

Damage from anchors, ships, and tourist divers

Major Threats to Coral ReefsMajor Threats to Coral ReefsCoral requirestemps 64-86°F(range of tolerance)

Marine Ecosystems

Half of coastal wetlands lost to agriculture and urban development

Over one-third of mangrove forests lost since 1980 to agriculture, development, and aquaculture shrimp farms

About 10% of world’s beaches eroding because of coastal development and rising sea level

Ocean bottom habitats degraded by dredging and trawler fishing boats

Over 25% of coral reefs severely damaged and 11% have been destroyed


Human Impacts on Marine EcosystemsHuman Impacts on Marine EcosystemsHuman Impacts on Marine EcosystemsHuman Impacts on Marine Ecosystems

Freshwater Life ZonesFreshwater Life Zones

Life Zones in LakesLife Zones in Lakes

Littoral Littoral zonezone -shallow, sunlight, near -shallow, sunlight, near shore (rooted plants)shore (rooted plants)

Limnetic zoneLimnetic zone-- open sunlight water away open sunlight water away from shorefrom shore

Profundal zone - Profundal zone - Deep, dark waterDeep, dark water

Benthic zone- Benthic zone- bottom, cool temp, low bottom, cool temp, low O2O2

Littoral Littoral zonezone -shallow, sunlight, near -shallow, sunlight, near shore (rooted plants)shore (rooted plants)

Limnetic zoneLimnetic zone-- open sunlight water away open sunlight water away from shorefrom shore

Profundal zone - Profundal zone - Deep, dark waterDeep, dark water

Benthic zone- Benthic zone- bottom, cool temp, low bottom, cool temp, low O2O2

Lake zonation interaction

AnimationAnimation

Freshwater Systems

EcologicalServices Economic

Services

Climate moderation

Nutrient cycling

Waste treatment and dilution

Flood control

Groundwater recharge

Habitats for aquatic and terrestrial species

Genetic resources and biodiversity

Scientific information

Food

Drinking water

Irrigation water

Hydroelectricity

Transportationcorridors

Recreation

Employment

Natural Capital

Major Services of Freshwater SystemsMajor Services of Freshwater SystemsMajor Services of Freshwater SystemsMajor Services of Freshwater Systems

Nutrients in Lakes: OligotrophicNutrients in Lakes: Oligotrophic

Nutrients in Lakes: EutrophicNutrients in Lakes: Eutrophic

Fig. 6-41b, p. 136

Lake Stratification & TurnoverLake Stratification & Turnover

Water is MOST dense at 4°C

In the Fall, water cools to 4°C and sinks to bottom. This drives Fall turnover.

Human Impacts on Human Impacts on Freshwater SystemsFreshwater Systems

Dams, diversions and canalsDams, diversions and canals

Flood control levees and dikesFlood control levees and dikes

Wetland destructionWetland destruction

Pollutants from cities and farmlandsPollutants from cities and farmlands

Dams, diversions and canalsDams, diversions and canals

Flood control levees and dikesFlood control levees and dikes

Wetland destructionWetland destruction

Pollutants from cities and farmlandsPollutants from cities and farmlands

Documents

Climate and Biodiversity Chapter 7 Key Concepts Factors influencing the Earth’s climates Factors influencing the Earth’s climates Effect of climate on