Client Node Internet Server Node EventStudio System ... · TCP - Transmission Control Protocol (TCP Fast Retransmit and Recovery) Client Node Internet Server Node Client Net Server

TCP - Transmission Control Protocol (TCP Fast Retransmit and Recovery)Client Node Internet Server Node

Client Net ServerClient App Network Server App

EventStudio System Designer 6

28-Jul-13 15:32 (Page 1)

This sequence diagram was generated with EventStudio System Designer (http://www.EventHelix.com/EventStudio).

TCP Slow Start and Congestion Avoidance lower the data throughput drastically when segment loss is detected. FastRetransmit and Fast Recovery have been designed to speed up the recovery of the connection, without compromising itscongestion avoidance characteristics.

Fast Retransmit and Recovery detect a segment loss via duplicate acknowledgements. When a segment is lost, TCP at thereceiver will keep sending ack segments indicating the next expected sequence number. This sequence number wouldcorrespond to the lost segment. If only one segment is lost, TCP will keep generating acks for the following segments. This willresult in the transmitter getting duplicate acks (i.e. acks with the same ack sequence number)

Server Socket create Server Application creates a Socket

Closed The Socket is created in Closed state

seq_num = 100 Server sets the initial sequence number to 100

Passive_Open Server application has initiated a passive open.In this mode, the socket does not attempt toestablish a TCP connection. The socket listensfor TCP connection request from clients

Listen Socket transitions to the Listen state

Server socket initialization

Server awaits client socket connections.

Client Socketcreate Client Application creates Socket

Closed The socket is created in the Closed state

seq_num = 0 Initial sequence number is set to 0

Client socket initialization

Socket initialization

Active_Open Application wishes to communicate with adestination server using a TCP connection. Theapplication opens a socket for the connection inactive mode. In this mode, a TCP connectionwill be attempted with the server.Typically, the client will use a well known portnumber to communicate with the remoteServer. For example, HTTP uses port 80.

SYNsrc = Client_Port,dst = Server_Port,seq_num = 0

Client sets the SYN bit in the TCP header torequest a TCP connection. The sequencenumber field is set to 0. Since the SYN bit isset, this sequence number is used as the initialsequence number

SYN Sent Socket transitions to the SYN Sent state

Client initiated three way handshake to establish a TCPconnection


Client Net ServerClient App Client Socket Network Server Socket Server App


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SYNsrc = Client_Port,dst = Server_Port,seq_num = 0

SYN TCP segment is received by the server

SYN+ACKsrc = Server_Port,dst = Client_Port,seq_num = 100,ack_num = 1,window = 65535

Server sets the SYN and the ACK bits in theTCP header. Server sends its initial sequencenumber as 100. Server also sets its window to65535 bytes. i.e. Server has buffer space for65535 bytes of data. Also note that the acksequence numer is set to 1. This signifies thatthe server expects a next byte sequencenumber of 1

SYN Received Now the server transitions to the SYN Receivedstate

SYN+ACKsrc = Server_Port,dst = Client_Port,seq_num = 100,ack_num = 1,window = 65535

Client receives the "SYN+ACK" TCP segment

ACKsrc = Client_Port,dst = Server_Port,ack_num = 101,window = 5000

Client now acknowledges the first segment,thus completing the three way handshake. Thereceive window is set to 5000. Ack sequencenumber is set to 101, this means that the nextexpected sequence number is 101.

Established At this point, the client assumes that the TCPconnection has been established

ACKsrc = Client_Port,dst = Server_Port,ack_num = 101,window = 5000

Server receives the TCP ACK segment

Established Now the server too moves to the Establishedstate

TCP Connection begins with slow start. The congestion window grows from an initial 512 bytes to 70000 bytes

cwnd = 70000 Congestion window has reached 70000 bytes

Datasize = 4096

Client App transmits 4Kbytes of data

Segment data into 8 TCPsegments

TCP segments data to 8 TCP segments (eachsegment is 512 bytes)

TCP Segmentseq_num = 100000

TCP segment (start sequence number =100000) is transmitted





Loss of a TCP segment




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TCP segment (start sequence number =100000) is delivered to the receiver

Datasize = 512

TCP passes 512 bytes of data to the higherlayer


TCP segment (start sequence number =100512) is lost due to congestion in thenetwork.


TCP Segment with start sequence number101024 is received. TCP realizes that asegment has been missed. TCP buffers the outof sequence segment as TCP cannot deliverout of sequence data to the application.

ACKack_num = 100512

TCP sends an acknowledgement to the Senderwith the next expected sequence number set to100512.


TCP receives the next segment. This and thefollowing out of sequence segments will bebuffered by TCP.

ACKack_num = 100512

TCP sends another acknowledgement with thenext expected sequence number still set to100512. This is a duplicate acknowledgement


ACKack_num = 100512

TCP keeps acknowledging the receivedsegments with the next expected sequencenumber as 100512


ACKack_num = 100512


ACKack_num = 100512




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ACKack_num = 100512

Fast Retransmit: TCP receives duplicateacks and it decides to retransmit thesegment, without waiting for the segmenttimer to expire. This speeds up recovery ofthe lost segment

ACKack_num = 100512

Client receives acknowledgement to thesegment with starting sequence number100512

ACKack_num = 100512

First duplicate ack is received. TCP does notknow if this ack has been duplicated due to outof sequence delivery of segments or theduplicate ack is caused by lost segment.

Fast Retransmit At this point TCP moves to the fast retransmitstate. TCP will look for duplicate acks to decideif a segment needs to be retransmittedNote: TCP segments sent by the sender can bedelivered out of sequence to the receiver. Thiscan also result in duplicate acks. Thus TCPwaits for 3 duplicate acks before concludingthat a segment has been missed.

ACKack_num = 100512

Second duplicate ack is received

ACKack_num = 100512

Third duplicate ack is received. TCP nowassumes that duplicate acks point to a segmentthat has been lost

ssthresh = cwnd/2 = 70000/2 =35000

TCP uses the current congestion window tomark the point of congestion. It saves the slowstart threshold as half of the current congestionwindow size. If current cwnd is less than 4segments, cwnd is set to 2 segments


TCP retransmits the missing segment i.e. thesegment corresponding to the ack sequencenumber in the duplicate acks

Fast retransmit

Fast Recovery: Once the lost segment has been transmitted, TCPtries to maintain the current data flow by not going back to slowstart. TCP also adjusts the window for all segments that have beenbuffered by the receiver.

Fast Recovery In "Fast Recovery" state, TCP's main objectiveis to maintain the current data stream data flow.

cwnd = ssthresh + 3 segments =35000 + 3*512 = 36536

Since TCP started taking action on the thirdduplicate ack, it sets the congestion window tossthresh + 3 segment. This halfs the TCPwindow size and compensates for the TCPsegments that have already been buffered bythe receiver.

Fast Recovery




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ACKack_num = 100512

Another duplicate ack is received. This meansthat the receiver has buffered one moresegment

cwnd = cwnd + 1 segment =37048

TCP again inflates the congestion window tocompensate for the delivered segment

ACKack_num = 100512

Yet another ack is received, this will furtherinflate the congestion window

cwnd = cwnd + 1 segment =37560


Finally, the retransmitted segment is deliveredto the server

Datasize = 3584

Now TCP can pass the just received missingsegment and all the buffered segments to theapplication layer

ACKack_num = 104096

Now TCP acknowledges all the segments that ithad buffered

ACKack_num = 104096

The cummulative TCP ack is delivered to theclient

Congestion Avoidance

Congestion Avoidance The connection has moved back to thecongestion avoidance state.

cwnd = ssthresh = 35000 TCP takes a congestion avoidance action andsets the segment size back to the slow startthreshold. The TCP window will now increaseby a maximum of one segment per round trip

Back to congestionavoidance

Close Client application wishes to release the TCPconnection

FIN Client sends a TCP segment with the FIN bitset in the TCP header

FIN Wait 1 Client changes state to FIN Wait 1 state

FIN Server receives the FIN

ACK Server responds back with ACK toacknowledge the FIN

Close Wait Server changes state to Close Wait. In thisstate the server waits for the server applicationto close the connection

ACK Client receives the ACK

FIN Wait 2 Client changes state to FIN Wait 2. In this state,the TCP connection from the client to server isclosed. Client now waits close of TCP

Client to server TCP connection release

Client closes TCP connection




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connection from the server end

Close Server application closes the TCP connection

FIN FIN is sent out to the client to close theconnection

Last Ack Server changes state to Last Ack. In this statethe last acknowledgement from the client will bereceived

FIN Client receives FIN

ACK Client sends ACK

Close_Timer Client starts a timer to handle scenarios wherethe last ack has been lost and server resendsFIN

Time Wait Client waits in Time Wait state to handle a FINretry

ACK Server receives the ACK

Closed Server moves the connection to closed state

delete

Close_Timer Close timer has expired. Thus the client endconnection can be closed too.

Closed

delete

Server to client TCP connection release

This sequence diagram was generated with EventStudio System Designer (http://www.EventHelix.com/EventStudio).

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Client Node Internet Server Node EventStudio System ... · TCP - Transmission Control Protocol (TCP Fast Retransmit and Recovery) Client Node Internet Server Node Client Net Server