143
Muzio Clementi's Introduction to the Art of Playing on the Piano Forte Mutopia ǀProject ǀ ǀ Typeset using LilyPond © 2014 by Javier Ruiz-Alma — Mutopia-2014/02/18-1938 Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 4.0 International License — free to distribute, modify, and performǀ

Clementi Op42 Let

Embed Size (px)

DESCRIPTION

Clementi

Citation preview

  • Muzio Clementi's

    Introduction to the

    Art of Playing

    on the

    Piano Forte

    Mutopia Project

    Typeset using LilyPond 2014 by Javier Ruiz-Alma Mutopia-2014/02/18-1938 Creative Commons Attribution ShareAlike 4.0 International License free to distribute, modify, and perform

  • Acknowledgements for this edition

    My gratitude to the LilyPond User Forum and the Mutopia Project, for making this project

    possible; especially:

    Nicolas Sceaux, Chris Sawer, Glen Larsen, Mats Bengtsson, Mike Solomon, Jakob Lund,

    Janek Warcho, Keith OHara, Nick Payne, David Nalesnik, Reinhold Kainhofer,

    David Kastrup, Shane Brandes, Xavier Scheuer, Eluze, Robin Bannister, Phil Holmes,

    Thomas Morley, Federico Bruni, Felix Janda, Bas Wassink, and Edward Neeman.

  • Table of Contents

    Music Notation

    4Preliminaries

    4Clefs

    5The Scale, or Gamut

    6Intervals

    7Tenor, Counter-tenor, and Soprano clefs explained

    8Figure, Length, and the relative Value of Notes and Rests

    9Time and its Divisions

    11Sharps, Flats, etc.

    13Various other marks.

    13Abbreviations

    15Style, Graces, and marks of Expression, etc.

    17Turns, Shakes, and Beats, explained

    20Major and Minor Modes or Keys; vulgarly called Sharp and Flat Keys.

    21Explanation of Various Terms

    Fingering

    23Preliminary Directions

    23Scales in all the Major keys, with their relative Minors

    28General Remarks on the foregoing Scales

    29Extensions and Contractions etc.

    30Examples of fingering for the right hand.

    33The left hand.

    Preludes and Lessons

    Lesson I

    34Prelude in C Major

    34Away with melancholy: by Mozart

    Lesson II

    35Aria

    Lesson III

    35Air, in Atalanta, by Handel

    Lesson IV

    36Air, in Saul, by Handel

    Lesson V

    38Dead March, in Saul, by Handel

    Lesson VI

    40Allegro by Corelli

    Lesson VII

  • 43Prelude in A minor

    43Gavotta by Corelli

    Lesson VIII

    44Prelude in F Major

    44Air, in Judas Maccabeus, by Handel

    Lesson IX

    45March, in Judas Maccabeus, by Handel

    Lesson X

    47Sarabanda, by Corelli

    Lesson XI

    48Giga, by Corelli

    Lesson XII

    50Arietta, by Mozart

    Lesson XIII

    51Minuet and Trio, by Mozart

    Lesson XIV

    53Le Rveilmatin, by Couperin

    Lesson XV

    57Prelude in D minor

    57Larghetto, by Scarlatti

    Lesson XVI

    59Allemanda, by Corelli

    Lesson XVII

    61Sarabanda, by Corelli

    Lesson XVIII

    62Prelude in G Major

    62Ah vous dirai - je maman

    Lesson XIX

    63Triste Raison

    Lesson XX

    64Fal, lal, la. Air in the Cherokee.

    Lesson XXI

    65Larghetto, by Pleyel

    Lesson XXII

    66Arietta

    Lesson XXIII

    68German Hymn, with Variations by Pleyel

    Lesson XXIV

    71Andantino, by Dussek

    Lesson XXV

    73Allegro, by Handel

    Lesson XXVI

    75Minuet in Samson, by Handel

    Lesson XXVII

    77God Save the Emperor, composed by Dr. Haydn

    Lesson XXVIII

    78Rondo in the Gipsy stile, by Dr. Haydn

  • 2Lesson XXIX

    86Prelude in E minor

    86Tambourin by Rameau

    Lesson XXX

    89Prelude in B flat, Major

    89Minuetto by Scarlatti

    Lesson XXXI

    91Lindor - an Air

    Lesson XXXII

    92Minuet and Trio, By Mozart

    Lesson XXXIII

    94Gavotta in Otho, by Handel

    Lesson XXXIV

    96Andante with Variations, by Cramer

    Lesson XXXV

    100Prelude in G minor

    100Allegro, by Scarlatti

    Lesson XXXVI

    104Prelude in D Major

    104Gavotta, by Corelli

    Lesson XXXVII

    105Minuet in Ariadne, by Handel

    Lesson XXXVIII

    107March in the Occasional Oratorio, by Handel

    Lesson XXXIX

    109Waltz, by Beethoven

    Lesson XL

    111Allegro, by Corelli

    Lesson XLI

    115Prelude in B minor

    115Giga, by Corelli

    Lesson XLII

    117Prelude in E Flat Major

    117Rondo by C.P.E. Bach

    Lesson XLIII

    124Prelude in C minor

    124Minuet, by Scarlatti

    Lesson XLIV

    126Prelude in A Major

    126Andante Allegretto by Paradies.

    Lesson XLV

    129Prelude in F# minor

    129Adagio by Corelli.

    Lesson XLVI

    131Prelude in A flat Major

    131Slow March by Couperin.

    Lesson XLVII

  • 3133Prelude in F minor

    133Allegretto by Couperin

    Lesson XLVIII

    135Prelude in E Major

    135Polonoise and Minuet, by Sebastian Bach

    Lesson XLIX

    138Gavotta, by Corelli

    Lesson L

    139Prelude in C# minor

    139Minuet, by Dr. Haydn

  • MUSIC NOTATION

    PRELIMINARIES

    All musical sounds are expressed by certain characters, called notes, which are named from the first sevenletters of the alphabet: A, B, C, D, E, F, G.

    The Stave contains five lines, and four spaces: the lowest line is called the first.

    The notes are placed on the lines, or spaces above, or under the stave and the additional, called LEDGER lines

    are for the higher and lower notes.

    CLEFS

    In order to determine the PITCH of musical notes, certain signs, called CLEFS or CLIFFS have been invented,which are set at the beginning of the staves.

    There are five in general use.

    The Bass clef, on the 4th

    line clefs The Tenor clef on the 4 th line clefs The Counter-tenor clef on the 3

    dline clefs The Soprano clef on the 1 st line clefs

    And the Treble clef on the 2nd

    line clefs The Treble and Bass clefs are chiefly used for the Piano Forte.

  • 5MUSIC NOTATION

    THE SCALE, OR GAMUT

    Shewing the position, and name of the notes.

    noteheads

    d

    noteheadsd

    noteheads

    e

    noteheads dnoteheads

    g

    noteheads

    g

    noteheads

    f

    c

    noteheadsc

    c

    noteheadse

    noteheadse

    f

    noteheadsg

    noteheadsa

    noteheadsd

    noteheads

    a

    e fnoteheadsnoteheads

    Bass

    Treble

    a

    noteheadsgnoteheadsd

    noteheadsca

    noteheadsnoteheadsb

    noteheadsb

    noteheads

    b

    noteheadsf

    noteheadsgnoteheads

    g

    e f

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsb noteheads

    noteheadsc

    noteheads

    g

    noteheadsdnoteheadsf

    clefsc

    noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    a

    noteheadsb

    noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads eclefs b

    noteheadsf

    noteheadsa

    noteheads

    Let the PUPIL now strike the notes on the instrument; taking notice, that the first LONG key, on the left hand,

    serves for the first F; the second LONG key for G; the third for A; and so on: making no other use, at present, of theSHORT keys, than as GUIDES to direct the eye; by observing, that between B and C, and between E and F, there areno SHORT keys; which places in the scale are distinguished thus .

    Remark on the foregoing Scale.The first EIGHT notes in the treble-stave from G to G, are the SAME as the corresponding EIGHT notes,

    perpendicularly under them in the bass-stave, both in NAME and SOUND ; they are played, therefore, on the SAMEkeys.

    As a help to memory; let the Pupil contemplate the notes, SEPARATELY, on the lines, and spaces; beginning bythe FIVE lines.

    noteheadsTrebleclefs

    CC noteheadsAnoteheadsBnoteheadsF

    noteheadsnoteheadsF noteheadsEnoteheadsGnoteheads

    AC

    noteheadsG

    noteheadsG

    clefs noteheadsnoteheadsEnoteheadsB CnoteheadsAFnoteheads noteheads

    EnoteheadsDABass noteheadsE noteheadsDnoteheads

    noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsB DnoteheadsnoteheadsBG

    noteheadsF noteheadsD noteheadsFnoteheadsC E noteheadsEnoteheadsCnoteheadsA

    TrebleBass

    clefs noteheadsGB D noteheads noteheadsFnoteheads

    D

    noteheadsnoteheadsG

    noteheadsB

    noteheadsFnoteheadsAnoteheads

    Gclefs

    noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheads

    noteheads noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads noteheads noteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads

    clefs noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheads

    Exercise for treble notes:noteheads noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads noteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheads noteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheads

    noteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheads

    clefs noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsExercise for bass notes:

    noteheads noteheads noteheadsnoteheads

    N.B. Let the Pupil FIRST be familiarized with the notes, by READILY naming them; and then find them out as

    READILY on the instrument.

  • CLEMENTI'S ART OF PLAYING ON THE PIANO FORTE6

    INTERVALS

    An INTERVAL is the distance, or difference between two sounds in point of GAVITY or ACUTENESS.The least of our INTERVALS is called a semitone, or half-tone: it is the INTERVAL, in the NATURAL scale, between

    E and F; and between B and C.

    Ex:

    C

    noteheadsnoteheadsE

    noteheadsF

    noteheadsB

    clefs

    The REGULAR progression of the OTHER notes in the NATURAL, which is also called DIATONIC scale, is by anINTERVAL of two semitones or a whole note.

    Example of the NATURAL or DIATONIC scale.

    tonesemi-

    noteheadstonewhole

    noteheadsclefs noteheadssemi-

    noteheadstone

    tonewhole

    noteheadstonewhole

    noteheads wholenoteheadstonewhole

    noteheadstone

    The INTERVAL between C and D, between D and E, or between any two CONTIGUOUS notes, in the scale, is call aSECOND: the INTERVAL between C and E, or between D and F, etc: is called a THIRD; and so on.

    Example of INTERVALS

    noteheads 7

    th

    noteheadsnoteheads 6

    th

    noteheadsclefs noteheads 8

    th

    noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads 2

    dnoteheads noteheads

    3d

    noteheads 5

    th

    noteheadsnoteheads 4

    th

    noteheads

    The INTERVAL of an 8th

    is commonly called an OCTAVE.

    N.B. The nature, and name of the INTERVALS remain the same, whether the single notes be playedSUCCESSIVELY, or whether two, or more, be struck TOGETHER: the former is properly called MELODY; and thelatter, HARMONY.

    Example of the latter.- noteheadsclefs noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads The notes thus taken TOGETHER are also called CHORDS; the succession of which, played from certain figures

    set over a bass, according to a system of rules, is denominated THOROUGH-BASS.

  • 7MUSIC NOTATION

    TENOR, COUNTER-TENOR, AND SOPRANO CLEFS EXPLAINED

    noteheadsdnoteheads

    noteheadsg

    noteheadsnoteheadsb

    noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsgnoteheads

    noteheadsfnoteheads

    noteheadseclefs

    clefsare played as if

    written thus:

    The notes

    written thus:

    noteheadsa

    noteheadsnoteheadsc

    noteheads

    noteheadsb

    noteheads

    noteheadsf

    noteheadsa

    noteheads

    noteheadsg

    noteheadsnoteheadsBassnoteheadsc

    Tenor

    noteheadsnoteheadse

    noteheads

    noteheadsd noteheadse

    noteheads

    noteheadsdnoteheads

    noteheadsfnoteheads

    noteheadsb

    noteheads

    noteheads noteheadsc

    noteheads

    noteheadsdnoteheads

    noteheadsfnoteheads

    noteheadsdnoteheads

    noteheadsb

    noteheadsnoteheadsenoteheads

    noteheads noteheadsc

    noteheads

    clefs

    clefsare played thus:

    when written thus:

    noteheadsb

    noteheadsnoteheadsc

    noteheads

    noteheadsg

    noteheads

    noteheadsf

    noteheadsnoteheadsa

    noteheads

    noteheadsg

    noteheadsdnoteheads

    Bassnoteheadsc

    Counter-tenor

    noteheadsnoteheadse

    noteheads

    noteheads noteheadse

    noteheadsg

    noteheads

    noteheadsfnoteheads

    noteheadsb

    noteheadsnoteheadsdnoteheads

    noteheadsc

    noteheads

    noteheadsb

    noteheads

    noteheadsd

    noteheads

    noteheadsf

    noteheads

    noteheadsg

    noteheadsnoteheadsanoteheads

    noteheads noteheadsfnoteheads

    clefsclefs

    are played thus:

    when written thus:

    noteheadsd

    noteheads

    noteheadsc

    noteheads

    noteheadsbnoteheads

    noteheadsf

    noteheads

    noteheadsa

    noteheads

    noteheadsg

    noteheadsd

    noteheadsTreble

    noteheadsc

    Soprano

    noteheads

    noteheadse

    noteheads

    noteheads noteheadse

    noteheadsg

    noteheads

    noteheadsfnoteheads

    noteheadsb

    noteheads

    noteheadsd

    noteheads

    noteheadsc

    noteheads

    By which it is evident, that the Tenor-notes must be played one fifth HIGHER than the Bass-notes: the

    Counter-tenor notes, one seventh HIGHER than the Bass-notes: and the Soprano-notes, one third LOWER than theTreble-notes.

    It is now proper to take notice, that the bass-clef is also called the F-Clef, as it indicates by its position where

    the note F lies: clefs Fnoteheads the tenor, counter-tenor, and soprano-clefs are called C-clefs, because theydetermine the place of C:

    clefsTenor:C

    noteheads clefsCounter-t:

    C

    noteheads clefsSoprano:

    Cnoteheads and the treble-clef is called the G-clef,

    being placed on the line where G is found clefsTreble:

    G

    noteheads

  • CLEMENTI'S ART OF PLAYING ON THE PIANO FORTE8

    FIGURE, LENGTH, AND THE RELATIVE VALUE OF NOTES AND RESTS

    noteheadsdemi-semi-quaverrests

    noteheadssemiquaver,rests

    flagsNotesRests

    flagsrestsminim,

    noteheadsSemibreve,rests

    noteheads noteheadsquaver,rests

    flagsnoteheadscrotchet,rests

    One Semibrevenoteheads

    Is equal in length of time to

    noteheads2 Minims noteheads

    Which are equal to

    noteheadsnoteheads4 Crotchets noteheads noteheads

    Which are equal to

    noteheadsnoteheads8 Quavers noteheadsnoteheadsflagsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsflags Which are equal to noteheads noteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheads16 semi-quavers noteheads noteheadsflags noteheads noteheadsnoteheadsflags noteheads noteheads noteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheads Which are equal to

    noteheadsnoteheads noteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheads noteheads noteheads noteheads noteheads noteheads noteheads32 demisemi- quavers

    noteheads noteheads noteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheads noteheads noteheadsnoteheadsflags

    noteheads noteheadsnoteheadsflags

    noteheads noteheads noteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads

    A DOT after a note, or rest, makes the note or rest half as long again. Ex: noteheads dots is equal to a minim and a

    crotchet; or to three crotchets, and so on: rests dots is equal to restsrests and so on: by which it is evident, that the DOT toa minim is equal to a crotchet; and the DOT to a crotchet is equal to a quaver; etc: When a second dot is added to

    the first, the second dot is considered as the half of the first; therefore a double-dotted Crotchet thus noteheads dotsdots

    is

    equal to a crotchet, quaver, and semiquaver; or to seven semiquavers.

    Let us farther illustrate this by the mark, called a TIE, made thus which, when placed between two

    notes of the SAME pitch, binds the second to the first; so that only the first is struck, but the finger must be held

    down the full length of both. It is therefore indifferent whether we write thus noteheads dots

    or noteheadsnoteheads

    or

    noteheads noteheads noteheads

    and noteheads dotsdots

    is the same in effect as flagsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads

  • 9MUSIC NOTATION

    TIME AND ITS DIVISIONS

    The BAR, made thus divides a musical composition into EQUAL portions of time.

    TIME is divided into two sorts; COMMON and TRIPLE; and of which is either SIMPLE or COMPOUND: and thecharacter or sign, which denotes it, is placed at the beginning of every composition, after the clef.

    SIMPLE common time, when marked thus clefs timesig or timesig denotes, that each bar contains onesemibreve, or its equivalent.

    noteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheads noteheadsclefs timesigExample noteheads noteheadsnoteheadsor timesig noteheads dots noteheadsnoteheads noteheads

    When marked thus 42clefs the bar contains one minim, or its equivalent. noteheads noteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsclefs 42 noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheads flags noteheadsExample dots noteheads Four sorts of COMPOUND common time explained:

    noteheads noteheadsnoteheadsflagsnoteheads1st sort 812clefs dotsnoteheadsdotsdotsnoteheads noteheadsdotsnoteheads noteheadsdotsnoteheadsdotsnoteheads containing 12 quavers in abar, or their equivalent dotsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads

    2d sort 86clefs dotsnoteheadsdotsnoteheads noteheadsflagsnoteheadsnoteheads six quavers in a bar, ortheir equivalent

    dotsnoteheadsdotsnoteheadsnoteheads3

    d sort 412clefs noteheadsdotsnoteheadsdotsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads 12 crotchets in a bar, etc.

    clefs noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsdots noteheads464th sort noteheads noteheads noteheads 6 crotchets in a bar, etc. The two last sorts are very seldom used in modern music. SIMPLE triple time explained.

    23 noteheads noteheadsdots noteheadsnoteheadsclefs three minims in a bar,or their equivalent dotsnoteheadsnoteheads43clefs dotsnoteheads noteheadsflagsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheads three Crotchets ina bar, etc: dotsnoteheadsnoteheads83clefs flagsnoteheadsflagsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads three quavers ina bar, etc:

  • CLEMENTI'S ART OF PLAYING ON THE PIANO FORTE10

    COMPOUND triple time explained.

    dotsnoteheadsdotsnoteheadsdots49clefs noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads nine crotchets ina bar, etc: noteheadsflagsnoteheadsnoteheads89clefs dotsnoteheadsflagsnoteheadsnoteheadsdotsnoteheads dotsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads nine quavers ina bar, etc: COMPOUND triple time is seldom used in modern music.N.B. The contents of every bar, in common time; whether SIMPLE, or COMPOUND, may be divided, (by beating or

    counting) into four, or into two equal parts: and in triple time; whether simple, or COMPOUND, into three equalparts.

    The figures, which mark the time, have a reference to the SEMIBREVE; the LOWER number, showing into howmany parts the SEMIBREVE is divided; and the UPPER number, how many of such parts are taken to fill up a bar.

    For example 42 denotes, that the SEMIBREVE is divided into four parts, namely, four crotchets; and that two of

    them are taken for each bar: likewise 83 indicates, that the SEMIBREVE is divided into eight parts, namely, eight

    quavers; and that three of them are adopted to compleat a bar. The figure of 3 placed over three crotchets, quavers or semiquavers

    noteheads noteheads noteheads3noteheads ornoteheads noteheads noteheads3 3 3noteheads noteheads noteheads noteheadsthus noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheads noteheadsor noteheadsnoteheads 33 (which are called triplets) denotes, that

    the three crotchets must be performed within the time of two common crotchets, or of one minim; the threequavers within the time of two common quavers, or of one crotchet; and the three semiquavers within the time oftwo common semiquavers, or of one quaver.

    N.B. The easiest way is to consider them all as three to one, and to beat or count the time accordingly; that is, tobeat the first of every 3. (N.B. SCARLATTI, and others have written three demisemiquavers to a quaver; and threesemiquavers to a crotchet in some of their pieces.) The figure of 6 over quavers or semiquavers, means that theyare to be performed within the time of four of the same kind; which is a similar case to the preceding one. Thefigures 5, 7, 9, 10 etc. follow the same rule.

  • 11MUSIC NOTATION

    SHARPS, FLATS, ETC. The SHARP accidentals placed before a note, raises it a semitone or half-tone. Let us now observe a scale of semitones,

    called the CHROMATIC scale.

    noteheadsaccidentals noteheadsnoteheadsaccidentals noteheadsEx: clefs noteheadsaccidentals noteheadsnoteheadsaccidentals noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsaccidentals noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads The intervals of the contiguous notes are all semitones.N.B. The LONG keys of the Piano-Forte, or Harpsichord, are commonly called the NATURAL keys, tho'they

    ocassionally serve for SHARPS and FLATS; and the SHORT keys, are called SHARPS and FLATS, being only used forSHARP and FLAT notes.

    Now if a SHARP be placed before C, thus: clefs accidentals noteheads the note is called C SHARP; and it is found on theinstrument between C NATURAL, and D NATURAL; being one of the SHORT keys: D SHARP is the SHORT key betweenD, and E; but between E, and F, ther is no SHORT key; nor is it wanted: for the INTERVAL between E and F, is but asemitone; and therefore when we want E SHARP, we strike the key generally called F NATURAL. F SHARP will befound between F NATURAL, and G NATURAL: G SHARP between G and A NATURAL: A SHARP between A and BNATURAL: and B SHARP is under the same predicament as E SHARP; we therefore strike C NATURAL for it.

    The flat accidentals placed before a note, lowers it a semitone or half-tone: and if the note is a B, to which the FLAT isprefixed, it is then called B FLAT; and it is found between B NATURAL, and A NATURAL, being one of the SHORTkeys.

    =====General rule: every FLAT is found by going one semitone LOWER; that is, toward the left-hand: and everySHARP, contrariwise, by going one semitone HIGHER; that is, toward the right-hand.

    The double SHARP accidentals raises the note TWO semitones; and therefore, if it be F double SHARP, we strike G NATURAL;etc.

    The double FLAT accidentals lowers the note TWO semitones; and therefore, we go as much to the LEFT for a double FLAT,as we did to the RIGHT for a double SHARP.

    The NATURAL accidentals takes away the effect of a SHARP, or a FLAT; whether single, or double. And accidentals accidentals , or accidentals accidentals , REINSTATESthe single sharp, or flat.

    The Pupil must by this time have observed, that clefs accidentals noteheads is struck by the SAME key as clefs accidentals noteheads and clefs accidentals noteheads by the SAME key as clefs accidentals noteheads etc.

    Now, the inconveniency of charging to memory with the VARIOUS uses of the SAME keys, is but small; when

    compared with the impracticableness of performing on an instrument, furnished with keys, PERFECTLYcorresponding with every flat, and sharp, single or double, which composition may require: a method therefore,has been adopted in tuning, called TEMPERAMENT, which, by a small deviation from the truth of every interval,EXCEPT THE OCTAVE , renders the instrument capable of satisfying the ear in EVERY key.

    When a SHARP is placed close to the clef thus

    accidentalsclefs it affects every F throughout the piece; except wherethe sharp is contradicted by the natural.

    N.B. The same rule holds, when there are two or more sharps at the clef; every one affecting its correspondingnote.

  • CLEMENTI'S ART OF PLAYING ON THE PIANO FORTE12

    When a FLAT is placed by the clef accidentalsclefs it affects every B throughout the piece; except where the flat is

    contradicted by the natural.N.B. The same rule holds, when there are two or more flats at the clef; every one affecting its corresponding

    note.When a sharp, flat, or natural is prefixed to a note, in the course of a piece, it affects all the following notes of

    the SAME NAME , contained in the SAME BAR : it is then called an ACCIDENTAL sharp, flat, or natural.

    noteheads noteheadsaccidentals noteheadsnoteheadsclefs noteheads accidentalsclefs1 st Ex:noteheads noteheads noteheadsnoteheadsaccidentals noteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheads noteheads noteheads noteheads

    is played as if written thus

    noteheads noteheads noteheadsaccidentalsnoteheadsclefs noteheadsaccidentalsclefs noteheads noteheadsaccidentals noteheadsnoteheadsaccidentals noteheads noteheads2 d Ex: noteheads noteheads noteheads as if written thusnoteheads noteheads

    accidentals accidentalsnoteheadsas if written thus

    noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheads accidentals noteheadsclefs accidentals3 d Ex: noteheadsaccidentals noteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsclefs accidentals noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheads which abbreviations, are a modern improvement. The foregoing RULE extends even to the first note of the subsequent bar, when the affected note is the last of

    one, and first of the next.

    noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsaccidentals noteheadsclefs noteheads accidentals noteheads noteheads noteheadsclefsEx: noteheadsaccidentals noteheads noteheadsaccidentalsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsaccidentals as if written thus noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads And the same with flats and naturals.

    accidentalsaccidentalsThe order of SHARPS

    at the clef.clefs accidentalsaccidentalsaccidentals accidentalsaccidentals descending by a 4thand ascending by a 5th

    accidentalsaccidentalsThe order of FLATS at the clef.

    clefs accidentalsaccidentalsaccidentals accidentalsaccidentals ascending by a 4thand descending by a 5th

  • 13MUSIC NOTATION

    VARIOUS OTHER MARKS.

    The pause noteheadsscripts or noteheadsscripts

    renders the NOTE longer AT PLEASURE ; and in certain cases, the composer

    expects some EMBELLISHMENTS from the performer; but the pause on a rest rests scripts only lengthens, AT PLEASURE,the SILENCE.

    The SIGN or REPEAT scripts is a reference to a passage, or strain, to which the performer is to return: the Italianwords, AL SEGNO or DAL SEGNO , denote such a return.

    The double bar marks the end of a strain; or the conclusion of a piece.

    The DOTTED bars dotsdotsdotsdots denote the repeat of the foregoing, and following strain. N.B. The second part of a piece, if VERY LONG, is seldom repeated; notwithstanding the DOTS.

    When the bars are marked thus dotsdots or dotsdots then the strain, only on the side of the DOTS isto be repeated.

    ABBREVIATIONS

    noteheadsnoteheadsclefs noteheadsEx: noteheadsnoteheadsto be played thusnoteheads noteheads noteheadsclefs noteheads

    noteheadsclefs noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsEx: noteheads clefs noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheads thus noteheads noteheads

    clefs noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsEx: clefs noteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads thus noteheads

    noteheads noteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsclefsEx: noteheads noteheads noteheads thus noteheads3 noteheadsnoteheads noteheads noteheads noteheads 3noteheads 3clefs

    noteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsEx: noteheads noteheadsclefs noteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheads noteheadsclefs noteheads thus noteheads 6noteheadsnoteheads noteheads noteheads noteheadsclefsEx: noteheads noteheads noteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheads noteheadsnoteheads 6noteheads noteheads noteheads 6clefs noteheads thus

    noteheads noteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheads noteheads noteheadsclefsEx: noteheads noteheads noteheads played thusnoteheads noteheads noteheads noteheads noteheads noteheads noteheads noteheadsnoteheadsclefs noteheads

  • CLEMENTI'S ART OF PLAYING ON THE PIANO FORTE14

    noteheads noteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheads noteheadsclefsEx: noteheads noteheads noteheadsnoteheads thusnoteheads noteheads noteheads noteheads noteheads noteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsclefs noteheads

    The ITALIAN word, Segue; means, it continues, or follows:

    noteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheads noteheads noteheads noteheadsclefsEx: noteheads noteheads noteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads

    segue

    noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheads noteheads noteheads noteheadsclefs noteheadsnoteheads noteheads noteheads thus Tremando, or trembling:

    noteheadsnoteheads noteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheads noteheadsclefsEx: noteheads noteheads

    noteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsclefsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads

    thusnoteheadsnoteheads noteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheads

  • 15MUSIC NOTATION

    STYLE, GRACES, AND MARKS OF EXPRESSION, ETC. The best general rule, is to keep down the keys of the instrument, the FULL LENGTH of very note; for when the

    contrary is required, the notes are marked either thus: clefs noteheadsscripts noteheadsscripts noteheadsscripts called in ITALIAN, STACCATO; denotingDISTINCTNESS, and SHORTNESS of sound; which is produced by lifting the finger up, as soon as it has struck the

    key: or they are marked thus clefs noteheadsscripts noteheadsscripts noteheadsscripts which, when composers are EXACT in their writing, means LESSstaccato than the preceding mark; the finger, therefore, is kept down somewhat longer: or thus clefs noteheadsscripts noteheadsscripts noteheadsscripts which means STILL LESS staccato: the nice degrees of MORE and LESS, however, depend on the CHARACTER, andPASSION of the piece; the STYLE of which must be WELL OBSERVED by the performer. The notes marked thus

    clefs noteheads noteheads noteheads called LEGATO in Italian, must be played in a SMOOTH and CLOSE manner; which is done bykeeping down the first key, 'till the next is struck; by which means, the strings VIBRATE SWEETLY into oneanother.

    N.B. When the composer leaves the LEGATO, and STACCATO to the performer's taste; the best rule is, to adhere

    chiefly to the LEGATO; reserving the STACCATO to give SPIRIT occasionally to certain passages, and to set off theHIGHER BEAUTIES of the LEGATO.

    This mark scriptsscriptsscriptsscripts prefixed to a chord clefs noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsscriptsscriptsscriptsscripts signifies, that the notes must be played SUCCESSIVELY, from the

    lowest; with more or less velocity, as the sentiment may require; keeping each note DOWN 'till the time of thechord be filled up.

    Chords marked thus clefs noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads are played as the preceding chords, with the addition of a note WHEREthe oblique line is put, as if written thus noteheadsnoteheadsscriptsscriptsscriptsscriptsclefs noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsscriptsscriptsscripts noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads but the additional note is not to be kept down.

    Dolce or dol: means SWEET, with TASTE; now and then SWELLING some notes.Piano or Pia: or p, SOFT.Mezzo, or mez: or mezzo-piano, or poco p, or poc:P, RATHER SOFT.Pianissimo, or P mo or pp, VERY SOFT.Fortissimo, or F mo or ff, VERY LOUD.Forte, or For: or f , LOUD.Mezzo f , or Mez: f , RATHER LOUD.

  • CLEMENTI'S ART OF PLAYING ON THE PIANO FORTE16

    Forzando, or sforzando fz, or sf , to FORCE, or give emphasis to, ONE note.Rinforzando, or rinf: to SWELL 2, 3, or 4 notes.

    Crescendo, or cres: marked sometimes thus means GRADUALLY LOUDER.Decrescendo, or decres: GRADUALLY SOFTER; the same as the following; viz:

    Diminuendo, or dim: thus GRADUALLY SOFTER. N.B. this last mark often denotes anEMPHASIS, where it is WIDEST, and then DIMINISHING.

    This mark means to SWELL and DIMINISH. ARPEGGIO, or ARPEGGIATO, requires that the notes of a CHORD shall be played successively; which may be done

    in various ways.

    noteheadsclefs noteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads thus or noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsEx: clefs noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsthus noteheads noteheadsnoteheadsclefs noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsArp:

    noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads

    thus

    ornoteheads noteheadsnoteheads clefs noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsclefs noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsor noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheads ornoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads clefs noteheads

    OTTAVA, All'8va

    , 8va

    alta, set over a passage, means that the notes are to be played an octave higher: and LOCO,that the notes are to be played again as they are written.

    The APPOGGIATURA is a GRACE prefixed to a note, which is always played LEGATO, and with more or less

    EMPHASIS; being derived from the ITALIAN verb APPROGGIARE, to lean upon; and it is written in a SMALL note. ItsLENGTH is borrowed from the following LARGE note; and in GENERAL, it is half of its duration; MORE or LESS,however, according to the EXPRESSION of the passage.

    APPOGGIATURAS, and other GRACES in small notes explained.

    scriptsnoteheads noteheadsclefsscriptsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheads scriptsnoteheadsclefs noteheads

    as taste best directs in the passage.

    thusdotsnoteheads

    or thusnoteheadsscripts

    noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsflagsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsflagsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsflags scriptsnoteheadsnoteheads

    with spirit

    scriptsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsflagsnoteheads noteheadsthus

    noteheadsflagsclefs noteheadsnoteheadsflagsnoteheadsnoteheadsscriptsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheads noteheadsscripts

    noteheadsnoteheadsclefs thusflags scriptsnoteheadsnoteheadsscripts

    noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsflagsnoteheads

    scriptsnoteheads

    thusnoteheads

    ornoteheads

    thusnoteheadsflagsnoteheads scriptsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheadsflagsclefs noteheads

    noteheads noteheads played thusnoteheadsclefs noteheads or noteheadsclefs noteheads scriptsnoteheads noteheads to be play--ed thusnoteheads noteheads ornoteheads

    scripts noteheads

  • 17MUSIC NOTATION

    clefs noteheadsflags noteheadsscripts restsnoteheads scripts

    noteheads rests restsSometimes noteheadsflags noteheads scriptsplayed thus noteheadsnoteheads noteheads noteheadsscriptsnoteheads noteheadsscripts

    flags

    scriptsSometimes the little notes are added to give EMPHASIS:

    noteheads dotsdots noteheadsnoteheads noteheads dotsdots noteheadsclefsExample noteheads dotsdots noteheads noteheads dotsdotsnoteheadsnoteheadsflags noteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsflags noteheads flagsnoteheadsflags played thusN.B. the finger or thumb must be taken off immediately from the LOWER notes.

    noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsthus

    expressivelyrestsflagsclefs timessome-but noteheads restsflags

    scriptsnoteheadsnoteheadsclefs noteheadsdotsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads thusnoteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads dotsnoteheadsnoteheadsdotsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheads3noteheads

    th:dotsdotsnoteheadsnoteheadsaccidentals flagsnoteheadsnoteheadsaccidentals noteheadsaccidentals flagsnoteheadsnoteheads dotsdotsnoteheadsaccidentalsEx: clefs noteheadsdotsdotsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheadsdotsdotsnoteheadsaccidentalsdotsdotsplayed noteheads

    flagsthus

    noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsscriptsnoteheads flagsclefs noteheads accidentalsflagsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsflags

    clefs noteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsaccidentalsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheads noteheads noteheads dotsclefs thus accidentals noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheadsflagsflags

    Ex: in double notes

    noteheadsnoteheads thusnoteheadsnoteheads noteheads noteheadsnoteheads thusnoteheads flagsclefs noteheads

    TURNS, SHAKES, AND BEATS, EXPLAINED

    noteheadsThe Turn

    noteheads noteheads noteheadsclefs noteheads 3played thus noteheads dots It is sometimes writ- _ten in small notes noteheadsscripts noteheads noteheads

    noteheads clefsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheads dotsnoteheadsaccidentals noteheadsclefsaccidentalsscriptsaccidentalsnoteheads noteheadsaccidentals 3noteheadsnoteheads dotsnoteheadsaccidentals noteheads

    thus

    scriptsaccidentalsnoteheads 3noteheads noteheads

    thus

    scriptsnoteheads thus clefs noteheads

    noteheadsflagsnoteheads thusclefs dotsscriptsnoteheads noteheads noteheadsclefs noteheads dots noteheads noteheadsnoteheads3flags noteheadsscripts thusThe plain

    note and turn

    noteheadsscripts scripts noteheadsor

    noteheads The dotted note turned

    noteheadsnoteheads noteheads noteheadsnoteheads3

  • CLEMENTI'S ART OF PLAYING ON THE PIANO FORTE18

    thusnoteheadsaccidentalsscripts

    or noteheadsaccidentals scripts

    dotsclefs Inverted turns noteheads3

    accidentals noteheads noteheads noteheads3noteheads scripts

    thus noteheads noteheads dotsnoteheads scripts noteheads clefsnoteheadsorN.B. The LOWEST note of EVERY sort of turn is MOSTLY a semitone:

    noteheads 3clefs noteheads scripts

    thusclefsEx: 1 st accidentals noteheads noteheads noteheads dotsnoteheads 3noteheadsnoteheadsscripts thus Ex: 2dnoteheadsaccidentals noteheads dots

    noteheadsflagsflags

    noteheads thusclefs noteheadsdotsdotsnoteheadsscriptsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsflagsnoteheads

    noteheadsEx: in dou--ble notes

    clefs3noteheadsdotsdotsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsaccidentals noteheadsnoteheads dotsnoteheadsthusnoteheads

    scriptsaccidentalsnoteheads noteheads

    3noteheads noteheads3

    noteheads dotsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsscriptsnoteheadsclefs thus noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheads dots Some Authors

    mark it thus

    noteheads noteheads noteheads noteheads scriptsclefsShake. noteheadsnoteheads noteheads noteheads orplayedthus

    noteheads noteheadsnoteheadsscripts scriptsnoteheads noteheads noteheads

    noteheadsclefsShort shakebeginning by thenote itself.

    noteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheadsscripts scriptsnoteheadsscripts scripts noteheadsthus

    noteheads dotsnoteheads noteheads noteheadsclefs played thus

    noteheads noteheads noteheadsscriptsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheads clefsclefsTransientor passingshakes

    noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsscripts scriptsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheads or thus noteheads noteheadsSometimes ex--pressed in smallnotes.

    noteheadsscripts scriptsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsscriptsnoteheads noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsturned thus

    and sometimesnoteheadsclefs noteheadsaccidentalsTurnedShake.

    noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsor or

    scriptsscripts scriptsnoteheadsor

    scriptsnoteheads scripts scriptsscriptsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsscriptsscriptsnoteheadsthus

    played

    scriptsthus

    noteheads 6noteheadsnoteheadsPrepared shake

    noteheads noteheadsnoteheadsclefs noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsclefs noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheads 6noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsscriptsscriptsscriptsscriptsscriptsscriptsscriptsscriptsscripts

    Continued

    shake.thus

    noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads accidentals noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsThe shake LEGATO with the preceding note, explained:

  • 19MUSIC NOTATION

    noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheads3noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheads 3noteheadsscriptsclefs noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheads noteheads noteheads noteheads noteheadsnoteheads clefs scriptsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheads thusnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsthus

    noteheadsor thus

    noteheads noteheadsN.B. The GENERAL mark for the shake is this scripts and composers trust CHIEFLY to the taste and judgement of

    the performer, whether it shall be long, short, transient, or turned.

    noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsor

    noteheadsnoteheadsordots noteheads noteheads noteheads dotsdotsclefsThe BEAT noteheads ordots noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsscripts scripts

    scriptsor

    noteheadsthus

    noteheadsordots noteheadsnoteheads 3noteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheads noteheads noteheads

    The LENGTH of the BEAT is determined, like that of the other graces, by the circumstances of the passage.N.B. When the note preceding the beat is an interval of a SECOND, let the beat adopt it, whether it be a

    semitone or a whole tone:

    noteheadsnoteheads thusnoteheads dotsclefs noteheads noteheadsplayedthus

    Ex: noteheadsnoteheadsclefsnoteheads noteheads dotsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsscriptsscripts

    But when the beat, is on the FIRST note of a passage, or, when it follows a note, whose interval is GREATER thana SECOND, it should be made with a semitone; as the following examples will show.

    thus noteheadsclefs noteheads noteheadsscripts noteheadsclefsExamples noteheads noteheadsaccidentals noteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsaccidentals noteheadsnoteheadsscripts noteheads noteheads noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheads

    thus

    Lastly, let us remark, that the beat is seldom used in modern music.

  • CLEMENTI'S ART OF PLAYING ON THE PIANO FORTE20

    MAJOR AND MINOR MODES OR KEYS; VULGARLY CALLED SHARP AND FLAT KEYS. The FUNDAMENTAL note, called the TONIC or KEY-NOTE, of a composition is either in the MAJOR, or MINOR mode.

    An exposition of the scale in each MODE, will best explain their essential difference.

    5noteheadsnoteheads noteheads

    noteheads4noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads7

    noteheadsnoteheads6

    clefsclefs

    Ascending and

    descending scale

    in the key of

    C, MAJOR.

    3 noteheadsnoteheads2 noteheadsKey-

    note

    noteheads1noteheads3noteheads noteheads

    noteheads5noteheadsKey-

    note

    1noteheads noteheads4noteheadsnoteheads2

    noteheads noteheadsnoteheads8

    noteheadsnoteheads8

    noteheadsnoteheads6

    noteheadsnoteheads7

    N.B. The intervals in THIS scale are in their SIMPLE state; but in the following, they are an octave higher, and

    are called COMPOUND intervals; still retaining their names of 2d

    , 3d

    , 4th

    , etc: as in their SIMPLE state. The figure1, stands for a note of the same pitch, called UNISON: this last remark is confined to the foregoing example.

    noteheads5noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads4noteheadsnoteheads3noteheads7

    accidentals noteheadsnoteheads6

    accidentalsclefsclefs

    Ascending and

    descending scale

    in the key of

    A, MINOR.

    noteheadsnoteheads2 noteheadsKey-

    note

    noteheads1noteheads3noteheads noteheads

    noteheads5noteheadsKey-note1noteheads noteheads4

    noteheadsnoteheads2

    noteheads noteheads

    noteheads8noteheads

    noteheads8noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads6accidentals noteheads

    noteheads7accidentals

    The first DIFFERENCE, which strikes the eye, is, that in the MAJOR-KEY , the semitone lies between the 3d

    and 4th

    , and between the 7th

    and 8th

    both ascending, and descending: whereas in the MINOR-KEY , it lies between the 2d

    and 3d

    , and between the 7th

    and 8th

    ascending; but in descending, between the 2d

    and 3d

    and between the 5th

    and

    6th

    . Authors vary, however, in regard to the 6th

    and 7th

    of the MINOR mode. The ESSENTIAL and IMMUTABLE difference, therefore, between the MAJOR and MINOR key, is the interval of the

    3d

    , which differs by a SEMITONE; for if we analyse the 3d

    in the MAJOR-SCALE, it will be found to contain two wholetones; or four semitones:

    noteheadsaccidentals semi-tonenoteheadssemi-tonenoteheadsaccidentalsEx: clefs3dnoteheadswholetonenoteheads

    3d

    wholetonenoteheads semi-tonenoteheadssemi-tonenoteheadsor

    Whereas the 3d

    in the MINOR -scale, will be found to contain one whole tone with a semitone; or threesemitones.

    3dnoteheadssemi-tone

    noteheadsaccidentals semi-tone

    noteheads Example clefs noteheadssemitone

    noteheads 3dwholetone

    noteheads semi-tone

    noteheadsor Now, the LAST, and if a chord, the LOWEST note of the bass, in every REGULAR composition, is the KEY-NOTE ; let

    the contents then of the first FULL bar be examined, (treble and bass); where, if the 3d

    be major, the piece is said

  • 21MUSIC NOTATION

    to be in SUCH a key major.

    the LAST and LOWEST

    note of the bass is F.dotsdotsclefs accidentalsclefs accidentals

    noteheadsExample of a conclusion: noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheads

    dots noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads

    dotsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsdots

    noteheadsnoteheadsExample of the beginning

    of the same piece:

    noteheadsnoteheads

    accidentalsclefs43clefs43

    accidentalsrestsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads the 3d of F, which is A in the

    first FULL bar, is MAJOR:

    therefore the piece is in F

    MAJOR

    noteheadsA

    noteheadsaccidentalsExample ofA MINORending. clefs

    clefs noteheads noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    dotsnoteheads

    noteheads

    noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads here the 3d of Ais MINOR, the

    piece is there-

    fore in A MINOR

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads Example of the be- ginning 42clefs

    42clefsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads

    restsnoteheads

    accidentalsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheads

    noteheads N.B. Sometimes a composition in the MINOR mode may have a MAJOR ending; for which reason, it is safer to

    examine the beginning, in order to determine the MODE.

    Let the Pupil remember, that the NATURAL major-key is C; and the NATURAL minor-key is A; which latter iscalled the RELATIVE MINOR to the former; and that every MAJOR-KEY has its RELATIVE MINOR in the sameproportion, namely one tone and semitone UNDER; as will be shown in the collection of scales.

    EXPLANATION OF VARIOUS TERMS The DEGREE of velocity in every composition is ascertained by some ITALIAN word or words prefixed to it: as

    ADAGIO, POCO ALLEGRO , etc. We shall annex a list of the terms mostly in use; beginning by the SLOWEST degree,which is ADAGIO; and gradually proceeding to the QUICKEST, which is PRESTISSIMO._______________________________________

    1 ADAGIO2 GRAVE3 LARGO4 LENTO5 LARGHETTO

    6 ANDANTINO 7 ANDANTE 8 ALLEGRETTO 9 MODERATO10 TEMPO GIUSTO

    11 MAESTOSO12 CON COMMODO13 ALLEGRO14 VIVACE15 CON SPIRITO

    16 SPIRITOSO17 CON BRIO18 CON FUOCO19 PRESTO20 PRESTISSIMO

    Various other terms are sometimes added to the preceding, in order to MODIFY or extend their meaning, as:

    NON TROPPO ALLEGRO , not too quick etc. We shall subjoin some of the most common, with their explanation.MOLTO, DI MOLTO , or ASSAI, very. NON TROPPO , not too much. UN POCO , a little. QUASI , almost. PI, more.

    MENO, less. PI TOSTO, rather. SEMPRE, always. MA, but. CON, with. SENZA, without.MINUETTO A TEMPO DI BALLO, dancing-minuet time.

    To determine more particularly the style of performing, some of the following terms are also used: MESTO, or

    FLEBILE, in a melancholy style. CANTABILE, in a singing and graceful manner. AFFETTUOSO, in an affecting andtender manner. GRAZIOSO, in a graceful and elegant manner. CON MOTO, with a certain degree of vivacity. BRILLANTE, with brilliancy and spirit. AGGITATO, agitated; with passion and fire. CON ESPRESSIONE, orCON ANIMA, with expression; that is, with passionate feeling; where every note has its peculiar force and energy;and where even the severity of time may be relaxed for extraordinary effects. SCHERZANDO, in playful and light

  • CLEMENTI'S ART OF PLAYING ON THE PIANO FORTE22

    manner. SOSTENUTO, to sustain, or hold on, the notes their full length. TENUTO, or abbreviated thus, TEN: tohold a note its full length. A TEMPO, in strict time. AD LIBITUM, at pleasure or discretion, with regard to time;introducing in certain cases an embelishment. TEMPO PRIMO, or PRIMO TEMPO, in the original time. RALLENTANDO or RITARDANDO, gradually slackening the time.

    SMORZANDO, MORENDO or PERDENDOSI, extinguishing gradually the sound, 'till it be almost lost. CALANDO,

    or MANCANDO, diminishing by degrees the sound, or slackening almost imperceptibly the time; or both. DA CAPO, abbreviated thus: D.C., to return to, and end with, the first strain. VOLTI SUBITO or V.S. turn overquickly. The LATIN word BIS, means TWICE; it is generally placed over a passage within a curve line, whichdenotes the extent of the repeat.

  • FINGERING

    To produce the BEST EFFECT, by the EASIEST MEANS, is the great basis of the art of fingering. The EFFECT, being

    of the highest importance, is FIRST consulted; the WAY to accomplish it is then devised; and THAT MODE offingering is PREFERRED which gives the BEST EFFECT, tho' not always the easiest to the performer. But thecombinations of notes being almost infinite, the art of fingering will best be taught by examples.

    PRELIMINARY DIRECTIONS The hand and arm should be held in a horizontal position; neither depressing nor raising the wrist: the seat

    should therefore be adjusted accordingly. The fingers and thumb should be placed over the keys, always ready tostrike; bending the fingers in, more or less in proportion to their length. All unnecessary motion must beavoided.

    Let the pupil now begin to practise, SLOWLY at first, the following passage; observing to keep down the first key

    'till the second has been struck, and so on. The 1 is for the thumb, and 2, 3, 4, 5, for the succeeding fingers. noteheads3 noteheads2noteheads4 noteheads5 noteheads4clefs 42RightHand noteheads

    1

    and so on, a great many times.noteheads4 noteheads5 noteheads4noteheads1 noteheads2 noteheads3 noteheads2 noteheads3noteheads3 noteheads2 noteheads1

    5

    etc.noteheads4noteheadsLeftHand

    N.B. Let every note be played even, in

    regard to time; and with equal strength.

    2noteheads3noteheads4noteheadsnoteheads5 3noteheads42clefs2noteheads1noteheads

    SCALES IN ALL THE MAJOR KEYS, WITH THEIR RELATIVE MINORS which ought to be practised daily.

    noteheads3

    noteheads3 2noteheads

    4noteheads1noteheads

    1noteheads3noteheads

    3noteheads

    2noteheads

    1noteheads1noteheads

    2noteheadsclefs5

    noteheads

    1

    noteheads4

    noteheads

    2

    noteheadsC majorRight Hand

    timesigclefstimesig

    1

    noteheads

    2noteheads3

    noteheads

    3noteheads3

    noteheads

    3

    noteheads2

    noteheads

    1noteheads3

    noteheads

    3

    noteheads1

    noteheads

    2

    noteheads1noteheads

    1noteheadsnoteheads4

    noteheads

    2

    noteheads3

    Left Hand5

    noteheads

    1

    noteheads2

    noteheads

    1noteheads2

    noteheads

    4

    noteheads

    3

    noteheads2noteheads

    4noteheads

    3noteheads

    3noteheads2noteheads

    4noteheads1noteheads

    5noteheads

    3noteheads

    3noteheads4noteheads

    2noteheads1noteheads

    2noteheads

    2noteheads

    1noteheads4noteheads

    2noteheads

  • CLEMENTI'S ART OF PLAYING ON THE PIANO FORTE24

    noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads

    3noteheads

    noteheads

    4noteheads

    1

    noteheadsnoteheadsaccidentals

    3noteheadsnoteheads

    accidentalsaccidentals

    noteheadsnoteheads

    accidentalsclefstimesigclefs

    5

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsA minor timesig

    1

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads noteheads

    noteheads

    3

    noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsaccidentals

    3

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    1

    noteheads

    2

    noteheads

    1noteheads

    accidentalsaccidentals

    noteheadsnoteheads

    accidentals3

    noteheads

    3

    noteheads

    4

    noteheads

    2

    noteheads

    noteheads5

    1

    noteheads noteheads

    2

    noteheads

    1

    noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads

    accidentalsaccidentals

    3noteheadsnoteheads

    2noteheadsnoteheads

    1noteheads

    5noteheads

    accidentalsaccidentals

    1noteheadsnoteheads

    4

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    1noteheads

    noteheads

    2noteheadsnoteheads

    4

    noteheads1noteheads

    1

    noteheadsnoteheads3noteheads

    noteheads1noteheads

    1noteheads2noteheads

    noteheads

    1

    noteheadsnoteheads

    2

    noteheadsG major accidentalsclefs 1noteheads2

    noteheadsnoteheads

    3

    noteheadsnoteheads

    3

    noteheadsnoteheads

    1

    noteheads3noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    4noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    1noteheadsnoteheads4

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    2

    noteheadsnoteheads5

    1

    noteheadsnoteheads

    1

    noteheadsnoteheads

    3

    noteheads noteheads5noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    timesigaccidentalsclefstimesig noteheads 3noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    3noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads1noteheads

    noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    3noteheads

    noteheads

    4noteheads1noteheadsnoteheadsaccidentals

    noteheadsnoteheads

    accidentals noteheadsnoteheads

    accidentalstimesigaccidentalsclefstimesigaccidentalsclefs

    5

    noteheadsnoteheadsE minor noteheads

    1noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    3noteheadsnoteheads

    accidentals

    3

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    1noteheads

    accidentalsaccidentals

    5noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    accidentalsnoteheadsnoteheads

    1

    noteheadsnoteheads5

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    1noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    accidentalsnoteheadsnoteheads

    accidentalsaccidentals

    3noteheadsnoteheads accidentals

    noteheadsnoteheads

    1noteheadsaccidentals 1noteheadsnoteheads

    4noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    1noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    4noteheads

    1

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    1noteheadsnoteheadsclefs

    5

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsD major timesigaccidentalsaccidentalsclefs timesig

    accidentalsaccidentals

    1

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads noteheads

    noteheads3

    noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads

    3

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads 4noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    1noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads noteheads

    noteheads5

    1

    noteheadsnoteheads1

    noteheads5noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    1noteheads3noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    3noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    1noteheads

    noteheads

    noteheads

    noteheads noteheads3

    noteheads noteheads

    4

    noteheads

    1

    noteheadsnoteheads

    accidentalsaccidentalsnoteheadsnoteheads

    1noteheadsnoteheads

    timesigaccidentalsaccidentalsclefstimesigaccidentalsaccidentalsclefs

    4

    noteheadsnoteheadsB minor

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    3

    noteheads

    1

    accidentalsaccidentals

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    1noteheads

    accidentalsaccidentals

    1noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads4

    1

    noteheads4

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    1

    noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    accidentalsnoteheadsnoteheads

    accidentalsaccidentals

    accidentalsaccidentals

    2noteheadsnoteheads5noteheads

    accidentals noteheadsnoteheads

    3noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    4noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    1noteheads

  • 25FINGERING

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    4noteheads

    1

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    1noteheadsnoteheadsclefs

    5

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsA major timesigaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsclefs timesig

    accidentalsaccidentalsaccidentals

    1

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads noteheads

    noteheads

    3

    noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads

    3

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads 4noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    1noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads5

    1

    noteheads noteheads

    noteheads

    1

    noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    5noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    1noteheads3noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    3noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    1noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    accidentalsaccidentalsnoteheads

    4noteheads

    noteheads

    1noteheads

    1

    noteheads

    2noteheadsnoteheads

    2noteheadsnoteheads

    3noteheads

    accidentalsaccidentals

    1

    noteheads

    1noteheadsclefs

    dotsdots

    4

    Faccidentals minor43accidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsclefs43accidentalsaccidentals

    accidentals

    noteheads

    2

    noteheadsnoteheads

    3

    noteheads

    noteheads

    2noteheadsaccidentals

    5

    noteheads

    1

    noteheadsaccidentalsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheads

    3noteheadsnoteheads

    4noteheadsnoteheads

    accidentalsaccidentals

    noteheads

    1

    noteheads

    1noteheads

    accidentalsnoteheads

    3noteheads

    noteheads4

    2

    noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    1noteheads1noteheads

    2noteheads

    accidentals

    noteheadsnoteheads

    1

    noteheads

    3noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads

    2noteheads

    3noteheads1noteheads

    2noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    4noteheads1noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    1noteheadsnoteheads

    clefs

    5

    noteheads

    1

    noteheadsnoteheads

    E major timesigaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsclefstimesigaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentals

    1

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads noteheads

    noteheads

    3noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads

    3

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads 4noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    1noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads5

    1

    noteheads noteheads

    noteheads

    1noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    5noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    1noteheads3noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    3noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    1noteheads

    noteheads

    accidentalsaccidentalsaccidentals noteheadsnoteheads

    4

    1

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    3noteheads1noteheads

    1 accidentals

    1

    noteheads

    1noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads

    dotsdots

    3

    noteheads

    2Caccidentals minor 43accidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsclefsclefsnoteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    3

    noteheads noteheads

    accidentalsaccidentals

    4

    noteheads

    1

    noteheadsaccidentalsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    accidentalsaccidentals

    noteheads

    1

    noteheads

    accidentals2

    noteheads

    3

    noteheads

    noteheads3

    2

    noteheads

    4

    noteheadsnoteheads

    1

    noteheads

    1

    noteheads3noteheads

    23noteheads

    2noteheads

    34noteheads noteheads

    43accidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentals

    1

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    3

    3noteheads

    23noteheads

    noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    4

    noteheads

    1

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    1noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    4

    noteheads

    1

    noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsB major accidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsclefs timesig

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    accidentals noteheads

    3

    noteheads

    1

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    4

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    1noteheads

    accidentals noteheadsnoteheads

    3

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads4

    1

    noteheads

    1

    noteheads

    1

    noteheads

    2

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    timesigaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsclefs 1noteheads

    5noteheads

    accidentals noteheads

    3noteheads3noteheadsnoteheads

    4noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    1noteheads

  • CLEMENTI'S ART OF PLAYING ON THE PIANO FORTE26

    accidentalsaccidentals

    1noteheadsnoteheads

    1noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    4noteheads

    accidentalsaccidentals

    noteheadsnoteheads

    clefs43accidentalsaccidentals

    accidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsclefsdots

    Gaccidentals minor43accidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentals noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    3noteheads dots3

    noteheads

    2noteheads

    accidentals4

    noteheadsnoteheads

    2noteheads

    1noteheads noteheads3noteheadsnoteheads accidentals

    1noteheads

    2noteheads

    accidentalsaccidentals

    2

    noteheads

    3

    noteheads

    noteheads3

    2

    noteheads4noteheadsnoteheads

    1

    noteheads

    1

    noteheads3noteheadsnoteheads

    accidentals2noteheadsnoteheads

    1noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    3noteheadsnoteheads

    accidentals 3noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    1

    noteheads

    3noteheads

    1noteheads

    1noteheadsnoteheads2

    noteheads noteheadsnoteheads4noteheads

    1noteheads

    1noteheads

    noteheads

    3noteheadsnoteheads43accidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsclefs

    43accidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsclefs

    dotsFaccidentals major

    noteheads

    4

    noteheads1

    noteheadsnoteheads dots

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    3noteheadsnoteheads

    4noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    1noteheads

    noteheads

    3noteheads

    noteheads4

    2

    noteheadsnoteheads

    1noteheads

    noteheads

    4noteheads2noteheads

    34noteheads

    3noteheads

    23noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    3noteheads

    23noteheads

    noteheads

    1noteheads

    noteheads

    3noteheads

    accidentals

    accidentals

    noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    3noteheads1noteheads

    1noteheads1

    noteheads

    noteheadsaccidentals

    accidentals

    noteheads

    noteheads

    43accidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsclefs43accidentalsaccidentals

    accidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsclefs

    dotsDaccidentals minor

    3

    noteheads

    2

    noteheads1

    noteheads

    noteheads dots3

    noteheads

    2

    noteheads4

    noteheads

    1

    noteheadsaccidentals

    noteheads

    1noteheads noteheads

    noteheads

    noteheads noteheads

    accidentals

    accidentals3noteheads

    noteheads

    accidentals1noteheads

    1

    noteheads

    noteheads3

    2

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads4

    noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    accidentals

    accidentalsnoteheads noteheads

    noteheads noteheadsnoteheads

    1noteheads

    noteheads

    noteheads

    noteheads

    noteheads4noteheads noteheads

    4

    1

    noteheads

    noteheads

    noteheads

    noteheads

    noteheads

    noteheads1noteheads

    noteheads

    noteheads

    noteheads

    noteheads

    3noteheads

    43accidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsclefs43accidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsclefsDaccidentals major

    1

    noteheads

    noteheads

    noteheads

    noteheads dots

    noteheads

    2

    noteheads

    noteheads

    3

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    noteheads

    1noteheads2

    noteheads

    3

    noteheads

    noteheads3

    2

    noteheads4

    noteheads

    noteheads1

    noteheads

    1noteheadsnoteheads

    4noteheads

    noteheads

    noteheads

    noteheads

    noteheads

    dotsnoteheads

    noteheads3

    4noteheads

    noteheads

    noteheads

    4noteheadsnoteheads

    1noteheads

    1

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads4

    noteheadsaccidentals4noteheadsnoteheads

    accidentals noteheads

    3noteheadsaccidentalstimesigaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsclefs

    timesigaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsclefs

    3

    noteheads2

    noteheadsBaccidentals minor1

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    1

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads3

    noteheadsaccidentalsaccidentals

    4

    noteheadsnoteheads noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    accidentalsaccidentals

    accidentalsnoteheadsnoteheads

    1

    noteheads1

    noteheads

    noteheads3

    2

    noteheadsnoteheads1

    noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    3

    noteheadsnoteheads

    accidentals3noteheadsnoteheads

    accidentalsaccidentals

    4

    accidentals3noteheadsnoteheads

    2noteheadsnoteheads

    3noteheads 1noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    1noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    1noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

  • 27FINGERING

    noteheads4

    noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads1

    noteheadsnoteheads1

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    3noteheadsnoteheads

    timesigaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsclefs noteheads2

    noteheadsAaccidentals major clefs accidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentals timesig noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads3

    noteheadsnoteheads1

    noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads

    1

    noteheads

    noteheads1

    noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads3

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads3

    noteheadsnoteheads2

    3

    noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads1

    noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads4

    noteheads

    noteheads3

    noteheadsnoteheads3

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    5

    noteheads14

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads1

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads1

    noteheads

    accidentalsaccidentals

    11noteheadsnoteheads

    accidentals noteheads

    4noteheadsnoteheads1noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheadsaccidentals

    noteheads3noteheads

    43accidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsclefs43accidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsclefs

    dotsF minor

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads dots

    5

    noteheads

    1noteheadsnoteheads

    2

    noteheadsaccidentals3noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads5

    1

    noteheads noteheads

    accidentalsaccidentalsnoteheadsnoteheads

    accidentalsnoteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    1noteheads

    1noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    2noteheadsnoteheads

    accidentalsnoteheads 1noteheadsnoteheads

    accidentals4noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    1

    5noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads1noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    3noteheadsnoteheads

    1noteheads

    noteheads

    4noteheads

    noteheads

    2

    noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsEaccidentals major clefs

    noteheads

    4noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads

    1

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    1noteheads

    noteheads noteheads

    1noteheads

    3

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    2

    noteheads

    1

    noteheads

    noteheads3

    2

    noteheads noteheads

    4

    noteheadsnoteheads

    1

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    noteheads

    23noteheads

    1noteheads

    23noteheads

    timesigaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsclefstimesigaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentals

    2noteheads

    34

    1noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    1noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    4noteheadsnoteheads

    accidentalsaccidentals

    1

    noteheads

    3

    noteheadsaccidentals noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    1

    noteheadsnoteheadsaccidentals

    noteheads

    4noteheads

    43accidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsclefs43accidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsclefs

    dotsC minor

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads dots

    5

    noteheads

    1

    noteheadsnoteheads

    2

    noteheadsaccidentals

    3

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    accidentalsaccidentalsnoteheadsnoteheads

    accidentals4

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads5

    1

    noteheadsnoteheads

    1noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    2noteheads4noteheads

    accidentals1noteheads

    5noteheads1noteheadsnoteheads

    accidentals4noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    1noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    1

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    4noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    3noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads

    3

    noteheads

    2

    noteheads

    2

    noteheadsnoteheadsBaccidentals major clefs timesigaccidentalsaccidentalsclefs noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads

    1

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    3

    noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    1

    noteheads 1noteheads

    3

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    2

    noteheads

    1

    noteheads

    noteheads3

    2

    noteheads

    4

    noteheadsnoteheads

    1

    noteheadsnoteheads

    1noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads 1noteheadsnoteheads

    timesigaccidentalsaccidentals2noteheads

    4noteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    noteheads

    noteheads

    1noteheads4noteheadsnoteheads

    1noteheads

  • CLEMENTI'S ART OF PLAYING ON THE PIANO FORTE28

    accidentalsaccidentals

    1noteheads

    3noteheadsaccidentals noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    1noteheadsnoteheadsaccidentals

    noteheads4noteheads

    43accidentalsaccidentalsclefs43accidentalsaccidentalsclefs

    dotsG minor

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads dots

    5

    noteheads

    1noteheadsnoteheads

    2

    noteheads3noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads 1noteheads

    accidentals noteheadsnoteheads

    accidentalsaccidentals

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads5

    1

    noteheadsnoteheads

    1noteheads accidentals

    noteheadsnoteheads

    2noteheadsnoteheads

    accidentals1noteheadsnoteheads

    accidentals4noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads noteheads

    5noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    4noteheads

    noteheads

    3noteheads1noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    23noteheads

    1noteheads

    11noteheads

    5

    noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadstimesigaccidentalsclefstimesigaccidentalsclefs

    1noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    4

    noteheads3noteheads

    noteheads

    noteheads

    1noteheadsnoteheads

    1noteheads

    noteheads

    noteheads

    noteheads

    noteheads

    noteheads5

    1

    noteheadsF majornoteheads

    noteheads

    noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    34noteheads

    3noteheads

    23noteheads

    noteheads

    34noteheads

    1noteheads

    45noteheads

    noteheads

    noteheads4noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    1noteheads

    noteheads

    noteheads

    noteheads

    noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheads

    accidentals noteheads noteheads5 noteheadsnoteheads

    2

    noteheads noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads1

    noteheads5

    D minor

    noteheads

    2

    accidentalsnoteheadsnoteheads

    3

    1noteheads

    noteheads 1 dotsnoteheads

    dots

    1

    noteheadsnoteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsaccidentals noteheads 14noteheads43

    accidentals noteheads4

    noteheads noteheads noteheads

    noteheadsclefs noteheads

    noteheads5

    noteheads

    clefsnoteheads noteheads

    accidentalsnoteheadsaccidentals noteheads

    noteheads3noteheads

    noteheadsnoteheads

    accidentals noteheadsaccidentals noteheadsnoteheads

    accidentalsaccidentalsnoteheads 1

    noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads43

    1noteheads

    noteheadsaccidentals accidentalsN.B. All the preceding Scales should be extended, in practising, 2 or 3 octaves more, as likewise

    3

    accidentals1 2 noteheads4 noteheads noteheads noteheads accidentals3 accidentalsnoteheads

    2 2

    accidentals noteheads etc.noteheads1accidentalsnoteheads 2clefs noteheads3 3noteheadsaccidentalsaccidentals noteheads noteheads 34the Scale of semi--tones for the

    right hand:noteheadsnoteheads

    accidentals1

    21

    noteheadsnoteheadsaccidentals accidentals3

    noteheads2

    11

    accidentals1

    noteheads 1 23

    2

    noteheads2

    noteheads accidentals1noteheads4 accidentalsnoteheads2 noteheads2

    noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheads31

    noteheads noteheads1noteheads 2353

    noteheads3 1 noteheadsnoteheads

    3

    12noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsaccidentals

    1

    noteheads1

    3 accidentals3 noteheads noteheadsnoteheads

    2

    and for the

    left hand.2

    4 accidentalsclefs accidentals2 accidentals2 41

    noteheadsnoteheadsaccidentals3

    2

    noteheads noteheadsnoteheads accidentalsaccidentals1

    2 accidentals1 3 accidentalsnoteheadsnoteheads accidentalsnoteheadsaccidentals 2 noteheads2noteheads1 3 accidentalsnoteheads1 noteheadsaccidentals

    1

    noteheads 1 noteheads1

    21noteheadsaccidentals

    accidentalsnoteheads noteheads 2 etc.noteheads 22noteheads4 accidentals

    N.B. The semitones are to be fingered in the same way, ascending and descending.

    GENERAL REMARKS ON THE FOREGOING SCALES

    The right hand has the thumb on the KEY-NOTE or TONIC, and on the 4th

    of the KEY-NOTE, in the following

    MAJOR and MINOR keys: C, G, D, A, E, and B.In all MAJOR keys with one or more flats, the thumb is put on C, and F.

    The left hand has the thumb on the KEY-NOTE, and on the 5th

    of the KEY, in the following MAJOR and MINOR

    keys: F, C, G, D, A, and E.

    In the MAJOR keys of Baccidentals , Eaccidentals , Aaccidentals and Daccidentals , the thumb is put on the 3d and 7th of the key.

  • 29FINGERING

    EXTENSIONS AND CONTRACTIONS ETC.

    1

    noteheads5

    R.H.dnoteheads1 noteheads

    5

    noteheads4 noteheads

    noteheads5clefs noteheads

    1clefs noteheads5noteheads5 noteheads4 noteheads1

    R.H.d noteheads

    1 noteheads1noteheads5 noteheads1clefs noteheads1noteheads5noteheads5

    L.H.d

    noteheads51flagsL.H.

    d clefs flags5noteheadsnoteheads clefs5noteheads noteheadsR.H.d

    5 11noteheadsnoteheads1

    N.B. The 51 means that after striking C with the 5th finger, the thumb is shifted on the key without striking it.

    In a similar manner the left hand thus: clefsnoteheads5 flags noteheads15 noteheads

    1

    flagsWhich mode of fingering should be much practised in various ways, the LEGATO-STYLE requiring it very

    frequently.The shakes should be practised with every finger, not excluding the thumb; and upon the short as well as long

    keys.

  • CLEMENTI'S ART OF PLAYING ON THE PIANO FORTE30

    EXAMPLES OF FINGERING FOR THE RIGHT HAND.

    3noteheadsnoteheads 3 noteheads2 1noteheads24noteheads5 noteheadsclefs noteheads noteheads1 noteheads4noteheads4 noteheads3 noteheads2 noteheads4flagsclefs noteheads

    3 noteheads2 noteheads1noteheads2 noteheads3 noteheads2But when the notes re--peat too quick for thesame finger, it is thennecessary to change.

    noteheads4 noteheads3 4 noteheads3noteheads3 noteheads2 noteheads

    noteheads1 noteheads4noteheads

    3

    noteheads2 4noteheads1noteheadsnoteheads3 noteheads24noteheadsnoteheads noteheads

    54

    flags noteheads1

    noteheads4

    noteheads3

    noteheads2 4noteheads3noteheadsnoteheads3 noteheads2clefs noteheads3 noteheads2noteheads

    3 noteheadsnoteheads4 noteheads4 noteheads2 noteheads43 noteheads4 noteheads3noteheads12

    noteheads1 noteheads32

    noteheadsnoteheads noteheads32

    noteheads noteheadsnoteheads21

    32

    noteheads32

    noteheads32

    noteheads noteheads2

    noteheads21 noteheads332

    noteheads43 3noteheads noteheads2noteheads

    21 noteheads2

    flags noteheads43noteheads noteheads noteheads

    3

    noteheads21

    noteheads32

    noteheadsnoteheads24noteheads 313noteheads2noteheads 3noteheadsrestsnoteheads noteheads1noteheadsrests 1noteheads3noteheads3noteheadsaccidentals 5noteheads 1noteheadsclefs 1noteheadsaccidentals 4noteheads 3noteheads14noteheads

    43noteheads 5noteheads3noteheads 5noteheads3noteheadsnoteheads 3noteheads3noteheadsaccidentals3noteheads 5noteheads3noteheads3noteheads 5noteheadsnoteheads 33noteheads2noteheads5noteheads 33noteheads 2noteheadsrests 3noteheads noteheads3noteheadsaccidentals

    1noteheads2noteheadsrests noteheads112

    noteheads5noteheads 34noteheads noteheads2noteheads

    1

    noteheads accidentals noteheads32

    noteheads2

    noteheads2noteheads 4 noteheads 2clefs

    4noteheads 23noteheads2noteheads 4 4noteheadsaccidentals 2noteheads 2noteheads accidentals1noteheads1noteheads noteheads234

    noteheadsnoteheads2

    noteheads3noteheads 1

    2

    noteheadsnoteheads 12

    noteheads1

    noteheads noteheadsnoteheads3noteheads 3noteheadsaccidentals

    34noteheads12noteheadsnoteheads accidentals noteheads

    34

    noteheads2 3

    4

    accidentals2noteheads 5accidentalsaccidentals rests noteheads4noteheads1noteheads noteheads41

    noteheads2

    noteheads

    noteheads21noteheads31noteheads

    1

    noteheads3noteheads 23noteheads

    1

    noteheadsnoteheadsaccidentals1

    3noteheads 3noteheads2

    noteheads2noteheads 2

    3

    noteheads4

    noteheadsaccidentalsaccidentals1

    noteheads1noteheads3

    noteheads2

    noteheads2

    noteheads3accidentalsaccidentals 5 2noteheads 2

    3

    noteheadsclefs4noteheads3noteheads 3

    4

    noteheadsaccidentals3

    1

    noteheads11

    noteheads noteheads11

    noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads2

    1

    noteheads3noteheads4noteheads3noteheads 3

    4

    noteheadsnoteheadsaccidentals4noteheads 3noteheads

    2 34

    noteheads2noteheads4

    noteheads3

    noteheads4noteheads3noteheads clefs3

    noteheads1

    noteheads2 12

    noteheads2

    noteheads accidentals2

    noteheads3 1

    noteheadsaccidentals3noteheadsnoteheadsaccidentalsaccidentals

    3noteheads1noteheads3noteheads noteheadsaccidentals 2 2noteheads

    2noteheads1noteheads4

    13noteheadsclefs 1 2noteheads 1noteheadsnoteheads

    3

    noteheads2noteheads clefs 4 1noteheads2noteheadsnoteheads4noteheads2noteheadsnoteheads 4noteheads1 3 noteheads 3noteheads1 noteheadsaccidentals

    5noteheads2

    noteheadsnoteheads3noteheads 3noteheads 3noteheads2noteheads

    4noteheads 4noteheads3noteheadsnoteheads2noteheadsaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsnoteheads1 3noteheads1noteheadsnoteheads 3noteheads3noteheadsaccidentals

    5noteheadsaccidentals2noteheadsnoteheads 2noteheadsaccidentals4

    43 noteheads noteheads noteheads 2 4noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads 4 accidentalsclefs 5noteheads

    41noteheadsnoteheadsaccidentalsaccidentals 5noteheads2noteheadsaccidentalsnoteheads 4noteheads2 5noteheadsnoteheads231 noteheads3 noteheadsnoteheads 1noteheads2noteheads

    2

    noteheadsnoteheads3 1noteheads2

    noteheads noteheads5

    accidentals 1noteheads4accidentals accidentals3noteheadsnoteheads accidentals

    12noteheads 4noteheads3noteheads accidentals4noteheads 3 3noteheads 2noteheads2noteheads

    4noteheads

    34noteheadsflags noteheads3 1 noteheads accidentals 2

    211noteheadsnoteheads 23noteheadsflags 1

    1noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheads 23

    flags5clefs noteheads34noteheadsaccidentals3 noteheads 23noteheadsnoteheads 2 4noteheads noteheadsnoteheads 3noteheadsaccidentals 3 2 3noteheads

    4 5accidentals noteheadsaccidentals 2noteheads 1noteheadsnoteheads 1 22noteheadsnoteheads noteheads

    5noteheads3 2noteheads 23

    12 1noteheads 3noteheads

    5noteheads4 1

    1noteheads22noteheads noteheads5noteheadsnoteheads4 4accidentals2noteheadsaccidentalsflags 1

    1noteheads 22accidentals4

    1 1noteheads accidentals noteheadsaccidentals noteheads noteheads4 noteheads 1noteheads2noteheadsnoteheads2noteheads4noteheads5noteheadsnoteheads

    2noteheads2noteheadsnoteheads3 2noteheads 34noteheadsnoteheads4 noteheads3clefs noteheads

    4

    noteheads noteheads2noteheads 3 noteheadsnoteheads 1

    5noteheadsnoteheads

    1 22 1 3

    noteheads2

    noteheads2 3 3noteheads1 noteheadsnoteheads noteheads

    4noteheads5noteheads2 4noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads noteheads3noteheads noteheadsnoteheads accidentals 2 accidentals5

    3noteheads 3noteheads 3noteheads1 21 5noteheadsnoteheads noteheads1

    noteheads2

    noteheadsnoteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads 1 &noteheadsaccidentals2

    noteheads noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsnoteheadsclefs &noteheads2noteheads1noteheads

    5noteheads 1noteheads5noteheadsnoteheads5noteheadsaccidentals

    2

    noteheadsaccidentals3noteheads4noteheads 3noteheadsnoteheads 1noteheads 2noteheads accidentals

    2

    noteheads noteheads5noteheads3noteheadsaccidentals

    3

    noteheads1

    noteheads1noteheads 2noteheads 5noteheads 3noteheads

    1noteheads2noteheads1noteheads5noteheads

    2noteheads3noteheads 2noteheads23

    noteheads4noteheads5noteheads noteheads5noteheads1noteheads2noteheadsaccidentalsaccidentalsaccidentalsclefs

    4

    &

    4noteheads5noteheads 5noteheads1noteheads2noteheads5noteheadsnoteheads noteheads2 3noteheadsnoteheads 1

    5noteheads 3noteheads noteheadsnoteheads1noteheads 1noteheads

    3noteheads 3noteheads5noteheads2

    noteheads1noteheads15

    3noteheads noteheads1noteheads5

    &

    noteheads5

    5noteheads 5noteheads3noteheads3noteheads

  • 31FINGERING

    noteheadsnoteheads5 4noteheads 1noteheads

    4noteheads2noteheads 11noteheads1

    noteheads noteheads1noteheads2noteheads

    2noteheads 3accidentals2noteheads3 1

    noteheads noteheads3noteheads11 2noteheads

    5noteheads1noteheadsnoteheads 5noteheads 2noteheads3noteheadsclefs accidentals

    1

    noteheads5noteheads3noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads

    1noteheads5noteheads 2noteheads4noteheads5noteheads 2noteheads5 5noteheads4noteheads

    5noteheads5noteheads 2 accidentals noteheads4noteheads2noteheads3

    5 1

    noteheads2noteheads3noteheads noteheads

    1noteheads5noteheadsnoteheads

    5noteheads 2noteheads1noteheads accidentals2

    noteheads1noteheads4noteheads1 1noteheadsnoteheads

    5noteheads 2noteheadsnoteheads12

    5noteheads 4noteheads 4noteheadsnoteheadsclefs5noteheads

    1noteheads1noteheads5noteheads5noteheads 3noteheads2noteheads 2noteheads14noteheads noteheadsnoteheadsaccidentals

    noteheads2

    noteheads3noteheads 5noteheads 4noteheads2noteheadsaccidentals 2noteheads

    5noteheads 5noteheads2 1noteheads2noteheads 3noteheads4noteheads noteheadsaccidentals 2noteheads4noteheads1noteheads noteheads noteheads 1 2noteheadsnoteheads

    3noteheads

    noteheads3 noteheads2noteheads2noteheadsaccidentals 1noteheads

    51

    noteheads5noteheads4noteheads2 1

    noteheads5noteheads3noteheads2noteheads

    2

    noteheads1noteheads5noteheads4noteheadsclefs

    5noteheadsnoteheads2noteheads1noteheads5noteheads 2noteheads1noteheads5noteheads3noteheads5noteheadsnoteheads

    5noteheads1noteheads accidentals4noteheads2noteheadsnoteheadsaccidentals

    4

    noteheads 1noteheads2 2

    noteheadsnoteheads3

    noteheads2

    noteheads13

    noteheads1

    5noteheads4noteheads2noteheads1 noteheads 31noteheads2noteheads1

    noteheads5noteheads noteheads

    5noteheads 3noteheads3noteheads2noteheads4noteheads 3noteheads4noteheads5noteheadsnoteheadsnoteheads5noteheads3 1noteheads

    5noteheads3noteheads 3noteheadsnoteheads5noteheadsaccidentalsclefs5noteheads

    2noteheads1noteheads2noteheads 3noteheads2noteheadsaccidentals 1noteheadsnoteheads2noteheadsaccidentals1

    3noteheads 1noteheadsaccidentalsnoteheads accidentals2

    5

    noteheads2noteheads4

    noteheads 5noteheads 1noteheads5noteheads 1noteheads5noteheads noteheadsaccidentals 2noteheads noteheads1 3noteheadsnoteheadsaccidentals 4noteheadsaccidentals 2noteheadsaccidentals

    noteheads41noteheads2noteheads5noteheads

    1

    noteheads2noteheads

    2noteheads1noteheads4noteheads2noteheads4noteheads5noteheads4noteheads

    3

    noteheads5

    noteheads3

    noteheadsaccidentals2clefs 2noteheads

    1noteheadsaccidentals 2noteheads3noteheads 3noteheads

    1

    noteheadsaccidentals2noteheads

    3noteheads4noteheads5 2noteheads

    2noteheadsnoteheads5noteheads 2noteheads3noteheads 1noteheads

    1noteheads1noteheads2

    noteheads3noteheads3noteheads1noteheads 1noteheads noteheads

    1

    noteheads3noteheads2noteheads1noteheads3noteheads 2noteheads

    3noteheads5noteheads

    noteheads2 noteheads4noteheads1noteheads5noteheads4noteheads

    1noteheads51noteheads

    3

    noteheads1

    noteheads2

    noteheads5noteheads2noteheads

    3

    noteheads 1noteheads2noteheads3

    noteheads1noteheadsclefsaccidentals 4noteheads

    2

    not