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Imagine a serious accident at the Loviisa NPP …
• A fire in the electrical cabinet of reactor 1
• Core cooling fails
• Containment is isolated
• Site emergency is declared
• 5-km zone is evacuated according to emergency plans
Some hours later
• Core is heating up• General emergency declared• Vessel breaches at high pressure• Large amounts of hydrogen and carbon
monoxide have been produced• Risk of uncontrollable hydrogen
combustion• Precautionary evacuation
Second day
• Hydrogen combustion occurs and the containment fails
• 80 % of noble gases and 1 % of iodine and caesium were released, presumably
Imagine now a week later
• Radiological situation has been monitored and modelled
• Deposition is known to some extent
• Received and future doses have been estimated
The dose from the 1st week
• Cloud, inhalation, 7 days ground exposure
• Effective, normal living, adults
Key nuclides
• … as percentages of the total effective dose after 70 years
7 days 14 days 30 days 1 year 70 yearsI-131 1 % 2 % 3 % 3 % 3 %Cs-134 1 % 2 % 3 % 21 % 42 %Cs-137 0 % 0 % 1 % 9 % 55 %Total 2 % 4 % 6 % 33 % 100 %
Zone 0 - CharacteristicsNumber of people 18Number of houses 3Avg. Cs-137 deposition (kBq/m2) 16278Avg. Cs-134 deposition (kBq/m2) 16239Avg. I-131 deposition (kBq/m2) 154895Avg. dose in first week (mSv) 43Avg. dose-rate in coming week (uSv/h) 84Avg. dose in coming month (mSv) 46Avg. dose in next 50 years (mSv) 3356Coll. dose in next 50 years (manSv) 57Number of add. cancer deaths 3
Zone 1 - CharacteristicsNumber of people 3031Number of houses 699Avg. Cs-137 deposition (kBq/m2) 2653Avg. Cs-134 deposition (kBq/m2) 2646Avg. I-131 deposition (kBq/m2) 23170Avg. dose in first week (mSv) 4Avg. dose-rate in coming week (uSv/h) 17Avg. dose in coming month (mSv) 8Avg. dose in next 50 years (mSv) 380Coll. dose in next 50 years (manSv) 1123Number of add. cancer deaths 56
Zone 2 - CharacteristicsNumber of people 5152Number of houses 2166Avg. Cs-137 deposition (kBq/m2) 385Avg. Cs-134 deposition (kBq/m2) 384Avg. I-131 deposition (kBq/m2) 3603Avg. dose in first week (mSv) 1Avg. dose-rate in coming week (uSv/h) 4Avg. dose in coming month (mSv) 2Avg. dose in next 50 years (mSv) 81Coll. dose in next 50 years (manSv) 405Number of add. cancer deaths 20
Zone 3 - CharacteristicsNumber of people 12920Number of houses 4132Avg. Cs-137 deposition (kBq/m2) 20Avg. Cs-134 deposition (kBq/m2) 20Avg. I-131 deposition (kBq/m2) 372Avg. dose in first week (mSv) 0Avg. dose-rate in coming week (uSv/h) 0Avg. dose in coming month (mSv) 0Avg. dose in next 50 years (mSv) 7Coll. dose in next 50 years (manSv) 87Number of add. cancer deaths 4
Zone 1 – Relocation of different duration
Day7 to 14
Day7 to 30
Day7 to 90
Day7 to 182
Day7 to 365
Per-manent
Averted dose per caput (mSv)
3 8 22 41 70 380
Averted coll. dose (manSv)
8 23 65 120 208 1123
Averted number of cancer deaths
0 1 3 6 10 56
Costs (1000 euro) 1533 4355 14939 31166 63446 3218158
Zone 1 – Clean-up actionsHosingpavem.
Hosingroofs
Hosingwalls
Sweep.pavem.
Cuttinggrass
Pruningtrees
Averted dose per caput (mSv) 15 15 22 18 65 7Averted coll. dose (manSv) 46 46 65 55 194 21
Averted number of cancer deaths 2 2 3 3 10 1Costs (1000 euro) 34 105 36 2 66 1726Coll. dose to workers (manSv) 0 0 0 0 0 2Decontaminated area (10,000 m2) 12 9 13 12 79 79Waste (1000 kg) 0 0 0 24 5 16Work (man-days a 8 hours) 121 377 128 5 158 7918
StrategiesZone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3
1 Relocate 1 week
Cut grass
Cut grass
2 Relocate 3 weeks
Cut grass
Cut grass
3 Relocate 1 year
Cut grass
Hosing roofs and walls
Sweeping pavement
Cut grass
4 Cut grass
Hosing roofs
Cut grass
Hosing roofs
5 Cut grass
Hosing roofs
Cut grass
6 Cut grass
Hosing roofs and walls
Sweeping pavement
Cut grass