Clean Energy Sources

8/10/2019 Clean Energy Sources

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Clean Energy Options


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Outline of Presentation

The Present Status of Power in India Clean Energy Options

Hydro Power

Geothermal Energy

Solar Energy

Nuclear Energy

Nuclear Safety

Radioactive Emissions Transportation

Wastage Disposal

Other Environmental Effects

Conclusions


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India at a Glance

Population : 1.2 billion

GDP : $ 500 billion

Installed capacity : 120,000 MW

Projected demand : 212,000 MW

by 2012

Shortfall in Power : 92,000 MW

Over 300 million Indian citizens had no access to electrici ty.

Over one third of India's rural population lacked electrici ty

Area : 3.287 million sq. km.


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Power Generation in India

Targets & Achievements

Five Year Plan Year Target (MW) Achievement (MW)

Eighth Plan 1992 - 1997 30,538 16,423

Ninth Plan 1997 - 2002 40,245 19,015

Tenth Plan 2002 - 2007 41,110 21,180

Eleventh Plan 2007 - 2012 78,577 Data not Available


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Modes of Power Generation

World-over India


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Thermal Power


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Thermal Power Plant - Efficiency

Pollution

Fuel

100

units

Power Plant

=

67 units

Waste

Energy

33 units

ElectricityEnd User

Waste HeatTransmission Line

Losses

3 units (7.5%)


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Coal in India

Reserves

Proven 91 billion Tons

Indicated 116 billion Tons

Inferred 37 billion Tons

TOTAL 245 billion Tons

Coal reserves:

> 250 years at present levelsof consumption

Concentrated in Eastern India

Quantity Quality

Heating

Value

(BTU/lb)

Ash

Content

(%)

Sulfur

(%)

Illinois # 6 10,900 11.00 3.25

Wyodak 11,960 5.97 0.40

WPC Utah 11,240 5.32 0.61

Indian

Coal

6,500 25-45


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Problems in Thermal Power

Indian coal is of low calorific value and high ash content.

The iron content is low in India's coal

The natural fuel value of Indian coal is poor.

Despite abundant reserves of coal, India can't produce

enough to feed its power plants.

India's coal sector is hampered by primitive mining

techniques and rife with theft and corruption

Shoddy transport infrastructure Environmental Issues:

Ash generation > 200 million Tons

CO2 emissions > 850 Million Tons

Particulate emissions


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Clean Energy Options


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Total installed capacity of Hydro

Power in India 36,000 MW.

Indias exploitable Hydro Electric

potential is estimated to be 1.5 lakh

MW.

So far only 23% of this potential

has been harnessed.

An estimated potential of about15,000 MW of Small Hydro Projects

exist in India.

Hydro Power in India

Potential Projects in small

hydropower


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Indian Geothermal provinces

can produce up to 10600 MW of

power.

Government has identified 340hot springs in the country and are

planning to develop some of the

Geothermal fields for power

generation.

Geothermal Energy in India


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India receives solar energy

equivalent to over 5000

trillion KWh/year, which is far

more than the total energyconsumption of the country.

The daily average solar

energy incident over Indiavaries from 4 -7 KWh/m2

depending upon the location.

Solar Energy in India


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There is an estimated

Gross Potential of 45,000

MW

Centre for Wind Energy

Technology has been

established.

Wind resource Map is

given here (w/m2 = Watt

per square meter):

Wind Power in India


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Renewable energy potential of India

Technologies Units PotentialAchievements

(2004)

Wind Power MW 45,000 2,483

Small hydro power(upto 25 MW)

MW 15,000 1,603

Biomass power MW 19,500 681

Solar waterheating

million m2(collector area)

140 0.8

Waste-to-energy MW 2500 25

Biogas plants million 12 3.6


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Nuclear Power


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Why Nuclear Power

The cost of electricity in USA

1.72 cents/kWh from nuclear

2.21 cents/kWh from coal

7.51 cents/kWh from natural

gas

Electricity from new nuclear

plants would be a modest

percentage higher than from

new coal plants.

If Govt. imposed a

reasonable tax on CO2emissions, nuclear electricity

would become cheaper.

The cost of electricity in USA (Cents)


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Advantages of Nuclear Power

Substantial base load energy producing capability

No greenhouse gas emissions during operation

Does not produce air pollutants

The quantity of waste produced is small

Small number of major accidents

Low fuel costs; Large fuel reserves

Ease of transport and stockpiling of fuel Future designs may be small and modular


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Nuclear Power Plant

Heat

Steam

produced

Steam

TurbineGenerator

Electricity


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Nuclear Power Plants

Work best at constant power Excellent for baseload power

Power output range of 40 to 2000 MW

Current designs are 600 to1200 MW

441 licensed plants operating in 31 countries

Produce about 17% of global electrical energy


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Nuclear Power Generation (%)

World over

scenario

Here we are


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Nuclear Safety


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Types of Radiation


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Types of Radiation

Alpha radiation Cannot penetrate the skin Blocked out by a sheet of paper

Dangerous in the lung

Beta radiation Can penetrate into the body Can be blocked out by a sheet of aluminum foil

Gamma radiation

Can go right through the body Requires several inches of lead or concrete, or a yard or

so of water, to block it.

Neutron radiation

Normally found only inside a nuclear reactor

W ld id it


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Worldwide average per capitadose from natural and man-made radiation

Nuclear Power and Sustainable Development, IAEA,April 2006

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

Natural

sources

Diagnostic

medical X-ray

examination

Atmospheric

Nuclear

testing

Nuclear

Power

Production

Worldwideannualpercapita

e

ffectivedose(

mSv)


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Sources of Radiation

Medical 51%Rocks, Soil &Radon 37%


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Equivalent Risk Factor

Half a bottle of wine 650 km air travel

100 km car travel

Three fourth of cigarette smoking

1.5 m of mountain climbing Use of oral contraceptive pills for 15 days

Equivalent Risk Factor in comparison tonuclear exposure in India


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Reactor Safety Design

Containment Vessel

1.5-inch thick steel

Shield Building Wall3 foot thick reinforced concrete

Dry Well Wall

5 foot thick reinforced concrete

Bio Shield4 foot thick leaded concrete with

1.5-inch thick steel lining inside and out

Reactor Vessel

4 to 8 inches thick steel

Reactor Fuel

Weir Wall1.5 foot thick concrete


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Evolution of Nuclear Power Systems

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

Gen IV

Generation IV

Gen I

Generation I

Early PrototypeReactors

Shippingport

Dresden,Fermi-I

Magnox

Gen II

Generation II

Commercial Power

Reactors

LWR: PWR/BWR

CANDUVVER/RBMK

Gen III

Generation III

Advanced

LWRs

System 80+EPR AP1000ABWR

Enhanced safety Improved

economics

Minimized

Wastes

Proliferation

resistance

E S D th R t


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Energy Source Death Rate

(deaths per TWh)

Coal world average 161

Oil 36

Biofuel / Biomass 12

Natural Gas 4

Hydro 1.4

Solar 0.44

Wind 0.15Nuclear 0.04


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Comparative Seismic Hazard b/w India & Japan

Why India is safer than Japan


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Nuclear Transportation


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Nuclear Transportation

3 million packages of radioactivematerials are shipped each year

in the U.S

Impact with a locomotive at 80mph

Vehicles carrying radioactive

materials have been involved in

transportation accidents

However, No deaths or serious

injuries have resulte

Containers for transporting

nuclear material are tested to

survive various types of

crashes and exposure to fire.


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Nuclear Waste

Wastes in Fuel Preparation and Plant


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Wastes in Fuel Preparation and PlantOperation

Source: IAEA, 1997

Fluegas

desulphurization

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Ash

Gassweetening

was

te

Radio

active

waste

(HLW)

Oil Nuclear SolarPV

Naturalgas

WoodCoal

Million tonnesper GWyr

Ash

F

luegas

desu

lphurization

Toxic

waste

Ash


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Nuclear Waste Disposal

If all the used fuel produced by U.S.nuclear power plants in nearly 50 years

were stacked end to end, it would cover a

football field to a depth of less than 10

yards.

96% of this waste can be recycled.

Currently, USA dispose their waste inYucca Mountain which is an Isolated,

desolate, uninhabited land in Nevada


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Environmental Issues

Relative environmental impact of


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Relative environmental impact ofDifferent Technologies

Biomass

Technologies

Nuclear

Wind

Natural gas

technologies

Existing coal

technologies

no gas cleaning

New coal

technologies

Nuclear Power and Sustainable Development, IAEA,April 2006

Airpollutionimpa

cts(PM10)

andotherim

pacts

Greenhouse gas impacts

Low

Low

High

High


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Other environmental advantages

Nuclear energy requires lessland use than most other forms

of green energy.

Nuclear energy does not deplete

useful resources

o There is no other commercialuse for Uranium

Nuclear reactors emit nogreenhouse gasses duringoperation.

Over their full lifetimes, nuclearreactors result in comparableemissions to renewable forms ofenergy such as wind and solar.

[

Land needed by wind or solar energy to

match Annual Nuclear Energy of USA

N l P & Cli t Ch


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Nuclear Power & Climate Change

Clearly, there are issues surrounding thetechnology that need continued attention

Finance

Maintaining and improving safety performance

standards Waste disposal / spent fuel management

Non-proli feration and physical security

BUT: If you are serious about protecting theclimate you cannot ignore nuclear energy

Nuclear energy needs public tolerance andpolitical support

Ch ll d t t i


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Challenges and strategies

A country of the size of India cannot afford to planits economy on the basis of large scale import ofenergy resources or energy technology

Indigenous development of energy technologiesbased on domestic fuel resources should be apriority for us.

Nuclear power must contribute about a quarter of

the total electric power required 50 years fromnow, in order to l imit energy import dependence inpercentage terms at about the current level.


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Sources of Clean Energy - USA


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A quote by Patrick Moore

"In the 1970s, I equated nuclear energy to holocaust.

Now, my views have changed.

Nuclear energy may be the energy source that can save our planet

from another possible disaster - catastrophic climate change.

Wind and solar can't replace coal, nuclear, and hydro. Natural gas

is too expensive.

Nuclear is, by elimination, the only viable substitute for coal. It is

that simple.

a founding member of Greenpeace


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There is no power as costly as no-power

Homi Bhabha


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Thank you !

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