Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
PRIMER FORO IBEROAMERICANO DE CIENCIAS PARA LA ENERGÍA 11 – 13 June 2012 Quito, Ecuador Claudinei Andreoli
Citation preview
Sustainability of the Biofuels and Biorefinery
Claudinei Andreoli
PRIMER FORO IBEROAMERICANO DE CIENCIAS PARA LA ENERGÍA
11 – 13 June 2012 Quito, Ecuador
The Concept of Biorefinery
Ø The concept is analogous to the concept of oil refineries: they are plants or industries or fabrics that convert biomass (feedstocks) into others products:
Energy – Foods – Fibers PlasTcs -‐ Chemicals – Enzymes
PharmaceuTcals
Current energy supply and use are unsustainable –
economically, environmentally and socially. ExecuTve Director, IEA
Copyright and All Reserved Fenix S&I© 2012
Types of Biofuels
Ø ConvenTonal biofuel tech (first-‐generaTon) • Sugar and starch-‐based ethanol • Oil crop based and fats biodiesel • Biogas thru anaerobic digesTon
Ø Typical feedstocks: • Sugarcane and sugar beets • Corn and wheat • Oil crops – canola, soybean, oil pam and animal fats
Ø Advanced biofuel tech (second-‐ or third-‐generaTon) • HVO (Hydrated vegetable oil) • Lignocellulosic biomass (celullosic ethanol) • Biomass-‐to-‐liquids (BtL)-‐diesel • Bio-‐syntheTc gas (bio-‐SG) • Novel tech – algae-‐based biofuels and sugar into diesel-‐type biofuels
Overview of biofuels blending targets and mandates
Country Current mandate/target Future mandate/target
Current Status
ArgenTna E5, B7 n.a M
Bolivia E10, B2.5 B20 (2015) T
Brazil E20-‐25, B5 B20 and 36% reducTon GHG (2020)
M, T
Chile E5, B5 n.a T
Colombia E10, B10 n.a M
European U. 5,75% 10% renewable energy in transport
T
Mexico E2 in Guadalajara E2 in Monterey and Mexico City (2012)
M
USA 48 billion liters 136 BL (60 BL cellulose ethanol in 2022)
M
CommercializaTon status of biofuel technologies Advanced biofuels Conven9onal biofuels
Basic /Applied DemonstraTon Early Commercial
Commercial
Bioethanol Cellulosic ethanol Ethanol from sugar and starch crops
Diesel-‐type biofuels
Biodiesel from Algae; Sugar-‐based hydrocarbons
BtL diesel from gasificaTon + FT
Hydrotreated vegetable oil
Biodiesel (by transesterificaTon)
Others fuels Novel fuels (eg furanics)
Biobutanol; DME; Pyrolysis-‐based
fuels
Methanol
Biomethane Bio-‐SC Biogas (anaerobic digesTon)
Hydrogen All other GasificaTon Biogas novel routes with reforming reforming
Liquid biofuel Gaseous biofuel Source: Modified from Bauen et al., 2009
Ø Roadmap Purpose of the Biorefinery
q IEA analysis presented in ETP 2010 and its BLUE Map Scenario,
shows that, inter alia, to stabilize atmospheric greenhouse
gases around 450 parts per million (ppm) to limit global
temperature rise to below 2°C, a significant increase in use of
low-‐carbon biofuels will be required by 2050.
q AviaTon jet fuel – 50% replacement of fossil fuel for
sustainable biofuels and 50% reducTon in GHG by 2050.
Green Economy and Sustainable Development
World Ethanol ProducTon
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2000 2005 2010 2020
Billion
Lite
rs
All Others
China
EU-‐27
Brazil
U.S
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
2005 2010 2020
Billion
Lite
rs
All Others
Malaysia
U.S
Brazil
ArgenTna
EU-‐27
World Biodiesel ProducTon
EvoluTon of Sugarcane Area and ProducTon Brazil (1990-‐2011)
0
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
5.000
6.000
7.000
8.000
9.000
10.000
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Sugarcane Area (000 ha) -‐ Brasil
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Sugarcane Produc9on (m t) -‐ Brasil
Global energy use in the transport sector (lem) and use of biofuels in different transport modes (right) in 2050
7%
13%
23%
13% 2% 2%
13%
27%
Hydrogen Gasoline Diesel Jet fuel
Heavy fuel oil NG and LPG Electricity Biofuels
37%
26%
11%
26%
Road passenger transport Road freight transport AviaTon
Sustainability of Biorefinery
Social
• Employment • Land issues • Smallholder integraTon
• Food Security
Environmental
• NER and GHG emissions
• Soil Quality • Water use and quality
• Biodiversity
Economic
• Energy Security • Balance of payments
• Financing • Fuel Cost
The Global Bioenergy Partnership Sustainability Indicators for Bioenergy First edition December 2011
10 NaTons and 7 internaTonal organizaTons
Presented a set of 24 Sustainability-‐related themes and Indicators
Energy Sustainability Index
ESI = (Energy balance * EE)/ WUE
Energy crop Energy balance (MJ fossil/MJ biofuel)
Energy Efficiency (MJ biofuel/MJ)
Water use efficiency (m3/L biofuel)
ESI
sugarcane 5.1 0.2613 1.725 0.772
corn 1.5 0.326 2.655 0.184
oil palm 8.0 0.228 3.403 0.536
soybean 1.43 0.086 12.222 0.010
Source: Andreoli, Pimentel & Souza (2012).
Environmental Sustainability
-‐1,5
-‐1
-‐0,5
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
Hill 2006 Pimentel 2008
Wang 2008
Liska 2009 EPA 2010 USDA 2010
Net energy raTo of corn ethanol
NEB
Source: Andreoli & Pimentel, 2012
Comparison of energy balance of sugarcane ethanol
LIFE CYCLE PHASE
Macedo (2008)
Boddey (2008)
Wang (2008)
Andreoli et (2012)
(MJ/ton) Farming and transport 210.2 159.70 194.2 389.59
Fuel Production 23.6 34.04 37.2 8.07
Fossil Input 233.8 193.74 231.4 397.66
Ethanol 1,926.0 1,756.8 1,952.0 1,802.0
Bagasse surplus 176.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Electricity surplus 82.8 0.0 279.0 230.06
Renewable output 2,185.0 1,756.8 2,231.0 2,032.06
Energy balance 9.3 9.1 9.6 5.11 Source: Andreoli et al., 2012
Life-‐cycle GHG of different conven9onal and advanced biofuels and current state of technology
-‐60
-‐40
-‐20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
% Emission
Red
uc9o
n to Fossil Fue
l
Source: IEA analysis based on UNEP and IEA review of 60 LCA studies
Conventional biofuels
Demonstration Commercial R&D/Pilot
Andreoli, C. et al. (2012)
Advanced biofuels
Gasoline
Diesel
Natural gas
Economical Sustainability of Biodiesel
Economical Sustainability of Bioethanol
Economical Sustainability of Bioethanol
EvoluTon of Ethanol, Sugar and Gasoline Prices – 2003-‐12
Conclusions
ü Are the energy and biofuels economically and environmentally sustainable?
ü There will be available land and water for all energy use in 2050?
ü This Forum should propose the creaTon: “Centro Iberoamericano de Bioenergia”
The Book of Biofuels -‐2012
h{p://www.amazon.com/Economic-‐Environmental-‐Biofuels-‐Advances-‐Agroecology/dp/1439834636
