THEORIES OF INSTRUCTIONAL MANAGEMENT (JACOB KOUNIN) BUILDING THE FOUNDATION (SKINNER, GLASSER, GORDON)

PRACTICALITY OF THEORY IN CLASSROOM

Ajrul in Mr Lims class is quite passive and obedient. He never create a fuss and does little socializing with his peers. However, he rarely participate in class activities and doesnt care about completing homework and exercises given. He just follow the flow of the class and doesnt show any effort to improve himself.When Ajrul is being good by doing anything that is appropriate, reward him whenever he participates or worksReiterate the class rules regarding class work. Praise Ajrul whenever he follows the rule or active in the class.Consider stronger reinforces. If praise is ineffective, use points, tokens, or other tangible to reinforce and shape Ajruls improvement.Set up a contract with Ajrul. Identify a reward that is exceptionally attractive to him. Outline what he must do in order to earn the reward.CONTENTDEFINITIONS

DEFINITIONS

Quotes Jacob KouninAPPROACHES & STRATEGIES

TechniquesDefinition Examples Ripple EffectBy correcting the misbehaviour of one student it can positively influence the behaviour of another students.

Teacher gives encouragement or reprimands can continue or stop students' behavior.

DesistsEfforts to stop a misbehaviour.Be ensure that desists are spoken clearly and can be understood.

The corrected misbehave student will ripples to other students, causing them to behave betterWithitness Awareness of what is going on in all parts of the classroom.

Teachers have eyes on the back of their heads! - Students less likely to misbehave.

OverlappingAbility to attend to two or more issues / students at the same time.

Teacher monitor students behavior at the same time continue teaching process.

Transition smoothnessTeachers management of various activities throughout the dayTeachers must be well prepared Appropriate pace and progression through a lessonAt a consistent flowTechniquesDefinitionSolutionsSatiationOccurs when a teacher teaches the same lesson for so long and students get tired of the topicOffering challenges throughout the lessonAdd variety activities to lesson.JerkinessLack of lesson smoothness and momentum.

To avoid this situation, a teacher should maintain the focus of the learning topics.Do not ask questions that are not related to the topic the lesson.Stimulus bound It is a situation where a teacher has the students engaged in a lesson and something else attracts the teachers attention.When this happen, the teacher is stimulus bound.

A teacher needs to recognize and make a genuine commitment towards the lesson.Thrust According to Kounin (1970), a thrust consist of a teachers sudden bursting in on students activities with an order, statement, or question without looking for or being sensitive to the groups readiness.Teachers should consider the suitable time for him or her to thrusting in.

Techinques DefinitionSolutionDangleOccurs when a teacher starts an activity and then leaves it hanging in mid air by beginning another activity and later resume the original activity.Teachers need to focus and stay on track for the lesson to be smooth in instructional momentum.

TruncationSimilar to dangle but the teacher doesnt resume the original activityTeachers need to alert and stay focus on what has been taught.

Flip-flopsOccurs only at transitional points, such as when the teacher terminates one activity and begins another and then reverts to the first activityCan cause confusion among students.

Realizing the importance of smoothness and momentum in order to become good instructional management teachers.

Slow-downTwo types of slowdowns:i) Over dwelling ii) fragmentation

Over dwelling a situation when a teacher dwells on corrective behaviour longer than needed most students understanding & interest(Kounin,1970)

Fragmentation happens when a teacher breaks down an activity into subparts.STRENGTHS WEAKNESSESTeacher act as an administrator in the classroom.

Might lead to overdwelling / fragmentation.

Behaviour problems are reduced to the minimum.

Limited use in the classroom.

Provide the teacher with a specific, detailed approach to handle the discipline problems.

Shows to avoid disciplinary problems but not to provide effective way to solve serious discipline problems.

Offers techniques for making desists effective.

eg. teacher can quiet the whole class by using desist in order to keep one pair of students from talking.(Morris, 1996)

Does not help the students in forming self-discipline.

Teacher will avoid from frustration, yelling to students or sarcasm.

Does not work with every problematic students in the classroom.It is quite impossible for a teacher to know everything that is happening in the class at all time.

Jacob Kounin14Practicality of theories in ESL classroom

RIPPLE-EFFECTPROBLEMSiti was not paying attention in the class. She always disturbed her friends and loved to play around in the class.

SOLUTION

Teacher managed that behavioral problem by punishing her. She was asked to go in front of the class and recited a poem aloud. The other students who make a lot of noises in the class tend to behave well because they did not want to be punished by the teacher.

QUOTES OF SKINNERThe goal of psychology should be practical

The best way to modify behavior was to modify environmentDid not approve the use of punishment in school?

Key ideas

STRATEGIES OF THE THEORY1. Operant conditioning2. Reinforcement stimulusBehavior that act on the surrounding environment to produce consequences2 categories :Continuous reinforcement scheduleii. Partial reinforcement schedule

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE THEORYBehaviour modification is widely used today to shape student behaviourin desirable directions through systematic reinforcement.Advocate for immediate praise, feedback and reward to encourage change in behaviorAdvocates for teacher identification and reflection on environmental effects on pupils behavior Did not advocate using punishment in shaping behaviour, as he considered its effects unreliable.APPROACHES AND STRATEGIESTHE CHOICE THEORYStudents behaviour is determined by students choice not teachers controlWe are driven to satisfy basic needs: survival, love, belonging, power, freedom and funTo replace external control psychologyIMPLEMENTATION OF THE THEORYTeacher must share with pupils that they have a say in what they learn Teaching through the use of skits or role-playingTeacher could encourage pupils to made creative representations to show the importance of choicesProvide opportunities for students to take an active role in their learningStudents determine what they wantSTRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSESSTRENGTHS (GLASSER)WEAKNESSESpromote a high degree of autonomy and responsibility for students.

it is difficult for teachers to help students satisfy their need for control without feeling threatened themselves.

help students see a wide range of possible consequences for their behaviour.

it is difficult to react properly when communicating with students about their inappropriate behaviours.

allow students to determine solutions to their own discipline problems.

Classroom meetings may consume more time than is desirable.

help students understand their needs and how to satisfy these need legitimately.

It may be difficult to help students who do not want to be in school to make plans to improve their behaviour.

explain clearly what a teacher needs to do for every misbehaving student.

Quotes from gordonMito insert Gordon part.State whether the theories appeal to you and provide reasonsJACOB KOUNINSKINNERGLASSERGORDONYes, because Jacob Kounin focuses on the ways of how the teacher manages the class and this is the first way to take control over the class.

We agree that classroom management should start from the teacher and not only blaming on the pupils negative behavior

Ruba x tau kertas tu wey.Yes, Help students see what behaviour they can control and make plans to reach attainable goals

Teacher canchoose behaviours that will help students meet their needs more effectively in the future

Yes, Problem solving is a process that should be taught and practiced in all classrooms

By helping children find their own solutions to problems, it will foster more independence, more control over their own destiny, and higher self-esteem.

This is because if the lesson plan is perfect, it does not mean that the pupils will learn from it if the teacher fails to control the class.

Teacher must have an awareness in his classroom and by using effective lesson management techniques.

Pupils are more motivated and confident when they feel they have more control over their environment (self-controlled)

Mutual respect and trust relationship are build

Administrators and teachers can concentrate more on education and less on discipline.Teachers will make schooling far more interesting, prevent disciplinary problems, and foster higher achievement motivationCONCLUSIONIn conclusion, the theory proposed by each theory is very effective in promoting a conducive atmosphere to learning. The strategies suggested are very helpful in dealing with the students misbehaviors. However, the teacher should be aware that each student is different, thus the teacher needs to modify or improves the techniques to make it compatible with the students