Modern Environmental Science and Engineering (ISSN 2333-2581) February 2016, Volume 2, No. 2, pp. 73-84 Doi:10.15341/mese(2333-2581)/02.02.2016/003 Academic Star Publishing Company, 2016 www.academicstar.us

Classroom Daylighting Performance with Shaded

Window at the Equator

Juliana Portela Vilar de Carvalho, and Aldomar Pedrini

Postgraduation department of Architecture and Urbanism, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Brazil

Abstract: This paper aims to demonstrate a method to assess the classrooms daylighting performance with shaded windows, at the Equator, in hot and humid climate, using a computer simulation program, DAYSIM. The study concerns the city of Natal, Northeast of Brazil, 5º S, on the coastal area, whose principles of passive building design emphasize large and shaded openings to promote natural ventilation and avoid solar thermal gain to achieve thermal comfort. Such strategies also contributes to daylight comfort, promoting adequate diffuse light and avoiding the excess of glare due to the direct daylight. On the contrary, unshaded fenestration may lead the users to close the curtains and turn the electric lights on. The method assesses the daylighting levels for different classroom depths, and the influence of the opening size and external shading performance. The simulated models combined three opening dimensions (20%, 40% and 50% of window-to-wall ratio — WWR), two main façade orientations (North and South), and seven types of shading (horizontal overhang, drop edge overhang, 5º sloped overhang, horizontal overhang with side protection, horizontal overhang with three louvers, double horizontal overhang, double horizontal overhang with three louvers). Analyzes based on the useful daylight illuminance (UDI) index showed limitations due to the occurrence of glare, caused by direct daylight next to the window. Detailed simulations emphasized the influence of the visible sky factor (VSF) and opening size combinations in the daylight performance. Results show that 20%WWR does not cause glare, but the daylight declination occurs significantly at 3.50 m depth. The 40%WWR causes glare in the first row of sensors next to the window, highly reduced with light shelves. Further assessments with 40%WWR and 50% WWR models reduced or eliminated the glare occurrences. The daylight zone of 40%WWR varies between 3.54 m and 4.75 m and the daylight zone of 50%WWR reaches approximately 7.20 m.

Key words: daylighting, window-to-wall ratio, shading device, DAYSIM, simulation

1. Introduction

Daylighting in classrooms can promote overall

health and physical development, and save electric

energy. Despite the large exterior illuminance level and

the frequency and duration of sunlight in Natal,

Northeast of Brazil, latitude 5º S, there are no specific

recommendations to integrate daylighting in schools.

This paper aims to discuss the potentials and the

constraints of daylighting in classrooms with windows

shading devices, using dynamic computer simulation

through DAYSIM.

Corresponding author: Juliana Portela Vilar de Carvalho, Ph.D. Student of Architecture and Urbanism, Msc. Architecture and Urbanism, research areas/interests: environmental confort and energy savings, daylighting and design process. E-mail: juliportela@gmail.com.

This study highlights the importance of shading

devices and moderate window dimensions because

they are very accepted bioclimatic design strategies

and they have a high influence on the daylight comfort.

Most of the time, the local air temperatures are in the

thermal comfort zone or above (Fig. 1). Therefore, it is

necessary to avoid internal gains due to the incidence

of solar radiation in any window orientation (Fig. 2).

Most of the thermal discomfort occurrence can be

avoided by using air movement, which influences the

design of moderated and large openings to promote

natural ventilation. Combined, window size and

shading efficiency influence the daylighting

performance for different room depths, causing

variations on illuminance levels and distribution, and

glare.

Classroom Daylighting Performance with Shaded Window at the Equator

74

Fig. 1 Local adaptive thermal comfort zone.

Reference: adapted from Climate Consultant 5.5 [1, 2] based on 2009 Natal weather file [3]

Fig. 2 Local sun path diagram[4].

%

1 0 0

9 0

8 0

7 0

6 0

5 0

4 0

3 0

2 0

1 0

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3 0°

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12 0°

13 5°

15 0°

16 5°18 0°

1 9 5°

2 1 0°

2 2 5°

24 0°

25 5°

2 7 0°

28 5°

30 0°

3 1 5°

3 3 0°

3 4 5°

1 0°

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891 01 11 21 31 4

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S tereographic D iagram L o c a tio n : -5 .5°, -3 5 .1°

O b j 0 O rie n ta tio n : 0 .0°, 0 .0°

S u n P o sitio n : -4 3 .1°, 7 6 .9°

H S A : -4 3 .1°

V S A : 8 0 .4°

T im e : 1 2 :0 0

D a te : 1 st A p r (9 1 )

S h a d in g : 0 %

O v e rc a st S k y F a c to r: 1 0 0 .0 %

U n ifo rm S k y F a c to r: 1 0 0 .0 %

Classroom Daylighting Performance with Shaded Window at the Equator

75

Mardaljevic and Nabil introduced [5] a dynamic

daylight performance based on work plane

illuminances, which determines when the daylight

levels are “useful” “for the occupant, that is neither too

dark (100lux) nor too bright (2000lux). The upper

threshold is meant to detect occurrences when an

oversupply of daylight might lead to visual and thermal

discomfort.”

Mardaljevic et al. [2] on their study for daylight

metrics in residential buildings suggests that “the

occurrences of illuminances greater than 3.000lux (i.e.,

UDI-e) should not, by design, be eliminated altogether,

and that moderate occurrence may in fact be beneficial.”

However, the “optimum” levels of exposure are not yet

known. Meanwhile, the lighting Brazilian standard for

work places establish 300lux as a minimum level of

illuminance in classrooms [6].

Therefore, the main goals of this paper are:

Analyzing the influence of the windows shading;

Discussing the dynamic metrics in the daylight

evaluation for places with high levels of irradiance;

Assessing relationships between daylight zone

depth and window height.

2. Methodology

The method has two main phases. The first one is

exploratory and it assesses the daylighting

performance of models with 20%WWR and

40%WWR, North and South façade orientations, and

four types of shading devices. Based on the results,

the second phase is designed to refine the assessment,

specifically for 40%WWR and 50%WWR, North

façade orientation and three types of shading devices.

The models are simulated with Daysim software,

which was chosen due to the dynamic simulation

resource, high processing speed, acceptable

operationalization, outputs compatible for daylighting

metrics processing and assessment [7]. The input data

consists of sensor file, material file, climate file,

modelling and occupancy profile. The output data are

annual illuminance profile, useful daylight illuminance

(UDI), daylight autonomy (DA), continuous daylight

autonomy (DAcon), maximum daylight autonomy

(DAmax), daylight factor (DF), saturation daylight

percentage (DSP), annual light exposure, active and

passive internal gains. The research used the annual

illuminance profile, which is exported to an electronic

spreadsheet to quantify the occurrences of useful

daylight illuminance between 300lux-2000lux and

300lux-3000lux, as shown in Fig. 3.

Phase 1

Phase 2

Window-to-wall ratio (WWR)

• 20%• 40%

Orientation:• North• South

Window-to-wall ratio (WWR):

• 40%• 50%

Orientation:• North

Shadings devices:• Double standard horizontal

overhang,• Double standard horizontal

overhang with three horizontal louvers

• Standard horizontal overhang with three horizontal louvers

Shadings devices:• Standard horizontal overhang• Sloped overhang• Standard horizontal overhang

with side view protection• Standard horizontal overhang

with a dropped edge

Modelling SkecthUp

DAYSIM simulation

Export to Daysim

Annual illuminance

profile

Sensor File

Change material file

Climate file 2009

Analisys of data processing:• Useful Daylight Illuminance 300-2000lux (UDI 300-

2000lux)• Isolux Curves• Occurences indications with Useful Daylitgh Illuminance

300-3000lux (UDI 300-3000lux)• Hourly Useful Daylight Illuminance 300-2000lux (UDI

300-2000lux)

Analysis of data processing:

• Relationships between daylight zone

Depth and window height

• Sensitivity Analisys

Material folder:Daysim for SketchUp

User behavior

Fig. 3 Research method steps.

Classroom Daylighting Performance with Shaded Window at the Equator

76

2.1 Modelling

There are common characteristics among the

models. In the absence of a council law or standard,

the base case follows the recommendations for

schools projects from School Foundation (Fundescola)

legislation [8], including the dimensions: 7.20 m x

7.20 m. Occupants and desks are not modelled. The

surface specularity properties adopts the software

defaults:

(1) Walls: 88% of reflectivity.

(2) Ceiling: 88% of reflectivity.

(3) Floor: 88% of reflectivity.

(4) Openings: single pane glass with a visible

transmittance of 90%.

The period of assessment was for 7 a.m. to 5 p.m.

Preliminary studies demonstrated that after the 5 p.m.,

the illuminance level is too low for this latitude.

The radiance parameter file was the scene 1

described in Daysim Tutorial [9], as shown in Table 1.

The climate file was the 2009, due to the available

irradiance data.

The daylighting simulations were assessed

according to the useful daylight illuminance (UDI)

and the illuminance annual profile. The design

variables were Window-to-wall ratio (WWR), façade

orientation and shading system.

2.2 Sensor Point

The sensor points were calculated based on the

Brazilian regulation NBR 15215-4 [10], which

determines the “K” coefficient according with an Eq.

(1) (calculation of the “K” coefficient):

Table 1 Simulation parameters [9].

Ambient bounces 5

Ambient division 1000

Ambient sampling 20

Ambient accuracy 0.1

Ambient resolution 300

Direct threshold 0

Direct sampling 0

.. (1)

Where:

L = width of the room.

C = Length of the room.

Hm = The distance in meters between the work plane

and the height of the window.

The “K” coefficient is determined in Table 2 that

will provide the number of the sensors for the room.

The calculated number of sensors was 16 for

classroom with 40%WWR and 50%WWR, and 36

sensors for classroom with 20%WWR.

2.3 Phase 1 Combinations

The variations are 20%WWR and 40%WWR with

shading devices, such as horizontal overhang, 5º sloped

overhang, horizontal overhang with side view

protection, horizontal overhang with a drop edge, and

light shelves in half of the models with 40% WWR, as

shown in Figs. 4-11.

2.4 Phase 2 Combinations

The models have 40%WWR and 50%WWR and

the shading devices are double horizontal overhang,

double horizontal overhang with three horizontal

louvers, horizontal overhang with three horizontal

louvers, and light shelves in half of the models, as

shown in Figs. 12-17.

Table 2 “K” Coefficient and the number of sensors [10].

K Number of the points

K<1 9

1≤K<2 16

2≤K<3 25

K≥3 36

Fig. 4 Horizontal overhang with 20%WWR.

Classroom Daylighting Performance with Shaded Window at the Equator

77

Fig. 5 5º Sloped overhang with 20%WWR.

Fig. 6 Horizontal overhang with side view protection with 20%WWR.

Fig. 7 Horizontal overhang with drop edge with 20%WWR.

Fig. 8 Horizontal overhang with 40%WWR.

Fig. 9 5º Sloped overhang with 40%WWR.

Fig. 10 Horizontal overhang with side view protection with 40%WWR.

Fig. 11 Horizontal overhang with drop edge with 40%WWR.

Fig. 12 Double horizontal overhang with three louvers with 40%WWR.

Fig. 13 Double horizontal overhang with 40%WWR.

78

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with 40%WW

Fig. 15 Ho

50%WWR.

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to the Figs. 3

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38, 40, 45, 48

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models, the

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overhang wi

ig. 43. The fi

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phase model

eliminated in

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Fig. 44. The

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sroom Daylig

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0 9 8 7 6 5 43 38 90 79 59 42 893 87 98 98 95 89 988 96 96 99 98 97 988 98 92 96 98 98 95 95 88 93 95 95 97 98 93 96 97 98 99 98 97 99 99 98 97 96 99 98 97 96 981 87 97 94 91 88 93 44 87 78 66 46 81 42 35 39 41 43 3

ghting Perfor

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rmance with S

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dow at the Eq

map for the nor

horizontal ovh, with light she

map for the nor

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quator

rth orientation

verhang with elf.

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n.

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ghting Perfor

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. 42 Daylightade.

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dow at the Eq

t zones for the

t zones for the

00lux spreadshotection.

tal overhang,

tal overhang wshelf.

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quator

e 40%WWR f

e 50%WWR f

heet for the nor

20%WWR, n

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83

fort the north

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4. Conclus

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visible sky

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etrics data hav

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d that a singl

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ve to be treat

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nt methodolo

ight analysis

reality.

ormance de

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). The shadow

e quality of

ghting Perfor

R, north, with

with three lou

with three lou

e criterion is

erformance.

ed and comp

information.

gical proced

s more reli

epends on

wing system

wing system

the daylight

rmance with S

light

uvers

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ared

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Re

[1]

[2]

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[4][5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

Shaded Wind

tial solar pr

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minated the

ylight with mo

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urrences, but

e 40%WWR

ne for almost

for 40%WWR

dels had glare

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tem avoid the

uce the day

table for 5

mination at th

reduced the

The results w

ween window

ylight zone.

ferences

R. Liggett, M.Climate ConsDesign Tools J. A. MardalDaylight metrof the 27th SesM. Roriz,Bioclimática,2010 AutodesC. F. ReinharDaylight PerfDesign, LeukoABNT: NBR Itrabalho - partC. F. Reinha2010. Fundescola: ambientes Edda educação, 2C. F. Reinharfor Sustainab2010.

ABNT: NBRVerificação einterna de edifABNT, 2005.

dow at the Eq

rotection ca

em efficiency

glare occurr

ore quality an

enings (20%W

t the daylight

and 50%W

the entire roo

R and 7.20 m

e occurrences

helves design

e glare in the

ylight zone.

50%WWR,

e first row of

daylight zone

ere enough to

w size, visib

. Milne, C. Gomsultant 5.5, LGroup, 2008. ljevic, M. N. rics for residentssion of the CIERoriz Engen2015. k I: Autodesk Ert, J. Mardaljevformance Metros Ottawa, 2006ISO/CIE 8995-te 1: Interior. 1ªart, Daysim 3.

Recomendaçõditedby escolare2002. rt, Tutorial on tle Design, Cam

R 15215-4. Ilumexperimental dficações - Méto

quator

auses glare.

improvemen

rences, whic

nd uniformity

WWR) did no

t zone was ab

WWR resulted

om depth (3.5

for 50%WW

s next to the w

ned as inter

e first row of

This system

resulting in

f sensors, whil

e.

o determine a

ble sky facto

mez, D. Leeper Los Angeles: U

Roy and J. tial buildings, inE, África do Sunharia Bioclim

Ecotect Analysivic and Z. Rorics for Sustain6, pp. 7-31. 1. Iluminação dª Ediçãoed: AB1, University H

es técnicas es Cdpei. Brasí

the Use of Dayimbridge: Harva

minação naturadas condições odo de medição.

Indeed, the

nts reduced or

ch assured a

y.

ot cause glare

bout 3.05 m.

d in daylight

54 m to 4.75

WR), but some

window.

rnal shading

f sensors, and

m was more

n the glare

le 40%WWR

a relationship

r (VSF) and

and A. BensonUCLA Energy

Christoffersen,n: Proceedingsl, 2011.

mática: Roriz

is 2011. 2011.ogers, Dynamicnable Building

de ambientes deNT, 2013. H. Cambridge,

- Edificaçõesília: Ministério

sm Simulationsard University,

al - Parte 4 -de iluminação. Rio de Janeiro

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