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ccab 96/97
Classified Criminal Appeals
Bulletin 1996-97
(reprinted Nov 1998)
Prosecutions Division
Department of Justice
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
ccab 96/97
(i)
A DIGEST OF
HONG KONG CRIMINAL APPEAL CASES
1996 - 1997
Compiled and Edited by
Eddie SEAN, Senior Government Counsel,
based on 24 issues (Jan. 1996 - Dec. 1997) of
Criminal Appeals Bulletins published by the
Prosecutions Division of Department of Justice,
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
ccab 96/97
(ii)
INTRODUCTION
In his introduction to his Digest of 1986-1989, ADDISON J., as he then was, indicated that he was leaving Hong Kong. Like many colleagues, I found his Digest most useful and was disappointed that ADDISON's Digest could not be continued.
As the monthly Criminal Appeals Bulletins published by the Criminal Appeals Unit of our Department summarised judgements of significance, in mid 1990, I decided to classify those judgements from the January 1989 issue onwards. The loose-leaf Classified Appeals Bulletin was first published in May 1990.
In May 1998, I revised the loose-leaf format and published the 1996-97 edition. It has run out of stock and this is a re-print, which includes tables of cases, subject headers, and subject index.
Some cases appear in more than one chapter as they touch on more than one subject. As a token of respect to the original editors of the Criminal Appeals Bulletin, I have decided not to delete or alter the contents. As a result, for a particular subject, you may have one or 2 paragraphs in a case digest which do not relate to that subject. I hope you could bear with that.
I certainly could not have done this all on my own. The original editors of the Criminal Appeals Bulletin wrote the contents of this publication and I just put different paragraphs into place. Many colleagues helped. Ms. Charling CHAN and Ms. Dora FUNG, personal secretaries, Ms. Isis CHAN, Mr. Thomas TSANG, Ms. Phoebe KANG, Legal Trainees, Ms. Mandy CHOI, summer student, and a few others who prefer to remain nameless, all put in long hours. Without them, this book would have taken months longer to publish.
ccab 96/97
(iii)
Table of Contents
Subject Headings
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page (iv) - (v)
Subject Index
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page (vi) - (xxxvi)
Words and Phrases
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page (xxxvii) - (xxxviii)
Digest of Cases
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page 1 - 378
ccab 96/97 subjects
(iv)
Subjects
Page No
Adjournment................................. 1
Alibi .............................................. 1
Appeal/Procedure ........................ 2
Arson.......................................... 11
Assault/Wounding ...................... 13
Attempt....................................... 15
Bail ............................................. 16
BOR ........................................... 17
Bribery/Corruption/ICAC............. 25
Case to Answer.......................... 30
C & E.......................................... 30
Character ................................... 34
Charge ....................................... 37
Conspiracy ................................. 38
Corroboration ............................. 43
Costs .......................................... 45
Counsel ...................................... 47
Dangerous Drugs/Proceeds....... 53
Disclosure .................................. 66
Discretion of trial judge............... 69
Evidence .................................... 70
Examination ............................... 71
Expert......................................... 71
Falling Object ............................. 74
False Instrument ........................ 74
Flight .......................................... 75
Forfeiture.................................... 76
Gambling.................................... 78
Page No
Homicide.....................................80
Identification................................90
Immigration .................................93
Joint Enterprise...........................98
Judge ..........................................99
Judge-Summing Up ..................103
Jury ...........................................104
Labour.......................................106
Leave (to appeal to HKCFA).....110
Licensing...................................115
Lies ...........................................117
Magistrates ...............................121
Mitigation ..................................129
Oath/Declaration.......................132
Obscene Articles.......................134
Onus of Proof............................136
Plea...........................................136
Practice and Procedure ............137
Prosecutors/Prosecutions.........151
Proviso......................................158
Public Order..............................159
Road Traffic ..............................160
Self Defence / Provocation .......164
Sentence (Principles)................167
Sentence (Quantum) ................210
Assault and Wounding .......... 210
Arms and Ammunition........... 212
Animals and Plants ............... 215
Arson .................................... 219
Burglary ................................ 220
ccab 96/97 subjects
(v)
Page No
Sentence (Quantum) (cont)
Bribery/Corruption/ICAC ........221
C & E .....................................228
Computer Crimes...................233
Conspiracy to Defraud ...........235
Dangerous Drugs...................235
False Instruments ..................255
Homicide................................258
Immigration............................262
Labour ...................................277
Obscene Articles....................277
Prohibited Articles..................280
Personal circumstances of defendants.............................281
POOW ...................................286
Pervert the course of justice ....................................287
Robbery .................................288
Road Traffic ...........................294
Page No
Sentence (Quantum) (cont)
Sexual Offences.................... 296
Tax Evasion .......................... 301
Theft / Handling / Deception.. 302
Town Planning ...................... 310
Triad ..................................... 311
Sexual Offence .........................312
Statements................................318
Stay of Proceedings..................336
Telecommunication...................344
Theft / Handling / Deception .....345
Town Planning ..........................349
Triad..........................................350
Ultra Vires .................................355
Verdict.......................................356
Vice...........................................358
Voir Dire....................................360
Vulnerable Witness...................364
Witness .....................................371
ccab 96/97 subject index
(vi)
Subject Index
Page
ADJOURNMENT
Refusal of adjournment to obtain legal representation/Accused _forgot_ to instruct lawyer/Magistrate
assisting unrepresented accused/Whether trial unfair................................................................................................ 1
ALIBI
When _Lucas_ direction on lies not required/Whether alibi direction necessary...................................................... 1
APPEAL
Duty of appeal counsel/Allegations against trial judge must be verified................................................................... 2
Conspiracy to defraud/Admissibility of fresh evidence on appeal/Effect of failure to raise issues at
trial/Judge directing jury/ICAC_s duty of disclosure ................................................................................................ 2
Indecent assault/Challenging factual findings on appeal/Role of appellate court/Advantage enjoyed by trial
court .......................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Admission of guilt made in mitigation of sentence/Effect on appeal against conviction out of time/Grant of
leave out of time/Status of mitigation by counsel...................................................................................................... 5
S 83(1)CPO/Application of _lurking doubt_ formula/Use of word _perverse_ does not connote higher test
than provided for by statute....................................................................................................................................... 8
Acting as a member of a triad society/Elements of offence examined/High Court invoking s 119(1)(g)
Cap_227 .................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Citation of comparable cases on appeal rarely helpful .............................................................................................. 9
Appeal on basis that victim disbelieved in later trial/Evidence from later trial admissible as facts closely
linked together/Floodgate not opened by admission of such evidence...................................................................... 9
ARSON
Attempted arson/Ingredients of offence/Mere recklessness not sufficient/Bald admission to MOTS..................... 11
Attempted arson/Attempt must be deliberate/Attempt to commit a crime is an act done with intent ...................... 12
ccab 96/97 subject index
(vii)
Arson/Recklessness/Elements of offence ................................................................................................................ 13
ASSAULT/WOUNDING
AOABH/Religious sect/Non-availability of defence of _religious mortification’......................................................13
Wounding with intent/Self-defence/Subjective approach ....................................................................................... 14
ATTEMPT
Attempted arson/Attempt must be deliberate/Attempt to commit a crime is an act done with intent ...................... 15
BAIL
Section 9L Cap 221/Breach of bail condition/Proceedings for offence to be initiated by
prosecution/Magistrate cannot himself start and conduct proceedings and convict accused/Right to
representation.......................................................................................................................................................... 16
BOR
Section 30(1) POBO/Ambit of offence /Consistency with Article 16(2) BORO .................................................... 17
S 21(4) Cap 227/Refusal to answer questions without just excuse/Procedures to be followed/No conflict
with BORO/Safeguards for contemnor/Standard of proof/Just excuse ................................................................... 19
Unavailability of important defence witness/Application to stay/How judge should ensure fair trial ..................... 20
Gambling in a gambling establishment/S 6 Cap 148/Whether offence of absolute liability, with no
possibility of a defence of honest belief or reasonable excuse/Consistency with A. 5(1) BORO ........................... 21
Unsworn testimony of child/Whether 1995 amendments to ss 3 and 4 Cap 8 contrary to ICCPR/Status of
child evidence examined/Admissibility of video recording of interview with child complainant ........................... 22
BRIBERY/CORRUPTION/ICAC
Effect of striking similarity between evidence of one accused and cautioned statement of another
accused/Effect of s 26 POBO, Cap 201 .................................................................................................................. 25
Acceptance of advantage/Evidence showing loan made by person different from person identified in
particulars of offence/Not material averment .......................................................................................................... 25
Section 9 POBO/Elements of offence/Action or forbearance of agent must be aimed at principal......................... 26
Failure to disclose information under s 13 Cap 201/Meaning of words _any person_/Privilege against self-
incrimination removed/No defence of reasonable excuse ....................................................................................... 27
ccab 96/97 subject index
(viii)
Agent unlawfully accepting advantage/State of mind of accused/Whether accused accepted moneys in
belief that they were a reward for a corrupt act ....................................................................................................... 28
Making off without payment/Reduced sum paid/Absence of complaint/Improper use of Theft Ordinance by
ICAC....................................................................................................................................................................... 29
CASE TO ANSWER
Case to answer/Criteria applicable/Difficulty caused by New Zealand approach ................................................... 30
C & E
Attempting to export unmanifested cargo/Strict liability offence/What must be shown/Ingredients of
attempt/Intention to correct manifest at late stage no defence................................................................................. 30
C & E - Attempting to export/Offence of strict liability/Comments on formulation of question reserved to
Court of Appeal....................................................................................................................................................... 32
Trade descriptions/Importation of goods with false descriptions/What is required to demonstrate _due
diligence_/Extent of liability under s 12 Cap 362/Sale by sample .......................................................................... 32
CHARACTER
Amendment of charge/Effect of s. 27(2)(b) Cap. 227/Failure of defence counsel to reveal good character of
accused.................................................................................................................................................................... 34
Whether immediate direction to disregard evidence of bad character requiring of repetition in summing-
up/No irregularity when accused left to represent himself after dismissal of counsel ............................................ 34
Direction on relevance of previous convictions/Importance of clearly directing jury as to significance of
police arresting an accused upon information ......................................................................................................... 35
Good character direction/Accused pleading guilty at outset of murder trial to theft/Discretion of
judge/Heavily qualified direction nugatory............................................................................................................. 35
Good character directions/Extent of duty on magistrate/Magistrate keeping open mind ........................................ 36
CHARGE
False statement to immigration officer/Formulation of charge................................................................................ 37
Cautioned statements/Challenge to admissibility/Materiality of date in particulars of offence/Conspiracy
hatched on date other than that particularised ......................................................................................................... 37
Acceptance of advantage/Evidence showing loan made by person different from person identified in
particulars of offence/Not material averment .......................................................................................................... 38
ccab 96/97 subject index
(ix)
CONSPIRACY
Conspiracy to defraud/Admissibility of fresh evidence on appeal/Effect of failure to raise issues at
trial/Judge directing jury/ICAC_s duty of disclosure .............................................................................................. 39
Conspiracy/Charge lacking in particularity/Accused confessing to different conspiracies/Comparison of
confessions not permissible..................................................................................................................................... 41
Conspiracy to defraud/Expression _to defraud_ not self-explanatory/Nature of prosecution case must be
precise and on the face of the indictment/Risk not apparent/Duty of judge to compel prosecutor to give
precise statement of prosecution case...................................................................................................................... 42
CORROBORATION
Dangerous drugs/Fingerprints as corroboration/In court lies as corroboration/“ Turnbull” warning when
surveillance evidence challenged ............................................................................................................................ 43
Section 60 Cap 221/Extent of abolition of rule requiring corroboration of evidence of accomplices/Old
straitjacket not to be resurrected ............................................................................................................................. 44
COSTS
Late costs application/Reluctance to entertain such/Effect on costs order .............................................................. 45
Accused represented by Duty Lawyer Scheme/Award of costs confined to accused_s actual
contribution/Comments on DLS and Costs in Criminal Cases Ordinance .............................................................. 45
Costs order not to be used as an additional penalty................................................................................................. 47
Successful appellant seeking costs/Costs refused as appellant had brought great suspicion on
himself/Appeal allowed for technical reasons......................................................................................................... 47
COUNSEL
Overwhelming prosecution case/Failure of counsel adequately to explain to accused consequence of not
giving evidence ....................................................................................................................................................... 47
Counsel_s conduct as ground of appeal/Allegation of wrong advice not to give evidence/Applicant issuing
contradictory instructions/Need to demonstrate existence of viable defence .......................................................... 48
Whether immediate direction to disregard evidence of bad character requiring of repetition in summing-
up/No irregularity when accused left to represent himself after dismissal of counsel ............................................ 48
Counsel_s conduct as ground of appeal/Applicant to prove misconduct on balance of probability/Accused
ought himself to acknowledge admitted facts.......................................................................................................... 49
ccab 96/97 subject index
(x)
Counsel_s conduct as ground of appeal/Counsel telling accused it would be _disastrous_ if they
testified/Counsel concerned about revelation of previous convictions/Defence case put through cross-
examination and a defence witness ......................................................................................................................... 50
Competence of counsel as ground of appeal/Advice not to testify/Test of flagrantly incompetent advocacy......... 51
Indecent assault/alleged failings of counsel/Grounds not previously argued/Last criminal case heard by
Judicial Committee.................................................................................................................................................. 52
Negligence of counsel/Failure to cross-examine/Defence case not put/Wrongful admission of prejudicial
facts/Advice not to testify........................................................................................................................................ 52
DANGEROUS DRUGS
Dangerous drugs/Fingerprints as corroboration/In court lies as corroboration/“ Turnbull” warning when
surveillance evidence challenged ............................................................................................................................ 54
Manufacturing dangerous drugs/Ingredients of offence/Knowledge by tenant not enough per se/Directions
to be given............................................................................................................................................................... 54
Trafficking offence/Propriety of cross-examination about drug addiction.............................................................. 56
Trafficking/District Judge reversing onus of proof ................................................................................................. 56
Trafficking in heroin/Evidence of heroin addiction/Admissibility/Material irregularities ...................................... 57
Meaning of the words _offer to traffic_ in s 4 and s 4A Cap 134/Same meaning in each section/Offence
committed in each when offer is made .................................................................................................................... 58
Dangerous drugs/Court entitled to draw inference that drugs possessed for trafficking ......................................... 58
Assisting another to retain the benefit of drug trafficking/Meaning of words _concerned in an arrangement_
in s 25(1) of the Drug Trafficking (Recovery of Proceeds) Ordinance/By the operation of s 4(1)(a) the
ambit of _the relevant person_s proceeds of drug trafficking_ in s 25 (1) is widened to include the proceeds
of drug trafficking of others/Observations on the statutory scheme and on whether the indictment was bad
for duplicity............................................................................................................................................................. 59
Direction on relevance of previous convictions/Importance of clearly directing jury as to significance of
police arresting an accused upon information ......................................................................................................... 61
Knowledge of drugs/Failure to inspect bag not direct evidence of knowledge/Possession may point to
knowledge/Subjective test applicable/Constructive knowledge is sufficient........................................................... 61
Trafficking in dangerous drugs/Knowledge as to nature/Absence of caution not fatal to admissibility of
statement ................................................................................................................................................................. 63
ccab 96/97 subject index
(xi)
Conspiracy to traffic in dangerous drugs/Drugs in possession of authorities/Whether object of conspiracy
an impossibility ....................................................................................................................................................... 64
Trafficking in dangerous drugs/Evidence led of numerous offences not charged/Blanket approach
deprecated/Jury invited to select specific offences from a menu of offences/ Correct approach to adduction
of evidence/Prejudice to accused ............................................................................................................................ 64
Drugs valuation/Admissibility of evidence based on information from drug dealers and undercover
agents/Such evidence sufficient to support testimony of prosecution witness......................................................... 66
DISCLOSURE
Conspiracy to defraud/Admissibility of fresh evidence on appeal/Effect of failure to raise issues at
trial/Judge directing jury/ICAC_s duty of disclosure .............................................................................................. 66
Indecent assault/Recent complaint/Evidence of distress not a legal requirement/Reasons for not
complaining at first opportunity/General complaint acceptable/Non-disclosure of previous statement of
defence witness ....................................................................................................................................................... 69
DISCRETION
Order for separate trials/Discretion of trial judge/Interference on basis of miscarriage of justice .......................... 69
EVIDENCE
Utterance by absent co-accused in presence of accused/Whether part of res gestae/Hearsay................................. 70
Lies direction/Direct conflict between prosecution evidence and defence evidence/No direction
necessary ................................................................................................................................................................. 70
EXAMINATION
Trafficking offence/Propriety of cross-examination about drug addiction.............................................................. 71
EXPERT
Criminal law and practice/Expert evidence/Admissibility and weight where expert may have interest in
result........................................................................................................................................................................ 71
Effect of s. 65B CPO/Expertise of witness to be established/Reasons for conclusions of expert
essential................................................................................................................................................................... 73
FALLING OBJECT
Object dropped from height/Liability of contractor/Whether supervisor a contractor ............................................ 74
ccab 96/97 subject index
(xii)
FALSE INSTRUMENT
Using a false instrument with intent/Section 73 Cap 200/ Double intention must be established ........................... 74
FLIGHT
Flight as evidence of guilt/Consciousness of guilt essential/Clear direction essential............................................. 75
FORFEITURE
Forfeiture/Property seized on unlicensed premises/Nexus between property and offence/Strict interpretation
of penal provision.................................................................................................................................................... 76
GAMBLING
Gambling in a gambling establishment/S 6 Cap 148/Whether offence of absolute liability, with no
possibility of a defence of honest belief or reasonable excuse/Consistency with A. 5(1) BORO ........................... 78
Operating gambling establishment/Distinction between operator and manager of establishment/
Determination of capacity/Irresistible inference ..................................................................................................... 79
HOMICIDE
Murder/Direction to jury upon joint enterprise/Whether confessions wrongly admitted into evidence .................. 80
Murder/Admissibility of confession/Unexplained injury to accused/Alleged police mistreatment/Whether
judge erred in law.................................................................................................................................................... 80
Section 4 Homicide Ordinance/Whether mental infirmity relevant to provocation/Distinction between
diminished responsibility and provocation to be maintained .................................................................................. 81
Murder/Provocation/No burden upon defence of proving the lack of sudden and temporary loss of self-
control ..................................................................................................................................................................... 83
Murder/Self-defence not raised at trial/Basis for self-defence submission/Manslaughter and joint enterprise ....... 83
Judge inviting submission of _No Case_ where evidence weak/ Power of judge to stop case of his own
volition/ Prosecution case must be taken as a whole/Verdict not perverse/Extent of judge_s duty to leave
alternative verdict of manslaughter ......................................................................................................................... 84
Murder/Extent of duty to leave alternative verdict of manslaughter/Right of accused............................................ 85
Provocation : basis for/Effect of comment by prosecutor that accused had pleaded not guilty because guilty
pleas would ............................................................................................................................................................. 86
Murder/Provocation and characteristics of accused/Test to be applied................................................................... 87
ccab 96/97 subject index
(xiii)
Leaving provocation to jury/Procedure for appealing to HKCFA/Certificate of High Court only required
when first limb of s 32(2) Cap 484 engaged/ Application for leave under second limb proceeds direct to
HKCFA/Court declining certificate must identify point of law said to be involved................................................ 88
IDENTIFICATION
Dangerous drugs/Fingerprints as corroboration/In court lies as corroboration/“ Turnbull” warning when
surveillance evidence challenged ............................................................................................................................ 90
Identification based in part on voice identification/Need for _Turnbull_ direction ................................................ 91
District Court/Reasons for verdict/No mention of dangers of identification evidence/Full _Turnbull_
direction not necessary............................................................................................................................................ 91
Fair summary of identification evidence important/No rules can be laid down/“ Turnbull” directions must
be impressed with the authority of the judge and not blunted or watered down...................................................... 92
Dock identification/Circumstances in which dock identifications are permissible/Comments on use of
photographs for identifying purposes...................................................................................................................... 92
IMMIGRATION
Crew member of ship bringing in unauthorised entrants/Statutory defence in s. 37 Cap. 115/Relevant time
for knowledge of status of entrants.......................................................................................................................... 93
Breach of condition of stay/Meaning of _land_/Permission necessary to take up extra job.................................... 94
False statement to immigration officer/Formulation of charge................................................................................ 95
Aiding and abetting illegal immigrant unlawfully to remain/Ambit of certificate issued under s 63A
Cap_115/ Inference to be drawn that Director did not consent to unlawful remaining ........................................... 95
Whether proof required that witness same person as specified in certificate issued under s 63A Cap 115/
Magistrate not required to seek out breaches of 1992 Rules and Directions/Breaches raised for first time on
appeal ...................................................................................................................................................................... 96
What constitutes landing unlawfully in Hong Kong/Leaving fishing vessel for fish farm/Not necessary to
set foot on dry land.................................................................................................................................................. 97
JOINT ENTERPRISE
Murder/Direction to jury upon joint enterprise/Whether confessions wrongly admitted into evidence .................. 98
Criminal intent in joint enterprise not established by proof of a pretence to join in for ulterior motives/Duty
to put incredible defence/Full directions on intent not invariably required............................................................. 99
ccab 96/97 subject index
(xiv)
JUDGE
Judge discharging himself/Discharge amenable to judicial review/Test of bias by judge himself .......................... 99
Judge inviting submission of _No Case_ where evidence weak/ Power of judge to stop case of his own
volition/ Prosecution case must be taken as a whole/Verdict not perverse/Extent of judge_s duty to leave
alternative verdict of manslaughter ....................................................................................................................... 100
Questions of accused by judge rarely necessary/Discrediting of accused/Danger that questions tipped scales
against accused/Judge must remain above the arena/Immaterial that defence did not complain........................... 101
Interventions by trial judge/Judge calling witness to testify/Duty of judge to _harken to the evidence_/
Circumstances under which judge might properly intervene................................................................................. 102
Allegation that judge entered arena/Not incumbent on judge to remain silent and watch justice
miscarry/Judge_s duty to ensure criminal proceedings conducted fairly and to intervene as necessary to
achieve that goal.................................................................................................................................................... 102
JUDGES - SUMMING UP
Lies direction not necessary if lies not relied upon to prove guilt/Emotive language by prosecutor to be
avoided/Requirements of a summing-up ............................................................................................................... 103
JURY
Conspiracy to defraud/Admissibility of fresh evidence on appeal/Effect of failure to raise issues at
trial/Judge directing jury/ICAC_s duty of disclosure ............................................................................................ 104
Alleged material irregularity/Two jurors allegedly sleeping/Effect on trial/Extent of judge_s
obligations............................................................................................................................................................. 106
LABOUR
Employment Ordinance/Employer improperly withholding wages/Spirit of legislation/Offences laid outside
6-month period/Whether continuous offences....................................................................................................... 106
Termination of employment of pregnant employee/Approach to statutory interpretation/Scope of _mischief
rule_/Section 15 Cap 57 considered/Pre-judging defence case ............................................................................. 108
LEAVE
Application for leave to appeal to HKCFA/Observations on granting of certificate under s 32
Cap 484 ................................................................................................................................................................. 110
ccab 96/97 subject index
(xv)
Application for leave to appeal to HKCFA/Time limit considered/Meaning of _decision_/Lower court
granting certificate must identify point of law/Refusal of leave after certificate granted by lower
court ...................................................................................................................................................................... 111
Leaving provocation to jury/Procedure for appealing to HKCFA/Certificate of High Court only required
when first limb of s 32(2) Cap 484 engaged/ Application for leave under second limb proceeds direct to
HKCFA/Court declining certificate must identify point of law said to be involved.............................................. 113
LICENSING
Amusement Game Centre Ordinance/Power to issue conditions/Effect of repeal of parts of Miscellaneous
Licences Ordinance............................................................................................................................................... 115
Cap 349/Whether self-contained apartment an hotel/Inn and hotel distinguished................................................. 116
Young person in billiard hall/By-law 22C creates an offence of strict liability/Licensee responsible for acts
of his own and of his employees ........................................................................................................................... 117
LIES
Lies direction not necessary if lies not relied upon to prove guilt/Emotive language by prosecutor to be
avoided/Requirements of a summing-up ............................................................................................................... 118
When _Lucas_ direction on lies not required/Whether alibi direction necessary.................................................. 118
Lies direction/Lies not relied on by Crown/Circumstances in which lie might support Crown case/Court to
discuss full direction on lies with counsel ............................................................................................................. 119
Lies direction/Direct conflict between prosecution evidence and defence evidence/No direction
necessary ............................................................................................................................................................... 120
MAGISTRATES
Magistrate contrasting conflicting versions/Suspicion that incorrect standard of proof applied ........................... 121
Magistrate_s findings/Extent of duty to evaluate evidence ................................................................................... 121
Summary trial/Section 18 Cap 227/Absent accused represented by counsel deemed to be present/Magistrate
ordering accused to be present .............................................................................................................................. 122
Minor offence/Inexplicable revocation of bail/Appearance of bias ...................................................................... 122
Remand of accused in custody prior to sentence/Accused kept in custody while pre-sentencing reports
prepared/Duty of court to be very careful ............................................................................................................. 123
ccab 96/97 subject index
(xvi)
S. 20(2) Cap 151/Meaning of attending a triad society meeting/Magistrate not required to detail how he
resolves every submission ..................................................................................................................................... 123
Careless driving/Collision between vehicles/Court wrong to adopt a _res ipsa loquitur_ approach ..................... 124
Refusal of adjournment to obtain legal representation/Accused _forgot_ to instruct lawyer/Magistrate
assisting unrepresented accused/Whether trial unfair............................................................................................ 124
Duty of magistrate to unrepresented accused/Magistrate not required to ascertain character of accused/No
duty on prosecutor to tell court of accused_s character/Refusal of adjournment for legal
representation........................................................................................................................................................ 125
Silent trials not permitted/Written materials should be read out/Public must know what is happening ................ 126
Reasons for verdict/Professional magistrate not always required to detail all the law/When magistrate
presumed to know law and to have applied it correctly ........................................................................................ 126
Intervention by magistrate in trial/View formed by informed bystander of conduct of trial ................................. 126
Insulting behaviour before a magistrate/Section 99 Cap 227/Proper procedures must be deployed/Accused
deprived of chance to explain, to defend or to seek legal advice .......................................................................... 127
Good character directions/Extent of duty on magistrate/Magistrate keeping open mind ...................................... 128
Accused denied proper legal representation at trial/Justice not seen to have been done....................................... 129
MITIGATION
Admission of guilt made in mitigation of sentence/Effect on appeal against conviction out of time/Grant of
leave out of time/Status of mitigation by counsel.................................................................................................. 129
Accused wishing to testify on oath/Magistrate enquiring of religious knowledge/Oaths and Declarations
Ordinance/Accused compelled to affirm/Perceived prejudice .............................................................................. 132
Statutory declaration under Oaths and Declarations Ordinance/No oral declaration made/Statutory
declaration in same category as oath .....................................................................................................................133
OBSCENE ARTICLE
Cap 390/Possession for the purpose of publication : meaning of _publication_/Forfeiture of obscene articles
in transit/Effect of publication abroad................................................................................................................... 134
Obscene Articles Tribunal/Giving of reasons/Adequacy of reasons/Not appropriate to issue guidelines on
what is indecent and obscene ................................................................................................................................ 135
ccab 96/97 subject index
(xvii)
ONUS OF PROOF
Trafficking/District Judge reversing onus of proof ............................................................................................... 136
PLEA
Unequivocal plea of guilty entered on legal advice/Application to reverse plea/Procedure for court to
follow/Discretion to be exercised judicially.......................................................................................................... 136
PRACTICE AND PROCEDURE
Assistance to police officer after sentence and after expiry of time for appealing/Proper procedure is to
petition the Governor ............................................................................................................................................ 137
S 83V CPO/Court declining to receive new evidence on appeal/Conscious decision not to call the evidence
at trial .................................................................................................................................................................... 137
Theft/Whether alternative charges appropriate where identity of victim unclear/Verdicts on alternative
charges/Identity of victim not invariably material................................................................................................. 137
Guilty plea/Application to reverse plea due to wrong advice of counsel as to likely sentence/Plea not a
nullity .................................................................................................................................................................... 138
Application for permanent stay of proceedings/Delay of 10 years since charge/Abuse of process/Prejudice
arising from delay/Pre-trial publicity and poor health........................................................................................... 139
Retrial/Factors affecting order/Whether interests of justice best served ............................................................... 144
Authenticated Chinese text of Estate Duty Ordinance not correct/Original legislation to be acted upon/Error
ought not to be given effect................................................................................................................................... 145
Appeal against sentence/Basis for interference ..................................................................................................... 145
Food Business (Urban Council) By-Laws, Cap 132/Addition to approved plan/Difference of meaning in the
English language text and the Chinese language text of the Ordinance/Difference cannot be
reconciled.............................................................................................................................................................. 145
Appeal out of time/Comments on cooperation given by accused subsequent to sentence/Clemency by
executive/No reason to believe executive clemency will not survive handover .................................................... 146
Appeal against sentence/Conviction a nullity/Application for leave to appeal out of time must be acceded
to/Inherent jurisdiction of Court of Appeal exercisable outside framework of Criminal Procedure
Ordinance/Not appropriate to substitute conviction for other offence .................................................................. 147
Appeal from magistrate/Ambit of s 113 Cap 227/ Interlocutory orders not challengable on appeal..................... 147
ccab 96/97 subject index
(xviii)
Case stated/Delay regrettable/Duty on judge to promote expedition/Time-table desirable/Effect of delay on
sentence................................................................................................................................................................. 148
Forfeiture of proceeds of crime under s 102 Cap 221/Right of affected party to be heard/Judge making
ultra vires order/No right of appeal/Indications as to achievement of just outcome ............................................. 149
Citation of comparable cases on appeal rarely helpful .......................................................................................... 149
Proceeds of drug trafficking found on accused/Distinction between confiscation order and fine/Fine not to
be used in substitution of confiscation order ......................................................................................................... 150
Accused late at court/No power to fine as punishment.......................................................................................... 150
Meaning of _conviction_/Court not functus officio until guilt established and sentence passed ........................... 150
Assistance to authorities after time for appealing has expired/Correct course to petition Chief Executive for
clemency ............................................................................................................................................................... 151
PROSECUTORS/PROSECUTIONS
Lies direction not necessary if lies not relied upon to prove guilt/Emotive language by prosecutor to be
avoided/Requirements of a summing-up ............................................................................................................... 151
Prosecutor_s opening containing reference to evidence subsequently ruled inadmissible/Court redressing
situation................................................................................................................................................................. 152
Prosecution witnesses/Extent of duty to call witness............................................................................................. 153
Retrial/Application to stay proceedings/Whether fair trial possible after police officers had twice rehearsed
their evidence ........................................................................................................................................................ 154
Voire dire/Cross-examination of police officers upon evidence in earlier trials/Extent of duties of
prosecution............................................................................................................................................................ 155
Duty of magistrate to unrepresented accused/Magistrate not required to ascertain character of accused/No
duty on prosecutor to tell court of accused_s character/Refusal of adjournment for legal
representation........................................................................................................................................................ 155
Trafficking in dangerous drugs/Evidence led of numerous offences not charged/Blanket approach
deprecated/Jury invited to select specific offences from a menu of offences........................................................ 156
PROVISO
Verbal admission/Extent of duty of court to enquire into voluntariness/Proviso not available when
confession wrongly admitted................................................................................................................................. 158
ccab 96/97 subject index
(xix)
PUBLIC ORDER
Unlawful assembly/Breach of peace may occur in private/Elements of offence under s 18 Cap 245/Limits
to _right of self-defence_/Not necessary to call third parties to testify as to fear of breach of peace/
Affray.................................................................................................................................................................... 159
Disorderly conduct/Breach of peace requires threatened or actual violence/Insulting behaviour not breach
of peace/Police acting in execution of duty........................................................................................................... 160
ROAD TRAFFIC
Section 4 Cap 272/Whether forklift truck a motor vehicle/Meaning of _intended or adapted for use on
roads’.............................................................................................................................................................................160
Road traffic/Refusal to provide breath sample/Physical discomfort no ground for refusal to provide breath
sample/Object of legislation/‘ Throwing’ and ‘ laying’ ...........................................................................................161
Road traffic/Chain collision/Actual carelessness essential to establish careless driving/Fact of collision
insufficient............................................................................................................................................................. 162
Careless driving/No notice of intention to prosecute served/Court must consider inherent probability of
prejudice occasioned by non-service..................................................................................................................... 163
SELF DEFENCE/PROVOCATION
Fighting in a public place/Accused possibly acting in self-defence/Duty on magistrate properly to evaluate
evidence ................................................................................................................................................................ 164
Murder/Self-defence not raised at trial/Basis for self-defence submission/Manslaughter and joint
enterprise............................................................................................................................................................... 164
Self-defence/Direction to jury/Whether judge required to direct with precision on state of mind of
accused.................................................................................................................................................................. 165
Wounding with intent/Self-defence/Subjective approach ..................................................................................... 166
Interviewing young accused in absence of parent or guardian/Whether self-defence and provocation
directions required where offender uses knife for purpose contemplated ............................................................. 167
SENTENCE (PRINCIPLES)
Immigration - Change in family circumstances rarely relevant to sentence on appeal/Assistance to
authorities usually matter for executive/When assistance matter for court............................................................ 168
Compensation order/No power to order imprisonment in default ......................................................................... 168
Accused absconding at trial/Sentence in absence/8 years as fugitive/Effect of voluntary surrender..................... 168
ccab 96/97 subject index
(xx)
Discount for guilty plea/Discount of one third not automatic ............................................................................... 169
Burglary in domestic premises/Starting point/More than one offence/Suspended sentence rarely
appropriate/Uniformity in sentencing/Discount on review.................................................................................... 169
OSCO/Section 27/Enhanced penalty/New Provision analysed/Appropriate increase/Correct
approach................................................................................................................................................................ 170
Robbery/Training centre appropriate in exceptional cases.................................................................................... 172
Sentencing for _Ice_/Mitigating factors considered/Need to avoid sense of grievance as between
co-accused............................................................................................................................................................. 173
Multiple robberies/Effect of late pleas/Effect on mitigation of false testimony given for co-accused .................. 174
Assistance to police/Serious crimes prevented/Discount in excess of 50% appropriate ....................................... 175
Guilty plea/Discount to be reduced if accused is caught red-handed ................................................................... 175
HIV infection/No reduction in sentence on compassionate grounds..................................................................... 175
Blackmail/Late expression of remorse/No normal range of sentence ................................................................... 176
Credit for guilty plea/Discretion whether to grant 1/3rd discount/Late plea/Evidence overwhelming.................. 176
OSCO/Enhanced penalty/New provision analysed/Appropriate increase/Correct approach................................. 177
OSCO/Enhanced penalty/Vice establishment/Objectives of legislation/Admissibility of material as to
prevalence ............................................................................................................................................................. 179
Ambit of immunity/Need to protect those who assist authorities .......................................................................... 179
Indictable offence/Powers of court to order restitution with prison in default/No appeal from criminal
bankruptcy order ................................................................................................................................................... 180
Sentencing procedure/Starting point must have regard to _all_ the sentences of an accused................................ 181
Robbery and possession of firearm/Propriety of consecutive sentences/Whether both counts
appropriate ............................................................................................................................................................ 182
Assistance to police/Discount for _supergrass_/_Sivan_ factors applicable to Hong Kong .................................. 182
_Supergrass_/Discount of two-thirds is the maximum/Each case turns on its own facts....................................... 183
Accused not to be punished for conduct of defence/Attack on police evidence not an aggravating
factor ..................................................................................................................................................................... 183
Section 10 POBO/Specific finding as to excess between official earnings and standard of living not
essential/Starting point/Discount due to delay in prosecution of case................................................................... 184
ccab 96/97 subject index
(xxi)
Indebtedness no excuse for trafficking in drugs/Discount for guilty plea reduced if accused caught red-
handed or enters late plea...................................................................................................................................... 184
Starting point for sentence to be precisely indicated/Not sufficient to identify a general range............................ 184
Immigration - Employment of persons not lawfully employable/Guideline starting point of 15 months
applicable to all such offences/Discount for plea of 50% wrong in principle ....................................................... 185
Discount where accused provides information or other assistance/Public interest/Procedure in _R v Sivan_
to be adopted where possible/Co-accused generally to be dealt with together/Undesirability of different
judges dealing with separate aspects of the same case .......................................................................................... 186
Medical condition of accused matter for Executive not Court of Appeal ............................................................. 187
Grounds of clemency based on condition of parents/Judge sentencing on basis of defalcations outside scope
of proven criminality/Observations on appeals against sentence made out of time............................................... 187
Young offenders aged between 16 and 21 years/Excepted offences under s 109A Cap 221/Courts to be
wary of sending young offenders to prison ........................................................................................................... 188
Family circumstances/Effect upon sentence of letter to court from relative of accused........................................ 189
Multiple offences/Venue of trial not appropriate/Correct approach to sentence/Discount to be calculated
from jurisdictional limit ........................................................................................................................................ 189
Entrapment as mitigation/Accused who contested guilt also entitled to discount if entrapped/Disparity in
sentencing.............................................................................................................................................................. 190
S. 45 Cap 136/Considerations affecting hospital order/Movement of patient from Siu Lam to Castle
Peak/Application to disapply proviso to s 47(c) Cap 136 ..................................................................................... 190
Accused absconding on bail/Re-arrest years later/Effect on sentence of good conduct while unlawfully at
large ...................................................................................................................................................................... 192
Concurrent and consecutive sentences/Distinct and separate offences/Sentence for preventing lawful burial
of a corpse/ Guilty plea attracting minimum (or no) discount............................................................................... 192
Offence deserving of punishment outside sentencing jurisdiction of court/District judge right to impose
maximum sentence permitted by jurisdiction........................................................................................................ 193
Training centre order/Suspension of order during prison term of 21 months/Relevant factors............................. 194
Effect of criminal record upon sentence/Surrender to police as mitigation........................................................... 195
Magistrate selecting training centre rather than detention centre/Competing considerations/Objectives of
respective schemes ................................................................................................................................................ 195
ccab 96/97 subject index
(xxii)
Conspiracy and substantive offence/One-third discount for plea not a right or a fixed formula/Discount for
cooperation reduced to reflect bad criminal record/Mathematical approach discouraged/Concern with
ultimate correctness of sentence, not just steps to it .............................................................................................. 196
Deception and theft offences/Correct approach to sample charges/Taking offences into consideration
requires consent of accused/Defence shortening trial by not putting Crown to full proof/Accused entitled to
proper sentence on appeal ..................................................................................................................................... 197
Unhappy juxtaposition of DATC order and prison term followed by deportation/Desirability of outstanding
charges being dealt with by same court/Comments on efficacy of supervision following DATC......................... 198
Not guilty by virtue of insanity/Amendment to legislation subsequent to trial/Power of appellate
court ...................................................................................................................................................................... 199
Entrapment/Impact on sentence/Entrapment to be relevant need not occur at instigation of police...................... 200
POOW/Hospital order not an option under s 33(1) Cap 245/Sentencer in error in increasing prison term to
protect public/Comments on sentencing of chronic schizophrenic guilty of POOW offence................................ 201
Starting point must be indicated/Courts must demonstrate they will not tolerate violence designed to
intimidate and to extort money.............................................................................................................................. 201
Accused in DATC sent to prison/Accused should be allowed to complete treatment in the absence of
compelling reasons................................................................................................................................................ 202
Discount for plea/Duty of judge to give reasons for departure from norm............................................................ 202
Perverting course of public justice/Police officer framing innocent man/Gravity of offence/Suspended
sentence of imprisonment not appropriate............................................................................................................. 202
Assistance to police/Promise to testify prompting co-accused to plead guilty/Promise could not be
fulfilled/Incentive to plead guilty .......................................................................................................................... 203
Assistance to police/Disclosure of information in cautioned statement attracts usual discount of one-
third/When additional discount attracted .............................................................................................................. 204
Cautioned statement implicating others does not entitle accused to greater discount/Late plea may reduce
discount/Offer of assistance which produces nothing material not relevant.......................................................... 204
Burglary and being an unlawful entrant/Consecutive sentences proper/Duty on courts to protect
householders/Leniency not appropriate................................................................................................................. 205
Sentencing jurisdiction of District Court/Discount for plea to be made from appropriate sentence not from
jurisdictional limit of 7 years/Shift in sentencing policy ....................................................................................... 205
Calculation of sentence/Time in custody in China/Relevance of flight to China/Whether credit for time in
custody in China to be applied before or after any discount to reflect mitigation a matter for discretion of
sentencer ............................................................................................................................................................... 206
ccab 96/97 subject index
(xxiii)
Adjustment to prison term to avoid additional and disproportionate punishment/Accused facing forfeiture
of permanent resident status in United States unless sentence reduced................................................................. 207
Fine/Capacity to pay/Court in error to impose prison term because accused could not pay fine .......................... 208
SENTENCE (QUANTUM)
Animals
Chapter 187/Gravity of offences against legislation designed to protect wildlife from slaughter and
commercial exploitation/Minimum level of fine ................................................................................................... 215
Endangered species/Offence not in relation to a highly endangered species/Higher penalty if commercial
purpose.................................................................................................................................................................. 219
Endangered species/Tough sentences required for dealers in animal parts/Fines must take account of
means/Distinction between genuine animal parts and purported parts.................................................................. 218
Protection of endangered species offences/Element of deterrence/Ability to pay/Small-scale
operation ............................................................................................................................................................... 216
Protection of endangered species offences/Gravity of offence/Sentence to be in line with tariff prevailing
when offence arose/Fine must not be disproportionate to means .......................................................................... 217
Arms
Having arms and ammunition with intent to commit robbery/Starting point/Offence instigated by
undercover police officer/Relevance of personal circumstances........................................................................... 212
Simple possession of arms and ammunition/Eight years still a proper sentence after guilty plea ......................... 215
Possession of stun gun/Possession of starting pistol/Gravity of offences.............................................................. 213
Possession of arms and ammunition/sections 13 and 16 Cap 238 contrasted/Not wise to define worst case
scenario/Worst cases fall within broad band ......................................................................................................... 213
Arson
Arson/Danger to life/Gravity of offence/Attempted suicide of offender ............................................................... 219
Assault/Wounding
Assault/Need to protect taxi drivers/Assault on police will attract imprisonment................................................. 212
Causing grievous bodily harm/Victim hospitalised for long period/Continued paralysis/Starting point of at
least 5 years appropriate........................................................................................................................................ 210
ccab 96/97 subject index
(xxiv)
Factual basis for sentence/Gap in agreed basis for sentencing/When separate facts necessary/
AOABH/Gang fight/Provocation manslaughter .................................................................................................... 261
Serious case of unlawful wounding/Young victim/Effect of plea of leniency from father of victim..................... 211
Unlawful wounding/Battery of baby/Sentence required to reflect public adhorrence/Duty of court to show
that public will not tolerate such child abuse ........................................................................................................ 211
Wounding with intent/Chopper attack/Loss of eye ............................................................................................... 210
Bribery
POBO/Soliciting and accepting advantages as an agent/Appropriateness of orders to repay bribes and to
pay prosecutions costs........................................................................................................................................... 221
Conspiracy to offer advantages/Vice operator paying for police protection/Police inspired
corruption.............................................................................................................................................................. 222
Section 10 POBO/Specific finding as to excess between official earnings and standard of living not
essential/Starting point/Discount due to delay in prosecution of case................................................................... 224
Offering advantages to public servant/Three years proper after trial/Gravity of corruption/Multiplicity of
offences/Maximum penalties relevant/Corruption of an already corrupt officer is not mitigation........................ 223
Corruption/Soliciting and accepting advantages/Consecutive sentences/Discount for clear record/
Restitution order mandatory/Meaning of _such person_ in s 12 POBO................................................................ 225
Conspiracy to offer advantage to public servant/Immediate custodial sentence appropriate save in
exceptional circumstances/Gravity of corruption.................................................................................................. 226
S4 POBO/Police officer/Corruption in course of duty/Gauging gravity of offence/Clear record ......................... 224
Section 3 POBO/Bare loan and repayment situation/Maximum penalty relevant/One transaction rule
applied................................................................................................................................................................... 225
Offering an advantage/Accused in anguish acting on spur of the moment/Exceptional case may justify
suspended sentence of imprisonment .................................................................................................................... 227
Burglary
Aggravated burglary/Weapon carried/Illegal immigrant/Sentencing considerations ............................................ 221
Burglary in domestic premises/Starting point/More than one offence/Suspended sentence rarely
appropriate/Uniformity in sentencing/Discount on review.................................................................................... 220
ccab 96/97 subject index
(xxv)
C & E
C & E - Copyright/Infringing copies of discs/Guidelines not appropriate/Deterrent sentences required/Hong
Kong_s commercial reputation requires protection............................................................................................... 232
C & E - Furnishing false or misleading information for export licence/Culpability involved in attempt to
defeat free quota system/Adverse impact upon Hong Kong_s trading reputation/Calculation of fine .................. 229
Section 5 Copyright Ordinance Cap 39/Possession of _pirated_ compact discs/Trade carried out in open
defiance of law/Hong Kong_s international obligation to stamp out trade in _pirated_ intellectual
property/Deterrent custodial sentences on 19 year old salesmen with clear records approved ............................. 228
Selling CDs infringing copyright/Wrong to send 14 year old to DATC after trial/Probation
preferable/Comments on need for expedition by Legal Aid Department .............................................................. 231
Computer Crimes
Destruction of computer files/Deterrent sentences required to protect reputation of HKSAR/Court to have
regard to maximum penalty/Breach of trust/Restitution........................................................................................ 233
Conspiracy
Conspiracy to defraud/Relevance to mitigation of victim banks recouping losses................................................ 235
Conspiracy to offer advantages/Vice operator paying for police protection/Police inspired
corruption.............................................................................................................................................................. 222
Conspiracy to pervert course of justice/Worst case scenario/Reduced discount for guilty plea/Wide
discretion in sentence/Sentence increased on appeal under s 83I Cap 221 ........................................................... 287
Conspiracy to possess false instruments/Effect of guilty plea and assistance to ICAC ......................................... 255
DD
Possession of drugs in prison/Gravity of offence/Consecutive sentence required/Correct approach to totality
.............................................................................................................................................................................. 235
Trafficking in small quantities of hard drug/Multiple offences/District Court proper venue/Undercover
police not agents provocateurs .............................................................................................................................236
Trafficking in dangerous drugs/Detention centre order requires consent of Commissioner/Training centre
not a soft option and appropriate in exceptional circumstances ............................................................................ 243
Drug trafficker/Large quantity/Sentencer aware of all relevant factors/Basis for interference by appellate
court/DATC order not appropriate for young offender with bad criminal record ................................................. 249
Sentencing for _Ice_/Mitigating factors considered/Need to avoid sense of grievance as between
co-accused............................................................................................................................................................. 254
ccab 96/97 subject index
(xxvi)
Assistance to police/Whether accused a supergrass/Evidence against confederates resulting in
conviction.............................................................................................................................................................. 248
Assisting another to retain the benefit of drug trafficking/ Money laundering/Accused not major
players/Use of maximum penalty as starting point/Effect of delay ....................................................................... 240
Cocaine/Massive quantity/Foreign status of accused producing additional hardship/Combining very long
and very short sentences/Grant of leave out of time.............................................................................................. 251
Sentencing for _ice_/Latent risk factor/More serious view might be taken in future ............................................ 253
Dangerous Drugs - Doing act preparatory to or for the purpose of trafficking in substances believed to be a
dangerous drug/Over 1 kg/Purpose undoubtedly to adulterate heroin/Imprisonment required ............................. 250
Manufacturing dangerous drugs/Sentencing considerations/ Quantity not decisive factor/New level of
sentence................................................................................................................................................................. 244
Dangerous drugs/Fifteen years for 88 year old/Drug syndicates must not be encouraged to recruit aged
people.................................................................................................................................................................... 245
Unlawful possession of _ice_/DATC report essential before imprisonment for s8 Cap 134 offence/Latent
risk factor relevant to sentence.............................................................................................................................. 248
Possession of MDMA (_Ecstasy_)/Semi-hard drug/Less addictive than cocaine or heroin/Starting
point ...................................................................................................................................................................... 236
Dangerous drugs/Midazolam/Increased use and concomitant to drug abuse/Guidelines awaited from Court
of Appeal/Approach to totality.............................................................................................................................. 242
Dangerous drugs/Possession of apparatus fit and intended to be used/Public display of paraphernalia of
drug consumption an aggravating factor ............................................................................................................... 241
DD - Trafficking in herbals cannabis/Record seizure of 792.11 kilos/Sentencing considerations/
Storekeeper plays significant role/Starting point of 30 years correct .................................................................... 237
DD - Trafficking in tiny quantity/Discount for guilty plea reduced if defendant caught red-handed and
enters late plea....................................................................................................................................................... 238
Inhaling dangerous drugs/Offence on a par with simple possession/Usual range of 9 to 12 months_
imprisonment......................................................................................................................................................... 251
Trafficking in massive quantity of _ice_/Need of parents for care not mitigation/Such offences inflict great
misery on the parents of those who become addicted in consequence .................................................................. 246
Pharmacy/Unlawful sales of drugs and Part 1 poisons very serious/Whether police undercover operation
entrapment/No requirement on police to intervene sooner than they did/Magistrate in error in drawing
distinction between trafficking and possession for the purpose of trafficking....................................................... 238
ccab 96/97 subject index
(xxvii)
Trafficking in diazapam/Diazapam and methaqualone contrasted/Sentencing approach...................................... 246
Possession of midazolam/Guidance as to sentencing level/Narcotic weight the relevant factor/Midazolam
and methaqualone on a par.................................................................................................................................... 252
False Instruments
Credit card fraud/Sentencing guidelines/Medium size operation with no elaborate planning/No international
dimension.............................................................................................................................................................. 255
Conspiracy to possess false instruments/Effect of guilty plea and assistance to ICAC ......................................... 255
Section 75 Cap 200/Possession of false instruments/Gravity of substantial credit card fraud .............................. 256
Credit card fraud/Courier defined/Fraud upon shop keepers of Hong Kong requires deterrent
sentence................................................................................................................................................................. 257
Using false instrument with intent/False applications used to obtain credit cards/Offence can be
characterised as credit card fraud/Applicability of credit fraud guidelines ........................................................... 257
Handicapped Accused
Handicapped accused/Offence committed to raise money for operation/Relevance to mitigation........................ 283
Handicapped Defendant
Handicapped defendant/Hardship in prison/Effect of handicap on sentence ........................................................ 285
Homicide
Manslaughter by arson/Throwing molotov cocktails into old people_s home/Sentencing
considerations........................................................................................................................................................ 259
Manslaughter/Joint enterprise to do some harm/Knowledge that co-accused had knife but contemplating
use solely to threaten............................................................................................................................................. 260
Homicide - Diminished responsibility manslaughter/Defendant psychotic due to drugs at time of
offence/Defendant cured by time of trial/5 years imprisonment proper ................................................................ 258
Young offender convicted of murder/Mandatory sentence of life imprisonment imposed/Legislative change
to sentence between dates of sentence and appeal/Accused able to benefit/Determinate term
substituted ............................................................................................................................................................. 285
Attempted murder/Sentence of 20 years_ imprisonment within accepted range ................................................... 261
Manslaughter/Planned gang attack/Accused aged 16 years/ Late plea/Starting point of 12 years_
imprisonment not excessive .................................................................................................................................. 261
ccab 96/97 subject index
(xxviii)
Manslaughter on basis of provocation/Husband killing wife/Sentence in excess of 7 years justified/Court
not disadvantaged by absence of starting point/Wife agreeing to intercourse prior to offence ............................. 260
Factual basis for sentence/Gap in agreed basis for sentencing/When separate facts necessary/AOABH/
Gang fight/Provocation manslaughter ................................................................................................................... 261
Immigration
Immigration offences/Gravity of/Principles applicable on review ........................................................................ 264
Immigration - Employment of persons not lawfully employable/Guideline starting point of 15 months
applicable to all such offences/Discount for plea of 50% wrong in principle ....................................................... 265
Immigration - Crew members of ship bringing in unauthorised entrants/Potential danger to passengers/
5_years a proper starting point .............................................................................................................................. 263
Immigration - Change in family circumstances rarely relevant to sentence on appeal/Assistance to
authorities usually matter for executive/When assistance matter for court............................................................ 262
Immigration - Assisting unauthorised entrants to enter HK/Endangering safety at sea/Gravity of offences/
Effect of administrative detention ......................................................................................................................... 264
Aiding and abetting illegal immigrant to remain/Magistracy entitled to know what approach to adopt/Duty
on appellate courts to hold the line save in exceptional circumstances/Disparity of sentence .............................. 267
Immigration - Breach of deportation order/No distinction proper when sentencing illegal immigrants from
Vietnam and China/Deterrent sentence required................................................................................................... 271
Immigration - Breach of deportation order/Unlawful remaining/Maximum sentence relevant/Deterrence of
recidivist/Prevalence of offence/No law entitling accused who pleads guilty to discount .................................... 275
Immigration - Aiding and abetting remaining of illegal immigrant/Appellant not collaborating with
girlfriend unlawfully to come/Appellant not offering girlfriend employment/Normal sentence of
6 months................................................................................................................................................................ 276
Immigration - Assisting illegal immigrants/Deceiving immigration authorities/Impact on sentence of
offences taken into consideration/Accused revealing hitherto unknown offences/Discount on review................. 274
Immigration - Assisting remaining of illegal immigrant/Close relationship is good mitigation/Factors to be
taken into account in deciding proper sentences for aiding, abetting or assisting illegal immigrants to
remain/Comments upon status of s 37DA(1) and s 38(1)(b) Cap 115 .................................................................. 269
Immigration - Assisting passage of unauthorised sampan/Motorised sampan not equipped with safety
equipment/Pregnant females on board/Aggravating factors/Four years proper after trial ..................................... 272
Immigration - Disabled beggar/Illegal immigrant/Offender_s medical condition can justify departure from
_So Man-king_ guidelines..................................................................................................................................... 274
ccab 96/97 subject index
(xxix)
Immigration offences/Court must cite guidelines case relied upon/A judgment only constitutes a guideline
case if the Court of Appeal declares it to be such/R v Durup not a guideline case/Reference to judgment
given after instant offences/ Multiplicity of offences ............................................................................................ 270
Immigration - Vessel bringing illegal immigrants into Hong Kong/Crew from Vietnam to be treated in same
way as crew from China/Guidelines/ Greater penalties proper in future............................................................... 273
Young illegal immigrants/Court misled as to age/Sentencing approach/Sixteen years not _extreme
youth’.............................................................................................................................................................................268
Immigration - Policy considerations produce guidelines for sentencing of illegal immigrants from
China/Guidelines not applicable to illegal immigrants from Vietnam................................................................... 267
Immigration - Possession of a forged travel document/Range of sentence ........................................................... 263
Sentencing policy for Vietnamese illegal immigrants should be the same as for Chinese illegal
immigrants............................................................................................................................................................. 272
Labour
Contractor neglecting safety of employee/No tariff/ Relevance of statistics/Magistrate seeking
assistance............................................................................................................................................................... 277
Obscene Articles
Publishing and possessing obscene articles/Duty on court to determine degree of obscenity/Imprisonment
proper for first offenders ....................................................................................................................................... 277
Possession of obscene articles for publication/186 tapes/Particulars of offence/Magistrate not required to
view tapes.............................................................................................................................................................. 278
Possession of obscene articles for publication/‘ Hardness’ of material an aggravating factor/Imprisonment
appropriate for less ‘ hard’ material/Effect of recidivism/Activation of suspended sentence .............................. 278
Obscene articles offences require custodial sentences/Bail money not indicator of capacity to pay
fine/Inquiry as to financial capability necessary/Fine not to be financially crippling............................................ 279
Prohibited articles
Sending prohibited articles by post/Criminal intimidation/Offences aimed at those involved in
administration of justice/Severe sentences required.............................................................................................. 280
Personal circumstances of defendants
Errant police officer/Handling stolen goods/Offences while off-duty/Dire consequences of
conviction.............................................................................................................................................................. 281
ccab 96/97 subject index
(xxx)
POOW
POOW - Section 33 Cap. 245/DATC order not an available sentence/Accused aged 17 years to 24 years
must be sent to prison or detention centre ............................................................................................................. 286
Road Traffic
Careless driving/Disqualification/No aggravating features/Assault on police will attract
imprisonment......................................................................................................................................................... 294
First offender pleading guilty to reckless driving and sentenced to imprisonment for 6 weeks and
disqualification/Bail pending appeal/Magistracy bound by High Court/Sentence for reckless driving ................ 294
Driving while disqualified/Driving without third party insurance/Wrong to treat suspended prison sentence
as lenient and supplement it with another penalty/Disqualification under Road Traffic (Driving-offence
Points) Ordinance.................................................................................................................................................. 295
Driving with alcohol limit above prescribed level/Gravity of offence/When custodial sentence
required ................................................................................................................................................................. 296
Robbery
Armed robbery/Young offender/Training centre not appropriate/Youth not a bar to imprisonment..................... 288
Multiple lift robberies/Youthful offenders/Offences committed to fund drug addiction/DATC orders wrong
in principle ............................................................................................................................................................ 292
Multiple robberies/Effect of late pleas/Effect on mitigation of false testimony given for co-accused .................. 289
Multiple robberies/Possession of arms/Shots fired/Import of arms from China/Sentence after trial..................... 289
Robbery/Sole robber and elderly victim/Aggravating factors ............................................................................... 290
Attempted robbery and false imprisonment/Firearms carried/Discount of 20% after guilty pleas/Customary
discount for plea not a strait-jacket ....................................................................................................................... 291
Taxi robbery/Driver ill-treated by gang/Starting point of seven years proper....................................................... 293
Attempted robbery and unlawful remaining/No distinction between illegal immigrants from China and
Vietnam................................................................................................................................................................. 293
Robbery/Unlawful remaining/Impact of youth of accused upon sentencing/Accused sentenced on basis that
he was aged 24 when he was 16............................................................................................................................290
Sexual Offences
Indecent assault/Violent assault by police superintendent upon female subordinate/Aggravating and
mitigating factors................................................................................................................................................... 296
ccab 96/97 subject index
(xxxi)
Sexual Offence - Rape/Basic starting point after trial of 5 years affirmed/Absence of aggravating or
mitigating features................................................................................................................................................. 300
Indecent assault on schoolgirls/One victim wounded/Duty on sentencer to punish offender and to
deter/Drunkenness and lack of premeditation not mitigation ................................................................................ 298
Indecent assault/Father and daughter/15 months upheld after trial ....................................................................... 296
Indecent assault by paraplegic teacher on pupils/Effect of additional hardships suffered in detention/Need
for sentencer to redress grievances of victim, relatives and friends/Sentence for each offence to be
calculated to reflect gravity ................................................................................................................................... 297
Rape and non-consensual buggery/Sentence after trial/ Aggravating factors........................................................ 300
Indecent assault/Gross abuse of authority by police officer/Heavy deterrent sentence required........................... 298
Tax Evasion
Tax evasion/Sentencing considerations/Suspended sentence inappropriate.......................................................... 301
Theft/Handling/Deception
Handling stolen goods vehicle/Gravity of offence/Guilty plea not good reason to suspend sentence/Accused
caught red-handed faces reduced discount ............................................................................................................ 303
Dishonestly obtaining pecuniary advantages by false representations/Multiple offences/Massive breach of
trust/No restitution/Return to jurisdiction not prompted by remorse..................................................................... 302
Fraud/Scam mounted by foreign visitors/Status of Hong Kong as international commercial centre/Time in
custody in relation to another offence not relevant to sentence............................................................................. 308
Handling stolen cars for smuggling to China/Offence still very serious despite decrease in
prevalence ............................................................................................................................................................. 308
Theft/Foreign gang/Offence professional and planned/Starting point of 4 years appropriate/New sentencing
level for group pickpocketing of at least 2½ years ................................................................................................309
Organised shop theft/Starting point of 18 months after trial appropriate .............................................................. 304
Shop theft/Organised gang from abroad/Starting point of 18 months after trial ................................................... 306
Theft/Offence of pickpocketing considered/Effect of bad criminal record/Minimal discount for guilty
plea........................................................................................................................................................................ 306
Theft by pickpocketing/Occurrence of offence at racecourse not an aggravating factor/Effect of bad
criminal record/When court entitled to waive customary discount ....................................................................... 307
Pickpocketing sentences/Effect of prior convictions/Guilty pleas to be encouraged/Standard sentence for
breach of deportation order ................................................................................................................................... 305
ccab 96/97 subject index
(xxxii)
Town Planning
Town Planning Ordinance/Failure to comply with enforcement notice/Substantial fine appropriate for first
offender ................................................................................................................................................................. 310
Triad
Attending a triad society meeting/Twelve months imprisonment proper after guilty plea/Propriety of
consecutive sentence ............................................................................................................................................. 311
Youth
Sentence/Extreme youth/Simple calendar approach to age not satisfactory/Factors to be weighed in
determining whether extreme youth a mitigating factor in a serious robbery........................................................ 284
Youth offender/Sentencing options/Effect of appeal on detention centre order/Probation as a last
chance ................................................................................................................................................................... 282
Sexual Offences
Illicit kiss/Whether indecent assault or common assault ....................................................................................... 312
Indecent assault/Recent complaint/Evidence of distress not a legal requirement/Reasons for not
complaining at first opportunity/General complaint acceptable/Non-disclosure of previous statement of
defence witness ..................................................................................................................................................... 312
Admissibility of recent complaint/Complaint made after beating/Awareness of danger of convicting on
uncorroborated evidence to be indicated............................................................................................................... 313
Rape/When direction as to genuine but mistaken belief of consent required ........................................................ 314
Rape/Mistaken belief a defence if genuine/Direction on mistaken belief not necessary if acceptance by jury
of complainant_s version leaves no room for such belief...................................................................................... 314
Sexual case involving two complainants/Direction essential that the evidence of one complainant not
evidence against accused in relation to other complaint/Each count must be separately considered .................... 315
Gross indecency to child/Strict liability/Sexual gratification not an element of offence/Indecent assault
considered/‘ Gross indecency’ defined ................................................................................................................ 316
Cross-examination of complainant in incest case/Judge excluding relevant cross-examination/Refusal of
court to speculate on possible effect of cross-examination/Matters important to defence .................................... 317
STATEMENTS
Murder/Direction to jury upon joint enterprise/Whether confessions wrongly admitted into evidence ................ 318
ccab 96/97 subject index
(xxxiii)
Murder/Admissibility of confession/Unexplained injury to accused/Alleged police mistreatment/Whether
judge erred in law.................................................................................................................................................. 318
Verbal admission/Duty of magistrate to advise unrepresented accused of right to challenge
voluntariness ......................................................................................................................................................... 319
Inconsistent verdicts/Directing jury on mixed cautioned statement/“ Sharp” considered ..................................... 319
Cautioned statements/Basis for exclusion/Exercise of residual discretion ............................................................ 320
Cautioned statements/Challenge to admissibility/Materiality of date in particulars of offence/Conspiracy
hatched on date other than that particularised ....................................................................................................... 321
Interviewing young accused in absence of parent or guardian/Whether self-defence and provocation
directions required where offender uses knife for purpose contemplated ............................................................. 321
Thai defendant/Defendant spoke Thai in interview with police under caution/Statement interpreted into
Cantonese/ Interviewing police officer_s words interpreted from Cantonese to Thai ........................................... 322
Status of post-conviction admissions of guilt/Extent to which such admissions may be relied upon/Use of
such as basis for retrial .......................................................................................................................................... 323
Interview of young person/Status of witness/Extent of duty to call witness/Whether proof of existence of
triad society required............................................................................................................................................. 325
Judge excluding cautioned statements/Whether jury may be informed of adverse view formed of police
officers during voire dire.......................................................................................................................................326
Oral admission/Subsequent cautioned statement ruled inadmissible/Impact of inadmissibility upon oral
admission .............................................................................................................................................................. 327
Conspiracy/Charge lacking in particularity/Accused confessing to different conspiracies/Comparison of
confessions not permissible................................................................................................................................... 327
Whether proof required that witness same person as specified in certificate issued under s 63A
Cap_115/Magistrate not required to seek out breaches of 1992 Rules and Directions/Breaches raised for
first time on appeal................................................................................................................................................ 329
Defence not challenging statement/Not essential for court to indicate it has considered whether or not to
exclude an admissible statement on grounds of unfairness/Not necessary for prosecution to prove beyond
reasonable doubt that person allegedly working unlawfully is the person name in the s 17I(1) certificate/
R_v Ho Chun-wai not followed............................................................................................................................. 330
Oral admissions/Allegations of impropriety at time of alleged admission/Claims that statement not made
and that it was not free and voluntary not mutually exclusive/voire dire necessary .............................................. 331
ccab 96/97 subject index
(xxxiv)
Verbal admission/Extent of duty of court to enquire into voluntariness/Proviso not available when
confession wrongly admitted................................................................................................................................. 332
Defence not challenging cautioned statement in a voire dire/Absence of challenge does not constitute an
admission under s 65C Cap 227/Hearsay in cautioned statement ......................................................................... 333
Police officer ordered to produce incriminating evidence/Whether compliance tantamount to an
admission/Requirement of caution/Police officer entitled to same safeguard as civilian/Magistrate required
to consider admissibility in a voire dire ................................................................................................................334
STAY OF PROCEEDINGS
Application for permanent stay of proceedings/Delay of 10 years since charge/Abuse of process/Prejudice
arising from delay/Pre-trial publicity and poor health........................................................................................... 336
Breach of Rules and Directions on questioning/Common law, not s 78 of PACE, applicable/Exclusion of
cautioned statement on ground of unfairness seldom to occur .............................................................................. 341
Effect of striking similarity between evidence of one accused and cautioned statement of another
accused/Effect of s 26 POBO, Cap 201 ................................................................................................................ 342
Absent witness/Prosecution duty to take statement from witness/Doubt as to safeness of convictions................. 343
TELECOMMUNICATION
Cloning mobile radio telephones/Telecommunication Ordinance, Cap 106 ......................................................... 344
THEFT/HANDLING/DECEPTION
Making off without payment/Reduced sum paid/Absence of complaint/Improper use of Theft Ordinance by
ICAC..................................................................................................................................................................... 345
Handling stolen goods/Section 24(1) Cap 210/Retention and removal must be for the benefit of another
person.................................................................................................................................................................... 345
Handling stolen goods/Omission of words _for the benefit of another person_ from charge/Proviso not
applicable .............................................................................................................................................................. 346
Handling stolen goods/Guilty knowledge must exist when offence occurs/Whether accused guilty as
accessory before the fact ....................................................................................................................................... 347
Recent possession/Inference to be drawn/Conduct consistent with two types of illegality ................................... 347
Theft/Claim of right/Effect of s. 26(4) Cap. 210................................................................................................... 348
ccab 96/97 subject index
(xxxv)
TOWN PLANNING
Town Planning Ordinance/Section 23 and unauthorized development/Failure to identify alternatives
renders notice a nullity/Recipient of notice to be made aware of rights/Tai Tong rightly decided........................ 349
TRIAD
Attempted arson/Ingredients of offence/Mere recklessness not sufficient/Bald admission to MOTS................... 350
MOTS/Admission of being a member/‘ Bald admission’ not admissible/Extent of a _bald admission’...............351
Interview of young person/Status of witness/Extent of duty to call witness/Whether proof of existence of
triad society required............................................................................................................................................. 352
S. 20(2) Cap 151/Meaning of attending a triad society meeting/Magistrate not required to detail how he
resolves every submission ..................................................................................................................................... 353
Acting as a member of a triad society/Elements of offence examined/High Court invoking s 119(1)(g)
Cap_227 ................................................................................................................................................................ 354
ULTRA VIRES
Amusement Game Centre Ordinance/Power to issue conditions/Effect of repeal of parts of Miscellaneous
Licences Ordinance............................................................................................................................................... 355
VERDICT
Inconsistency of verdicts/Convictions unsafe........................................................................................................ 356
Inconsistent verdicts/Directing jury on mixed cautioned statement/“ Sharp” considered ..................................... 357
VICE
Living on earnings of prostitution/Circumstances justifying a conclusion of guilt................................................ 358
Vice establishment/Requirement of whole or main user/Use of one room for prostitution insufficient ................ 359
Managing vice establishment/Offer of sexual services may be by conduct .......................................................... 359
Managing vice establishment/Proof of habitual user not necessary/Inference to be drawn from
circumstances ........................................................................................................................................................ 359
VOIR DIRE
Voire dire/Cross-examination of police officers upon evidence in earlier trials/Extent of duties of
prosecution............................................................................................................................................................ 360
ccab 96/97 subject index
(xxxvi)
Judge excluding cautioned statements/Whether jury may be informed of adverse view formed of police
officers during voire dire..............................................................................................................................................361
Exclusion of evidence/Extent of duty to search for breach of _Rules and Directions_/Reliance upon
demeanour............................................................................................................................................................. 361
Status of 1992 Rules/Failure to allow access to lawyer/Officer not recording verbatim statement/Repeat
caution not necessary/Absence of rest or refreshment over long period of questioning........................................ 362
Police officer ordered to produce incriminating evidence/Whether compliance tantamount to an
admission/Requirement of caution/Police officer entitled to same safeguard as civilian/Magistrate required
to consider admissibility in a voire dire......................................................................................................................362
VULNERABLE WITNESS
Use of CCTV/Witness in fear/Procedure to be followed/ Objectives of legislation/Questions a court should
ask itself ................................................................................................................................................................ 364
Child sex victim/Use of CCTV link/Reports not required before court makes order/Order may be made
upon basic information.......................................................................................................................................... 366
Child victim giving video recorded interview/Relevance of English guidelines/Weight to be placed on
child_s evidence a matter for court ....................................................................................................................... 367
Unsworn testimony of child/Whether 1995 amendments to ss 3 and 4 Cap 8 contrary to ICCPR/Status of
child evidence examined/Admissibility of video recording of interview with child complainant ......................... 368
WITNESS
Labour Department prosecution/Not appropriate to call departmental officer as expert witness.......................... 371
Prosecution witnesses/Extent of duty to call witness/Witness on back of indictment to be called unless not
worthy of belief ..................................................................................................................................................... 371
Criminal law and practice/Expert evidence/Admissibility and weight where expert may have interest in
result...................................................................................................................................................................... 372
S 21(4) Cap 227/Refusal to answer questions without just excuse/Procedures to be followed/No conflict
with BORO/Safeguards for contemnor/Standard of proof/Just excuse ................................................................. 374
Interview of young person/Status of witness/Extent of duty to call witness/Whether proof of existence of
triad society required............................................................................................................................................. 375
Absent witness/Prosecution duty to take statement from witness/Doubt as to safeness of convictions................. 377
ccab 96/97 words and phrases
(xxxvii)
Words and Phrases
Page No
A
absence of caution--------------------------- 63 absent co-accused --------------------------- 70 absolute liability ----------------------------- 78 action or forbearance ----------------------- 26 adequacy of reason-------------------------135 admissibility and weight -------------------- 71 alternative verdict --------------------------- 84 amendment ----------------------------------- 34 any person (s. 13 (1)(b) Cap. 201)--------- 27 appeal out of time---------------------------146 assistance to authorities -------------------151 attempt to export----------------------------- 32 attending triad society meeting -----------123
B
bald admission ------------------------------- 11 benefit of drug trafficking -----------------240 billiard hall ----------------------------------117 breach of peace -----------------------------159 breath sample -------------------------------161
C
cannabis -------------------------------------237 case to answer ------------------------------- 30 caught red-handed--------------------------175 child evidence -------------------------------- 22 comment by prosecutor --------------------- 86 concerned in the arrangement ------------- 59 continuous offences-------------------------106 counsel's misconduct ------------------------ 49 credit card fraud----------------------------255 creditability----------------------------------- 36
Page No
D
decision (appeal to HKCFA) ------------- 111 statutory declaration----------------------- 133 diminished responsibility--------------------81 dock identification ---------------------------92 double intention (s. 73, Cap. 200)----------74 drugs valuation-------------------------------66 due diligence----------------------------------32 duplicity ---------------------------------------59
E
effect of delay (on sentence) -------------- 148 emotive language--------------------------- 103 entering arena ------------------------------ 102 entrapment ---------------------------------- 190 extreme youth------------------------------- 268
F
fingerprint as corroboration----------------90 flagrantly incompetent-----------------------51 forklift --------------------------------------- 160 fresh evidence --------------------------------39 funtus officio -------------------------------- 150
G
good character -------------------------------34
H
harken to the evidence--------------------- 102 health ---------------------------------------- 143 honest belief ----------------------------------78 hospital order------------------------------- 190
ccab 96/97 words and phrases
(xxxviii)
Page No
I
identification by photograph --------------- 92 inn/hotel--------------------------------------116 intelligible testimony ------------------------ 23 interlocutory order -------------------------147
L
land (immigration cases) ------------------- 94 landing unlawfully--------------------------- 97 liability of contractor ----------------------- 74 lurking doubt -----------------------------------8
M
material averment --------------------------- 38 material irregularities ---------------------- 57 MDMA (Ectasy)-----------------------------236 mental infirmity ------------------------------ 81 midazolam -----------------------------------242 miscarriage of justice ----------------------- 69 mischief rule---------------------------------108 mitigation ------------------------------------129
N
non-service ----------------------------------163 nullity (conviction) -------------------------147 nullity (plea)---------------------------------138
O
object of conspiracy ------------------------- 64 offer to traffic -------------------------------- 58 OSCO ----------------------------170, 177, 179
P
perceived justice ----------------------------132 perverse (verdict) ---------------------------- 84
petition to governor ------------------------137
Page No
pirated 'CD' --------------------------------- 228 point of law -----------------------------------89 pre trial publicity--------------------------- 139 publication ---------------------------------- 134
R
reason for verdict ----------------------------91 refusal of adjournment -------------------- 155 religious mortification-----------------------13 res gestae--------------------------------------70 res ipsa loquitur ---------------------------- 124 residual discretion ---------------------------20 restitution ----------------------------------- 180 retrial ---------------------------------------- 144 reverse plea --------------------------------- 136 reversing onus ------------------------------ 136
S
s. 83V CPO---------------------------------- 137 sleeping juror------------------------------- 106 striking similarity ----------------------------25 substantial and grave injustice -------------89 sudden loss of self control ------------------83 supergrass----------------------------- 182, 183 supervisor/contractor (labour cases)------74 surveillance evidence------------------------90
T
to defraud -------------------------------------42 trade description -----------------------------32
U
ultra vires (order) -------------------------- 149 unmanifested cargo --------------------------30 unrepresented accused -------------------- 124 unsworn testimony ---------------------------22